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Zhou Z, Luo N, Cui T, Luo L, Pu M, Wang Y, He F, Jia C, Shao X, Zhang HL, Liu Z. Pre-Endcapping of Hyperbranched Polymers toward Intrinsically Stretchable Semiconductors with Good Ductility and Carrier Mobility. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313312. [PMID: 38318963 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of semiconducting polymers stands as a pivotal milestone in the quest to realize wearable electronics. Nonetheless, endowing semiconductor polymers with stretchability without compromising their carrier mobility remains a formidable challenge. This study proposes a "pre-endcapping" strategy for synthesizing hyperbranched semiconducting polymers (HBSPs), aiming to achieve the balance between carrier mobility and stretchability for organic electronics. The findings unveil that the aggregates formed by the endcapped hyperbranched network structure not only ensure efficient charge transport but also demonstrate superior tensile resistance. In comparison to linear conjugated polymers, HBSPs exhibit substantially larger crack onset strains and notably diminished tensile moduli. It is evident that the HBSPs surpass their linear counterparts in terms of both their semiconducting and mechanical properties. Among HBSPs, HBSP-72h-2.5 stands out as the preeminent candidate within the field of inherently stretchable semiconducting polymers, maintaining 93% of its initial mobility even when subjected to 100% strain (1.41 ± 0.206 cm2 V-1 s-1). Furthermore, thin film devices of HBSP-72h-2.5 remain stable after undergoing repeated stretching and releasing cycles. Notably, the mobilities are independent of the stretching directions, showing isotropic charge transport behavior. The preliminary study makes this "pre-endcapping" strategy a potential candidate for the future design of organic materials for flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tianqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mingrui Pu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Feng He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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2
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Dacha P, Hambsch M, Pohl D, Haase K, Löffler M, Lan T, Feng X, Rellinghaus B, Mannsfeld SCB. Tailoring the Morphology of a Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based Polymer as Films or Wires for High-Performance OFETs using Solution Shearing. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300842. [PMID: 38009770 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers often show efficient charge carrier transport along their backbone which is a primary factor in the electrical behavior of Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFETs) devices fabricated from these materials. Herein, a solution shearing procedure is reported to fabricate micro/nano wires from a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer. Millimeter to nanometer long polymer wires orientated in the coating direction are developed after a thorough analysis of the deposition conditions. It shows several morphological regimes-film, transition, and wires and experimentally derive a phase diagram for the parameters coating speed and surface energy of the substrate. The as-fabricated wires are isolated, which is confirmed by optical, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopy. Beside the macroscopic alignment of wires, cross-polarized optical microscopy images show strong birefringence suggesting a high degree of molecular orientation. This is further substantiated by polarized UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction transmission electron microscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Finally, an enhanced electrical performance of single wire OFETs is observed with a 15-fold increase in effective charge carrier mobility to 1.57 cm2 V-1 s-1 over devices using films (0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) with similar values for on/off current ratio and threshold voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Dacha
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Darius Pohl
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katherina Haase
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tianshu Lan
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernd Rellinghaus
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Daoulas KC, Markina AA. Effect of Materials Parameters on the Shape of Face-On Lamellae in Semi-Conducting Polymers: Insights From Qualitative Theory. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300437. [PMID: 37811808 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer semiconductors frequently form crystals or mesophases with lamellae, that comprise alternating layers of stacked backbones and side chains. Controlling lamellar orientation in films is essential for obtaining efficient charge carrier transport. Herein, lamellar orientation is investigated in an application-relevant setup: lamellae assembled on a substrate that strongly favors face-on orientation, but exposed to a film surface that promotes orientation along an "easy" direction, other than face on. It is assumed that the face-on order propagates from the substrate, but the lamellae bend to reduce their surface energy. A qualitative free-energy model is developed. The deformation is investigated as a function of film thickness, effective Young modulus, anchoring coefficient, and easy direction at the free surface. The calculations highlight the importance of elastic constants - lamellae can substantially deform already when Young moduli are only an order of magnitude smaller than the values that are reported for crystals. Softer Young moduli are expected when lamellar assembly occurs in a non-solidified mesophase that can be an equilibrium or (more speculatively) a transient state prior to crystallization. The alternative scenario of a two-layered film is also evaluated, where edge-on and face-on grains form, respectively, at the free surface and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Ch Daoulas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anastasia A Markina
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Li YF, Guo YL, Liu YQ. Recent Progress in Donor-Acceptor Type Conjugated Polymers for Organic Field-effect Transistors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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5
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Liu Y, Lu Y, Ding L, Pan C, Xu Y, Wang T, Wang J, Pei J. Fine‐tuning
the backbone conformation of conjugated polymers and the influence on solution aggregation and optoelectronic properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Chen‐Kai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yu‐Chun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Tian‐Yao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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6
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Deng J, Guo Y, Li W, Xie Z, Ke Y, Janssen RAJ, Li M. Tuning the nanostructure and molecular orientation of high molecular weight diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymers for high-performance field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:553-561. [PMID: 36533584 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a versatile class of semiconductors, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based conjugated polymers are well suited for applications of next-generation plastic electronics because of their excellent and tunable optoelectronic properties via a rational design of chemical structures. However, it remains a challenge to unravel and eventually influence the correlation between their solution-state aggregation and solid-state microstructure. In this contribution, the solution-state aggregation of high molecular weight PDPP3T is effectively enhanced by solvent selectivity, and a fibril-like nanostructure with short-range and long-range order is generated and tuned in thin films. The predominant role of solvent quality on polymer packing orientation is revealed, with an orientational transition from a face-on to an edge-on texture for the same PDPP3T. The resultant edge-on arranged films lead to a significant improvement in charge transport in transistors, and the field-effect hole mobility reaches 2.12 cm2 V-1 s-1 with a drain current on/off ratio of up to 108. Our findings offer a new strategy for enhancing the device performance of polymer electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Kwok JJ, Vishwanathan G, Park KS, Patel BB, Zhao D, Juarez G, Diao Y. Understanding the Aggregation and Flow Response of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Giridar Vishwanathan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Bijal B. Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Dongqi Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Gabriel Juarez
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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8
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Controlling morphology and microstructure of conjugated polymers via solution-state aggregation. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Crystallization of D-A Conjugated Polymers: A Review of Recent Research. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214612. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D-A conjugated polymers are key materials for organic solar cells and organic thin-film transistors, and their film structure is one of the most important factors in determining device performance. The formation of film structure largely depends on the crystallization process, but the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers is not well understood. In this review, we attempted to achieve a clearer understanding of the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers. We first summarized the features of D-A conjugated polymers, which can affect their crystallization process. Then, the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers was discussed, including the possible chain conformations in the solution as well as the nucleation and growth processes. After that, the crystal structure of D-A conjugated polymers, including the molecular orientation and polymorphism, was reviewed. We proposed that the nucleation process and the orientation of the nuclei on the substrate are critical for the crystal structure. Finally, we summarized the possible crystal morphologies of D-A conjugated polymers and explained their formation process in terms of nucleation and growth processes. This review provides fundamental knowledge on how to manipulate the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers to regulate their film structure.
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10
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Jiang W, Yu X, Li C, Zhang X, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhang D. Fluoro-substituted DPP-bisthiophene conjugated polymer with azides in the side chains as ambipolar semiconductor and photoresist. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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11
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Kwok JJ, Park KS, Patel BB, Dilmurat R, Beljonne D, Zuo X, Lee B, Diao Y. Understanding Solution State Conformation and Aggregate Structure of Conjugated Polymers via Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bijal B. Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rishat Dilmurat
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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12
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Park KS, Xue Z, Patel BB, An H, Kwok JJ, Kafle P, Chen Q, Shukla D, Diao Y. Chiral emergence in multistep hierarchical assembly of achiral conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2738. [PMID: 35585050 PMCID: PMC9117306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimately connected to the rule of life, chirality remains a long-time fascination in biology, chemistry, physics and materials science. Chiral structures, e.g., nucleic acid and cholesteric phase developed from chiral molecules are common in nature and synthetic soft materials. While it was recently discovered that achiral but bent-core mesogens can also form chiral helices, the assembly of chiral microstructures from achiral polymers has rarely been explored. Here, we reveal chiral emergence from achiral conjugated polymers, in which hierarchical helical structures are developed through a multistep assembly pathway. Upon increasing concentration beyond a threshold volume fraction, dispersed polymer nanofibers form lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) mesophases with complex, chiral morphologies. Combining imaging, X-ray and spectroscopy techniques with molecular simulations, we demonstrate that this structural evolution arises from torsional polymer molecules which induce multiscale helical assembly, progressing from nano- to micron scale helical structures as the solution concentration increases. This study unveils a previously unknown complex state of matter for conjugated polymers that can pave way to a field of chiral (opto)electronics. We anticipate that hierarchical chiral helical structures can profoundly impact how conjugated polymers interact with light, transport charges, and transduce signals from biomolecular interactions and even give rise to properties unimagined before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhengyuan Xue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bijal B Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyosung An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Justin J Kwok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Prapti Kafle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Materials Research Laboratory, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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13
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Wu HT, Yao ZF, Xu Z, Kong HK, Wang XY, Li QY, Wang JY, Pei J. Controlling Solution-State Aggregation and Solid-State Microstructures of Conjugated Polymers by Tuning Backbone Conformation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200069. [PMID: 35362637 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular ordering of conjugated polymers both in solution-state aggregates and in solid-state microstructures is a determining factor of the charge transport properties in optoelectronic devices. However, the effect of backbone conformation in conjugated polymers on assembly structures is still unclear. Herein, to understand such backbone conformation effect, three novel chlorinated benzodifurandionge-based oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (BDOPV) polymers are systematically developed. These BDOPV-based polymers exhibit significantly twisted backbone conformation (near 90° interunit torsion angle) between conjugated units, which can prevent polymer chains from forming ordered assembly structures by increasing conformational energy penalty in closely packed chains. A higher rotational barrier of the torsion angle would further prevent polymer chains from assembling, finally resulting in non-aggregated chains in solution and highly disordered solid-state packing structures. This work will deepen the understanding of the relationship between polymer backbone conformation and assembly structures, contributing to the exploration of the structure-property relationship of polymers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hua-Kang Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi-Yi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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14
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Luo N, Ren P, Feng Y, Shao X, Zhang HL, Liu Z. Side-Chain Engineering of Conjugated Polymers for High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1131-1146. [PMID: 35084195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Past decades have witnessed the rapid development of conjugated polymers because of their promising semiconducting properties and applications in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Recent studies have shown that side-chain engineering of conjugated polymers is an efficient strategy to increase semiconducting performance. This Perspective focuses on the side-chain modulation of conjugated polymers and evaluating their effects on the performance of OFETs. The challenges and potential applications of functional high-performance OFETs through side-chain engineering are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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15
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Callaway CP, Liu AL, Venkatesh R, Zheng Y, Lee M, Meredith JC, Grover M, Risko C, Reichmanis E. The Solution is the Solution: Data-Driven Elucidation of Solution-to-Device Feature Transfer for π-Conjugated Polymer Semiconductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3613-3620. [PMID: 35037454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of data analytics techniques and materials informatics provides opportunities to accelerate the discovery and development of organic semiconductors for electronic devices. However, the development of engineering solutions is limited by the ability to control thin-film morphology in an immense parameter space. The combination of high-throughput experimentation (HTE) laboratory techniques and data analytics offers tremendous avenues to traverse the expansive domains of tunable variables offered by organic semiconductor thin films. This Perspective outlines the steps required to incorporate a comprehensive informatics methodology into the experimental development of polymer-based organic semiconductor technologies. The translation of solution processing and property metrics to thin-film behavior is crucial to inform efficient HTE for data collection and application of data-centric tools to construct new process-structure-property relationships. We argue that detailed investigation of the solution state prior to deposition in conjunction with thin-film characterization will yield a deeper understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms influencing performance in π-conjugated polymer electronics, with data-driven approaches offering predictive capabilities previously unattainable via traditional experimental means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Aaron L Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rahul Venkatesh
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yulong Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Myeongyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - J Carson Meredith
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Martha Grover
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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16
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Eckstein BJ, Brown LC, Noll BC, Moghadasnia MP, Balaich GJ, McGuirk CM. A Porous Chalcogen-Bonded Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20207-20215. [PMID: 34818002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The manner of bonding between constituent atoms or molecules invariably influences the properties of materials. Perhaps no material family is more emblematic of this than porous frameworks, wherein the namesake modes of connectivity give rise to discrete subclasses with unique collections of properties. However, established framework classes often display offsetting advantages and disadvantages for a given application. Thus, there exists no universally applicable material, and the discovery of alternative modes of framework connectivity is highly desirable. Here we show that chalcogen bonding, a subclass of σ-hole bonding, is a viable mode of connectivity in low-density porous frameworks. Crystallization studies with the triptycene tris(1,2,5-selenadiazole) molecular tecton reveal how chalcogen bonding can template high-energy lattice structures and how solvent conditions can be rationalized to obtain molecularly programmed porous chalcogen-bonded organic frameworks (ChOFs). These results provide the first evidence that σ-hole bonding can be used to advance the diversity of porous framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Eckstein
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Loren C Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Bruce C Noll
- Bruker AXS Inc., 5465 East Cheryl Parkway, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Michael P Moghadasnia
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Gary J Balaich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - C Michael McGuirk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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17
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Li H, Yang H, Zhang L, Wang S, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Tian H, Han Y. Optimizing the Crystallization Behavior and Film Morphology of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Semiconducting Polymers by Side-Chain–Solvent Interaction in Nonpolar Solvents. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sichun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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18
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Wang X, Liu Y, Wang Z, Lu Y, Yao Z, Ding Y, Yu Z, Wang J, Pei J. Revealing the effect of oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains on
n‐doping
process in
FBDPPV
‐based polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Zi‐Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ze‐Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yi‐Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Zi‐Di Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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19
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Madhu M, Ramakrishnan R, Vijay V, Hariharan M. Free Charge Carriers in Homo-Sorted π-Stacks of Donor-Acceptor Conjugates. Chem Rev 2021; 121:8234-8284. [PMID: 34133137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the high photoconversion efficiency observed in natural light-harvesting systems, the hierarchical organization of molecular building blocks has gained impetus in the past few decades. Particularly, the molecular arrangement and packing in the active layer of organic solar cells (OSCs) have garnered significant attention due to the decisive role of the nature of donor/acceptor (D/A) heterojunctions in charge carrier generation and ultimately the power conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the recent developments in emergent optoelectronic properties exhibited by self-sorted donor-on-donor/acceptor-on-acceptor arrangement of covalently linked D-A systems, highlighting the ultrafast excited state dynamics of charge transfer and transport. Segregated organization of donors and acceptors promotes the delocalization of photoinduced charges among the stacks, engendering an enhanced charge separation lifetime and percolation pathways with ambipolar conductivity and charge carrier yield. Covalently linking donors and acceptors ensure a sufficient D-A interface and interchromophoric electronic coupling as required for faster charge separation while providing better control over their supramolecular assemblies. The design strategies to attain D-A conjugate assemblies with optimal charge carrier generation efficiency, the scope of their application compared to state-of-the-art OSCs, current challenges, and future opportunities are discussed in the review. An integrated overview of rational design approaches derived from the comprehension of underlying photoinduced processes can pave the way toward superior optoelectronic devices and bring in new possibilities to the avenue of functional supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Madhu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Remya Ramakrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Vishnu Vijay
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
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20
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Li M, Wang J, Xu W, Li L, Pisula W, Janssen RA, Liu M. Noncovalent semiconducting polymer monolayers for high-performance field-effect transistors. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Liu Y, Wang XY, Wang ZY, Lu Y, Cheng XF, Tang B, Wang JY, Pei J. Systematically investigating the effect of the aggregation behaviors in solution on the charge transport properties of BDOPV-based polymers with conjugation-break spacers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation-break spacers in conjugated polymers significantly affect the aggregation behavior in solution and in the solid state, which further influences the charge transport properties and doping efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Xiu-Fen Cheng
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education
- Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
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22
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Yao ZF, Wang JY, Pei J. High-performance polymer field-effect transistors: from the perspective of multi-level microstructures. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1193-1205. [PMID: 34163881 PMCID: PMC8179153 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-level microstructure of conjugated polymers is the most critical parameter determining the charge transport property in field-effect transistors (FETs). However, controlling the hierarchical microstructures and the structural evolution remains a significant challenge. In this perspective, we discuss the key aspects of multi-level microstructures of conjugated polymers towards high-performance FETs. We highlight the recent progress in the molecular structures, solution-state aggregation, and polymer crystal structures, representing the multi-level microstructures of conjugated polymers. By tuning polymer hierarchical microstructures, we attempt to provide several guidelines for developing high-performance polymer FETs and polymer electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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23
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Xu Z, Park KS, Diao Y. What Is the Assembly Pathway of a Conjugated Polymer From Solution to Thin Films? Front Chem 2020; 8:583521. [PMID: 33425847 PMCID: PMC7793723 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.583521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical assembly of conjugated polymers has gained much attention due to its critical role in determining optical/electrical/mechanical properties. The hierarchical morphology encompasses molecular-scale intramolecular conformation (torsion angle, chain folds) and intermolecular ordering (π-π stacking), mesoscale domain size, orientation and connectivity, and macroscale alignment and (para)crystallinity. Such complex morphology in the solid state is fully determined by the polymer assembly pathway in the solution state, which, in turn, is sensitively modulated by molecular structure and processing conditions. However, molecular pictures of polymer assembly pathways remain elusive due to the lack of detailed structural characterizations in the solution state and the lack of understanding on how various factors impact the assembly pathways. In this mini-review, we present possible assembly pathways of conjugated polymers and their characteristics across length scales. Recent advances in understanding and controlling of assembly pathways are highlighted. We also discuss the current gap in our knowledge of assembly pathways, with future perspectives on research needed on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kyung Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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24
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Weng G, Vlček V. Quasiparticles and Band Structures in Organized Nanostructures of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7177-7183. [PMID: 32787318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of organic semiconductor devices is linked to highly ordered nanostructures of self-assembled molecules and polymers. Many-body perturbation theory is employed to study the excited states in bulk copolymers. The results show that acceptors in the polymer scaffold introduce a, hitherto unrecognized, conduction impurity band that leads to electron localization. The donor states are responsible for the formation of conjugated bands, which are only mildly perturbed by the presence of the acceptors. Along the polymer axis, the nonlocal electronic correlations among copolymer strands hinder efficient band transport, which is, however, strongly enhanced across individual chains. Holes are most effectively transported along the π-π stacking, while electrons in the impurity band follow the edge-to-edge directions. The copolymers exhibit regions with inverted transport polarity, in which electrons and holes are efficiently transported in mutually orthogonal directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vojtěch Vlček
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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25
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Kim YJ, Lee S, Niazi MR, Hwang K, Tang MC, Lim DH, Kang JS, Smilgies DM, Amassian A, Kim DY. Systematic Study on the Morphological Development of Blade-Coated Conjugated Polymer Thin Films via In Situ Measurements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36417-36427. [PMID: 32631042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of conjugated polymer thin films, determined by the kinetics of film drying, is closely correlated with their electrical properties. Herein, we focused on dramatic changes in the thin-film morphology of blade-coated poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} caused by the effect of solvent and coating temperature. Through in situ measurements, the evolution of polymer aggregates and crystallites, which plays a decisive role in the formation of the charge-transport pathway, was observed in real time. By combining in situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis, we could identify five distinct stages during the blade-coating process; these stages were observed irrespective of the solvent and coating temperature used. The five stages are described in detail with a proposed model of film formation. This insight is an important step in understanding the relationship between the morphology of thin polymer films and their charge-transport properties as well as in optimizing the structural evolution of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Kim
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Lee
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Center for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad R Niazi
- KAUST Solar Ceneter (KSC) and Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyoungtae Hwang
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Chun Tang
- KAUST Solar Ceneter (KSC) and Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dae-Hee Lim
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sue Kang
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- KAUST Solar Ceneter (KSC) and Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Heeger Center for Advanced Materials (HCAM), School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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26
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Li M, Bin H, Jiao X, Wienk MM, Yan H, Janssen RAJ. Controlling the Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers in High-Mobility Monolayer Transistors via the Dissolution Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:846-852. [PMID: 31709705 PMCID: PMC6973252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It remains a challenge to precisely tailor the morphology of polymer monolayers to control charge transport. Herein, the effect of the dissolution temperature (Tdis ) is investigated as a powerful strategy for morphology control. Low Tdis values cause extended polymer aggregation in solution and induce larger nanofibrils in a monolayer network with more pronounced π-π stacking. The field-effect mobility of the corresponding monolayer transistors is significantly enhanced by a factor of four compared to devices obtained from high Tdis with a value approaching 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Besides that, the solution kinetics reveal a higher growth rate of aggregates at low Tdis , and filtration experiments further confirm that the dependence of the fibril width in monolayers on Tdis is consistent with the aggregate size in solution. The generalizability of the Tdis effect on polymer aggregation is demonstrated using three other conjugated polymer systems. These results open new avenues for the precise control of polymer aggregation for high-mobility monolayer transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated TechnologyInstitute of MicroelectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy ResearchDe Zaale 205612AJEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO800 Blackburn RoadClaytonVictoria3168Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash UniversityWellington RoadClaytonVictoria3800Australia
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong KongHong Kong
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy ResearchDe Zaale 205612AJEindhovenThe Netherlands
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27
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Wang ZY, Yao ZF, Lu Y, Ding L, Yu ZD, You HY, Wang XY, Zhou YY, Zou L, Wang JY, Pei J. Precise tracking and modulating aggregation structures of conjugated copolymers in solutions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Different backbone shape of BDOPV-based polymers generates distinct aggregation structures in dilute solutions, which could be retained into the solid-state microstructures, further exhibiting different electron mobility and doping efficiency.
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28
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Li Q, Wang LM, Liu S, Zhan X, Zhu T, Cao Z, Lai H, Zhao J, Cai Y, Xie W, Huang F. Impact of Donor-Acceptor Interaction and Solvent Additive on the Vertical Composition Distribution of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45979-45990. [PMID: 31722524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The vertical composition distribution of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photoactive layer is known to have dramatic effects on photovoltaic performance in polymer solar cells. However, the vertical composition distribution evolution rules of BHJ films are still elusive. In this contribution, three BHJ film systems, composed of polymer donor PBDB-T, and three different classes of acceptor (fullerene acceptor PCBM, small-molecule acceptor ITIC, and polymer acceptor N2200) are systematically investigated using neutron reflectometry to examine how donor-acceptor interaction and solvent additive impact the vertical composition distribution. Our results show that those three BHJ films possess homogeneous vertical composition distributions across the bulk of the film, while very different composition accumulations near the top and bottom surface were observed, which could be attributed to different repulsion, miscibility, and phase separation between the donor and acceptor components as approved by the measurement of the donor-acceptor Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ. Moreover, the solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) can induce more distinct vertical composition distribution especially in nonfullerene acceptor-based BHJ films. Thus, higher power conversion efficiencies were achieved in inverted solar cells because of facilitated charge transport in the active layer, improved carrier collection at electrodes, and suppressed charge recombination in BHJ solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingduan Li
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center , Dongguan 523803 , China
| | - Shengjian Liu
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center , Dongguan 523803 , China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Zhixiong Cao
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lai
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics , Jinan University (JNU) , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaji Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University (SCNU) , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Weiguang Xie
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics , Jinan University (JNU) , Guangzhou 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology (SCUT) , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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29
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Li M, Bin H, Jiao X, Wienk MM, Yan H, Janssen RAJ. Controlling the Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers in High‐Mobility Monolayer Transistors via the Dissolution Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated TechnologyInstitute of MicroelectronicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research De Zaale 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO 800 Blackburn Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringMonash University Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Energy InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute For Fundamental Energy Research De Zaale 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
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30
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Impact of polymorphism on the optoelectronic properties of a low-bandgap semiconducting polymer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2867. [PMID: 31253772 PMCID: PMC6599012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism of organic semiconducting materials exerts critical effects on their physical properties such as optical absorption, emission and electrical conductivity, and provides an excellent platform for investigating structure–property relations. It is, however, challenging to efficiently tune the polymorphism of conjugated polymers in aggregated, semi-crystalline phases due to their conformational freedom and anisotropic nature. Here, two distinctly different semi-crystalline polymorphs (β1 and β2) of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer are formed through controlling the solvent quality, as evidenced by spectroscopic, structural, thermal and charge transport studies. Compared to β1, the β2 polymorph exhibits a lower optical band gap, an enhanced photoluminescence, a reduced π-stacking distance, a higher hole mobility in field-effect transistors and improved photocurrent generation in polymer solar cells. The β1 and β2 polymorphs provide insights into the control of polymer self-organization for plastic electronics and hold potential for developing programmable ink formulations for next-generation electronic devices. Tuning polymorphism of conjugated polymers, though a promising method for studying and controlling the structure-property relations in these materials remains a challenge. Here, the authors identify two aggregated semi-crystalline polymorphs of a low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer.
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31
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Ma J, Zhao Z, Guo Y, Geng H, Sun Y, Tian J, He Q, Cai Z, Zhang X, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhang D, Liu Y. Improving the Electronic Transporting Property for Flexible Field-Effect Transistors with Naphthalene Diimide-Based Conjugated Polymer through Branching/Linear Side-Chain Engineering Strategy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15837-15844. [PMID: 30964258 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic/polymeric semiconductors with high electron mobilities are highly demanded for future flexible organic circuits. Except for developing a new conjugated backbone, recent studies show that side-chain engineering also plays an indispensable role in boosting the charge-transporting property. In this paper, we report a new polymer PNDI2T-DTD with a representative n-type naphthalene diimide (NDI)-bithiophene backbone for high-performance n-type flexible thin-film transistors through branching/linear side-chain engineering strategy. Serving as the flexible side chains, the linear/branching side-chain pattern is found to be effective in tuning the preaggregation behavior in solution and the packing ordering of polymeric chains, resulting in the improvement of thin-film crystallinity. The electron mobility of the thin film of PNDI2T-DTD on flexible substrates can reach 1.52 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is approximately five times higher than that of PNDI2T-DT with the same conjugated backbone and only branching alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Hua Geng
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , P. R. China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing 100048 , P. R. China
| | - Jianwu Tian
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Qiming He
- Institute for Molecular Engineering , The University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Material Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - Xisha Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Guanxin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratories for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratories of Organic Solids, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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32
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Xu B, Pelse I, Agarkar S, Ito S, Zhang J, Yi X, Chujo Y, Marder S, So F, Reynolds JR. Randomly Distributed Conjugated Polymer Repeat Units for High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Materials with Enhanced Solubility and Processability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:44583-44588. [PMID: 30543279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three structurally disordered terpolymer derivatives of PffBT4T-2OD (PCE11), prepared by replacing a varied amount of bithiophene linkers with single thiophenes, were found to exhibit reduced aggregation in solution with increasing thiophene content, while important redox and optoelectronic properties remained similar to those of PffBT4T-2OD. Solar cells based on random terpolymer-PC71BM blends exhibited average power conversion efficiencies of over 9.5% when processed with preheated substrates, with fill factors above 70%, exceeding those from PffBT4T-2OD. Thanks to increased solubility, random terpolymer devices were able to be fabricated on room-temperature substrates, reaching virtually identical performance among all three polymers despite remarkable thicknesses of ∼400 nm. Thus, we show that the random terpolymer approach is successful in improving processability while maintaining device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shunichiro Ito
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | | | - Xueping Yi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27606 , United States
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | | | - Franky So
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27606 , United States
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33
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Ouyang G, Wu H, Qiao X, Zhang J, Li H. Modulating Surface Morphology and Thin-Film Transistor Performance of Bi-thieno[3,4- c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-Based Polymer Semiconductor by Altering Preaggregation in Solution. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9290-9295. [PMID: 31459061 PMCID: PMC6644335 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their strong intermolecular interactions, polymer semiconductors aggregate in solution even at elevated temperature. With the aim to study the effect of this kind preaggregation on the order of thin films and further transistor performance, bi-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione and fluorinated oligothiophene copolymerized polymer semiconductor P1, which shows strong temperature-dependent aggregation behavior in solution, is synthesized. Its films are deposited through a temperature-controlled dip-coating technique. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy results reveal that the aggregation behavior of P1 in solution affects the microstructures and order of P1 films. The charge transport properties of P1 films are investigated with bottom-gate top-contacted thin-film transistors. The variation of device performance (from 0.014 to 1.03 cm2 V-1 s-1) demonstrates the importance of optimizing preaggregation degree. The correlation between preaggregation degree and transistor performance of P1 films is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Ouyang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongzhuo Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- The
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolan Qiao
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional
Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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34
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Li M, An C, Pisula W, Müllen K. Cyclopentadithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Donor-Acceptor Polymers as Prototypical Semiconductors for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1196-1205. [PMID: 29664608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are of great interest as organic semiconductors, because they offer a rational tailoring of the electronic properties by modification of the donor and acceptor units. Nowadays, D-A polymers exhibit field-effect mobilities on the order of 10-2-100 cm2 V-1 s-1, while several examples showed a mobility over 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. The development of cyclopentadithiophene-benzothiadiazole (CDT-BTZ) copolymers one decade ago represents an important step toward high-performance organic semiconductors for field-effect transistors. The significant rise in field-effect mobility of CDT-BTZ in comparison to the existing D-A polymers at that time opened the door to a new research field with a large number of novel D-A systems. From this point, the device performance of CDT-BTZ was gradually improved by a systematic optimization of the synthesis and polymer structure as well as by an efficient solution processing into long-range ordered thin films. The key aspect was a comprehensive understanding of the relation between polymer structure and solid-state organization. Due to their fundamental role for the field of D-A polymers in general, this Account will for the first time explicitly focus on prototypical CDT-BTZ polymers, while other reviews provide an excellent general overview on D-A polymers. The first part of this Account discusses strategies for improving the charge carrier transport, focusing on chemical aspects. Improved synthesis as an essential stage toward high purity, and high molecular weight is a prerequisite for molecular order. The modification of substituents is a further crucial feature to tune the CDT-BTZ packing and self-assembly. Linear alkyl side chains facilitate intermolecular π-stacking interactions, while branched ones increase solubility and alter the polymer packing. Additional control over the supramolecular organization of CDT-BTZ polymers is introduced by alkenyl substituents via their cis-trans isomerization. The last discussed chemical concept is based on heteroatom variation within the CDT unit. The relationships found experimentally for CDT-BTZ between polymer chemical structure, solid-state organization, and charge carrier transport are explained by means of theoretical simulations. Besides the effects of molecular design, the second part of this Account discusses the processing conditions from solution. The film microstructure, defined as a mesoscopic domain organization, is critically affected by solution processing. Suitable processing techniques allow the formation of a long-range order and a uniaxial orientation of the CDT-BTZ chains, thus lowering the trapping density of grain boundaries for charge carriers. For instance, alignment of the CDT-BTZ polymer by dip-coating yields films with a pronounced structural and electrical anisotropy and favors a fast migration of charge carriers along the conjugated backbones in the deposition direction. By using film compression with the assistance of an ionic liquid, one even obtains CDT-BTZ films with a band-like transport and a transistor hole mobility of 10 cm2 V-1 s-1. This device performance is attributed to large domains in the compressed films being formed by CDT-BTZ with longer alkyl chains, which establish a fine balance between polymer interactions and growth kinetics during solvent evaporation. On the basis of the prototypical semiconductor CDT-BTZ, this Account provides general guidelines for achieving high-performance polymer transistors by taking into account the subtle balance of synthetic protocol, molecular design, and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cunbin An
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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35
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Li M, Mangalore DK, Zhao J, Carpenter JH, Yan H, Ade H, Yan H, Müllen K, Blom PWM, Pisula W, de Leeuw DM, Asadi K. Integrated circuits based on conjugated polymer monolayer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:451. [PMID: 29386502 PMCID: PMC5792516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still a great challenge to fabricate conjugated polymer monolayer field-effect transistors (PoM-FETs) due to intricate crystallization and film formation of conjugated polymers. Here we demonstrate PoM-FETs based on a single monolayer of a conjugated polymer. The resulting PoM-FETs are highly reproducible and exhibit charge carrier mobilities reaching 3 cm2 V-1 s-1. The high performance is attributed to the strong interactions of the polymer chains present already in solution leading to pronounced edge-on packing and well-defined microstructure in the monolayer. The high reproducibility enables the integration of discrete unipolar PoM-FETs into inverters and ring oscillators. Real logic functionality has been demonstrated by constructing a 15-bit code generator in which hundreds of self-assembled PoM-FETs are addressed simultaneously. Our results provide the state-of-the-art example of integrated circuits based on a conjugated polymer monolayer, opening prospective pathways for bottom-up organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua H Carpenter
- Department of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, NC, USA
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland.
| | - Dago M de Leeuw
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, Delft, 2629 HS, The Netherlands
| | - Kamal Asadi
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.
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36
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Sun Y, Wang Q, Zhang S, Li H, Zhang J, Li D, Li W. Synthesis of aromatic-doped polycaprolactone with tunable degradation behavior. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00374b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel aromatic-doped polycaprolactone (Aro-PCL) material was synthesized through a facile PCL aminolysis-condensation polymerization incorporating the aromatic moiety to PCL chain and assessed by focusing on the dynamic aggregation and crystalline microdomains associated with the in vitro degradation properties, mechanical performance and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
- Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health
- Qilu Hospital
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
| | - Shuying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
- Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health
- Qilu Hospital
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
- Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health
- Qilu Hospital
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Daqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research
- Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health
- Qilu Hospital
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250061
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
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37
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Yang S, Liu Z, Cai Z, Dyson MJ, Stingelin N, Chen W, Ju H, Zhang G, Zhang D. Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymer Entailing Triethylene Glycols as Side Chains with High Thin-Film Charge Mobility without Post-Treatments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700048. [PMID: 28852623 PMCID: PMC5566237 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Side chain engineering of conjugated donor-acceptor polymers is a new way to manipulate their optoelectronic properties. Two new diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-terthiophene-based conjugated polymers PDPP3T-1 and PDPP3T-2, with both hydrophilic triethylene glycol (TEG) and hydrophobic alkyl chains, are reported. It is demonstrated that the incorporation of TEG chains has a significant effect on the interchain packing and thin-film morphology with noticeable effect on charge transport. Polymer chains of PDPP3T-1 in which TEG chains are uniformly distributed can self-assemble spontaneously into a more ordered thin film. As a result, the thin film of PDPP3T-1 exhibits high saturated hole mobility up to 2.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 without any post-treatment. This is superior to those of PDPP3T with just alkyl chains and PDPP3T-2. Moreover, the respective field effect transistors made of PDPP3T-1 can be utilized for sensing ethanol vapor with high sensitivity (down to 100 ppb) and good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si‐Fen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Tong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Zheng‐Xu Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Matthew J. Dyson
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW72AZUK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonSW72AZUK
| | - Wei Chen
- Materials Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 Cass AvenueLemontIL60439USA
- Institute for Molecular EngineeringThe University of Chicago5640 South Ellis AvenueChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Hua‐Jun Ju
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Guan‐Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - De‐Qing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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