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Roh Y, Chae M, Oh J, Kim W, Ryu MY, Seo M, Jeong J. Ultrastrong Coupling Enhancement with Squeezed Mode Volume in Terahertz Nanoslots. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7086-7091. [PMID: 37471630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanogaps have emerged as a versatile platform for realizing ultrastrong coupling in terahertz frequencies. Increasing the coupling strength generally involved reducing the gap width to minimize the mode volume, which presents challenges in fabrication and efficient material coupling. Here, we propose employing terahertz nanoslots, which can efficiently squeeze the mode volume in an extra dimension alongside the gap width. Our experiments using 500 nm wide nanoslots integrated with an organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite demonstrate ultrastrong phonon-photon coupling with a record-high Rabi splitting of 48% of the original resonance (Ω = 0.48ω0), despite having a gap width 5 times larger than previously reported structures with Ω = 0.45ω0. Mechanisms underlying this effective light--matter coupling are investigated with simulations using coupled mode theory. Moreover, bulk polariton analyses reveal that our results account for 68% of the theoretical maximum Rabi splitting, with the potential to reach 82% through further optimization of the nanoslots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeeun Roh
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjun Chae
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Oh
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochul Kim
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Yi Ryu
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Seo
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyoon Jeong
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wang T, Yang Z, Li T, Yao H, Lu Y, Yan X, Cao M, Yang M, Liang L, Zheng W, Wu X, Yao J. Ultrasensitive optical modulation in hybrid metal-perovskite and metal-graphene metasurface THz devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20080-20091. [PMID: 37381409 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of efficient terahertz (THz) wave control is essential for THz technology development for applications including sixth-generation communications and THz sensing. Therefore, realization of tunable THz devices with large-scale intensity modulation capabilities is highly desirable. By integrating perovskite and graphene with a metallic asymmetric metasurface, two ultrasensitive devices for dynamic THz wave manipulation through low-power optical excitation are demonstrated experimentally here. The perovskite-based hybrid metadevice offers ultrasensitive modulation with a maximum modulation depth for the transmission amplitude reaching 190.2% at the low optical pump power of 5.90 mW/cm2. Additionally, a maximum modulation depth of 227.11% is achieved in the graphene-based hybrid metadevice at a power density of 18.87 mW/cm2. This work paves the way toward design and development of ultrasensitive devices for optical modulation of THz waves.
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3
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Li G, Wang G, Zhang Y, Shen J, Zhang B. Tunable resonance of a graphene-perovskite terahertz metasurface. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:756-766. [PMID: 36756529 PMCID: PMC9890603 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00577h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The combination of graphene and perovskite has received extensive research attention because its photoelectric properties are excellent for the dynamic manipulation of light-matter interactions. Combining graphene and perovskite with a metasurface is expected to effectively improve the metasurface device's performance. Here, we report a terahertz graphene-perovskite metasurface with a tunable resonance. Under 780 nm laser excitation, the device's THz transmission is significantly reduced, and the Fano resonance mode can be manipulated in multiple dimensions. We verify the experimental results using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. Graphene and perovskite interact strongly with the metasurface, resulting in a short-circuit effect, which significantly weakens the resonance intensity of the Fano mode. The photoinduced conductivity enhancement intensifies the short-circuit effect, reducing the THz transmission and resonance intensity of the Fano mode and causing the resonance frequency to redshift. Finally, we provide a reference value for applications of hybrid metasurface-based optical devices in a real environment by investigating the effect of moisture on device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Guocui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Jingling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Metamaterials and Devices, Department of Physics, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
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4
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Hu Y, Tong M, Hu S, He W, Cheng X, Jiang T. Reassessing Fano Resonance for Broadband, High-Efficiency, and Ultrafast Terahertz Wave Switching. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204494. [PMID: 36385743 PMCID: PMC9839846 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized ultrafast switchable optical components with high efficiency and broadband response are in high demand to the development of optical imaging, sensing, and high-speed communication. Sharp Fano-type resonance switched by active materials is one of the key concepts that underpins the control of light in metaoptics with high sensitivity. However, actuating such metasurfaces exhibits a long-standing trade-off between modulation depth and operational bandwidth. Here, the limitations are circumvented by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental realization of an achromatic Fano metasurface so that a high contrast of tunability with ultrafast switching rate over a broad range of frequency is achieved. By developing the physics of inter-mode coupling, the Fano metasurface is designed according to a complete phase diagram derived from coupled mode theory. Unlike conventional Fano metasurfaces, the cross-polarized inter-metaatoms coupling is discovered as a superior ability of high-efficiency broadband achromatic polarization conversion. To prove the ultrasensitive nature, a metadevice is constructed by incorporating a thin amorphous Ge layer with a weak photoconductivity perturbation. Transmission modulation over broadband frequency range from 0.6 to 1.1 THz is thus successfully realized, featuring its merits of modulation depth over 90% and On-Off-On switching cycle less than 10 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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Shi B, Wang P, Feng J, Xue C, Yang G, Liao Q, Zhang M, Zhang X, Wen W, Wu J. Split-Ring Structured All-Inorganic Perovskite Photodetector Arrays for Masterly Internet of Things. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 15:3. [PMID: 36445558 PMCID: PMC9709000 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors with long detection distances and fast response are important media in constructing a non-contact human-machine interface for the Masterly Internet of Things (MIT). All-inorganic perovskites have excellent optoelectronic performance with high moisture and oxygen resistance, making them one of the promising candidates for high-performance photodetectors, but a simple, low-cost and reliable fabrication technology is urgently needed. Here, a dual-function laser etching method is developed to complete both the lyophilic split-ring structure and electrode patterning. This novel split-ring structure can capture the perovskite precursor droplet efficiently and achieve the uniform and compact deposition of CsPbBr3 films. Furthermore, our devices based on laterally conducting split-ring structured photodetectors possess outstanding performance, including the maximum responsivity of 1.44 × 105 mA W-1, a response time of 150 μs in 1.5 kHz and one-unit area < 4 × 10-2 mm2. Based on these split-ring photodetector arrays, we realized three-dimensional gesture detection with up to 100 mm distance detection and up to 600 mm s-1 speed detection, for low-cost, integrative, and non-contact human-machine interfaces. Finally, we applied this MIT to wearable and flexible digital gesture recognition watch panel, safe and comfortable central controller integrated on the car screen, and remote control of the robot, demonstrating the broad potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bori Shi
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyang Wang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyun Feng
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Xue
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, People's Republic of China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojie Yang
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Qingwei Liao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Weijia Wen
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- The Advanced Material Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Wu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, People's Republic of China.
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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Lu Y, Li T, Yang M, Yao H, Liang L, Yan X, Lv KK, Wang M, Yang Q, Wei C, Shao J, Yao J. Dual control of multi-band resonances with a metal-halide perovskite-integrated terahertz metasurface. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12703-12712. [PMID: 35993444 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00292b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of multi-resonant Fano resonances is important for the design of biosensors and communication fields. There are very few studies reporting the multi-band Fano resonance metamaterials with more than three resonance frequencies, or the tunable optical metamaterials to control the multi-band Fano resonance characteristics. Here, we report dual control of multi-band Fano resonances with a metal-halide perovskite-integrated terahertz metasurface by lasers and an electrical field. By tuning the conductivity of the perovskite film on the metasurface, ultrasensitive optoelectronic modulation was achieved. The terahertz transmission amplitude exhibited increasing and decreasing stages. We analyzed the physical phenomena and found that capacitance effects and Fermi-level enhancement had significant roles in the optical- and electronic-modulation experiments. The resonant frequencies in the electronic modulation had broader frequency shifts and a higher and wider tunable modulation depth range. More importantly, the maximum modulation depth was as high as 197%, with a significant fluctuation in the amplitude and more unstable frequency shifts in the transmission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Lu
- Precision Optical Manufacturing and Testing Centre, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, PR China.
- Key Laboratory for High Power Laser Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Shanghai, 201800, PR China
- Centre of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Tengteng Li
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Maosheng Yang
- Institute of Micro-nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhen Jiang, 212013, China
- School of Opto-electric Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Haiyun Yao
- School of Opto-electric Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Lanju Liang
- School of Opto-electric Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Opto-electric Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Kai Kai Lv
- School of Opto-electric Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Opto-electric Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Qili Yang
- School of Opto-electric Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang, 277160, China.
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- Precision Optical Manufacturing and Testing Centre, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, PR China.
- Key Laboratory for High Power Laser Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Shanghai, 201800, PR China
- Centre of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jianda Shao
- Key Laboratory for High Power Laser Material of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Shanghai, 201800, PR China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, PR China
- Centre of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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7
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Perfect Absorption of Fan-Shaped Graphene Absorbers with Good Adjustability in the Mid-Infrared. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a graphene metamaterial absorber based on impedance matching. A finite difference in time domain (FDTD) method is used to achieve a theoretically perfect absorption in the mid-infrared band. A basis is created for the multiband stable high absorption of graphene in the mid-infrared. The designed graphene absorber is composed of graphene, a dielectric layer, a gold plane, and a silicon substrate, separately. The incident source of mid-infrared can be utilized to stimulate multiband resonance absorption peaks from 2.55 to 4.15 μm. The simulation results show that the absorber has three perfect resonance peaks exceeding 99% at λ1 = 2.67 μm, λ2 = 2.87 μm, and λ3 = 3.68 μm, which achieve an absorption efficiency of 99.67%, 99.61%, and 99.40%, respectively. Furthermore, the absorber maintains an excellent performance with a wide incident angle range of 0°–45°, and it also keeps the insensitive characteristic to transverse electric wave (TE) and transverse magnetic wave (TM). The results above indicate that our perfect graphene absorber, with its tunability and wide adaptability, has many potential applications in the fields of biosensing, photodetection, and photocell.
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8
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Tonkaev P, Sinev IS, Rybin MV, Makarov SV, Kivshar Y. Multifunctional and Transformative Metaphotonics with Emerging Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15414-15449. [PMID: 35549165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Future technologies underpinning multifunctional physical and chemical systems and compact biological sensors will rely on densely packed transformative and tunable circuitry employing nanophotonics. For many years, plasmonics was considered as the only available platform for subwavelength optics, but the recently emerged field of resonant metaphotonics may provide a versatile practical platform for nanoscale science by employing resonances in high-index dielectric nanoparticles and metasurfaces. Here, we discuss the recently emerged field of metaphotonics and describe its connection to material science and chemistry. For tunabilty, metaphotonics employs a variety of the recently highlighted materials such as polymers, perovskites, transition metal dichalcogenides, and phase change materials. This allows to achieve diverse functionalities of metasystems and metasurfaces for efficient spatial and temporal control of light by employing multipolar resonances and the physics of bound states in the continuum. We anticipate expanding applications of these concepts in nanolasers, tunable metadevices, metachemistry, as well as a design of a new generation of chemical and biological ultracompact sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Tonkaev
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Ivan S Sinev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Rybin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.,Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Sergey V Makarov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
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Abstract
Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 0.1THz to 10THz has become critical for sixth generation (6G) applications, such as high-speed communication, fingerprint chemical sensing, non-destructive biosensing, and bioimaging. However, the limited response of naturally existing materials THz waves has induced a gap in the electromagnetic spectrum, where a lack of THz functional devices using natural materials has occurred in this gap. Metamaterials, artificially composed structures that can engineer the electromagnetic properties to manipulate the waves, have enabled the development of many THz devices, known as "metadevices". Besides, the tunability of THz metadevices can be achieved by tunable structures using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies, as well as tunable materials including phase change materials (PCMs), electro-optical materials (EOMs), and thermo-optical materials (TOMs). Leveraging various tuning mechanisms together with metamaterials, tremendous research works have demonstrated reconfigurable functional THz devices, playing an important role to fill the THz gap toward the 6G applications. This review introduces reconfigurable metadevices from fundamental principles of metamaterial resonant system to the design mechanisms of functional THz metamaterial devices and their related applications. Moreover, we provide perspectives on the future development of THz photonic devices for state-of-the-art applications.
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Wang H, Ling F, Luo C, Li D, Xiao Y, Chang Z, Xu Z, Zeng Y, Wang W, Yao J. Active terahertz modulator based on optically controlled organometal halide perovskite MAPbI 2Br. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:1171-1176. [PMID: 35201169 DOI: 10.1364/ao.444667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an active terahertz modulator based on optically controlled organometal halide perovskite MAPbI2Br is proposed. The terahertz wave time-domain transmission of the MAPbI2Br/Al2O3 sample was measured by a terahertz time-domain spectrometer. Experimental results indicate that the MAPbI2Br/Al2O3 sample showed an obvious optical-power-dependent modulation effect on transmission of the terahertz wave; the maximum modulation depth of the modulator can reach 59.99% at 0.3 THz when the external pump optical power is up to 1500 mW.
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Yang M, Li T, Yan X, Liang L, Yao H, Sun Z, Li J, Li J, Wei D, Wang M, Ye Y, Song X, Zhang H, Yao J. Dual-Stimulus Control for Ultra-Wideband and Multidimensional Modulation in Terahertz Metasurfaces Comprising Graphene and Metal Halide Perovskites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2155-2165. [PMID: 34958542 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites and graphene are receiving a meteoric rise in popularity in the field of active photonics because they exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties for dynamic manipulation of light-matter interactions. However, challenges still exist, such as the instability of perovskites under ambient conditions and the low Fermi level of graphene in experiments. These shortcomings limit the scope of applications when they are used alone in advanced optical devices. However, the combination of graphene and perovskites is still a promising route for efficient control of light-matter interactions. Here, we report a dual-optoelectronic metadevice fabricated by integrating terahertz metasurfaces with a sandwich complex composed of graphene, polyimide, and perovskites for ultra-wideband and multidimensional manipulation of higher-order Fano resonances. Owing to the photogenerated carriers and electrostatic doping effect, the dual optoelectronic metadevice showed different manipulation behavior at thermal imbalance (electrostatic doping state of the system). The modulation depth of the transmission amplitude reached 200%, the total resonant frequency shift was 800 GHz, and the tunable range of the resonant frequency was 68.8%. In addition, modulation of the maximum phase reached 346°. This work will inspire a new generation of metasurface-based optical devices that combine two active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Yang
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tengteng Li
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Lanju Liang
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Haiyun Yao
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Zhaoqing Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dequan Wei
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Yunxia Ye
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoxian Song
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haiting Zhang
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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12
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Graphene-Modulated Terahertz Metasurfaces for Selective and Active Control of Dual-Band Electromagnetic Induced Reflection (EIR) Windows. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092420. [PMID: 34578736 PMCID: PMC8467089 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, metasurfaces (MSs) integrating with different active materials have been widely explored to actively manipulate the resonance intensity of multi-band electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) windows. Unfortunately, these hybrid MSs can only realize the global control of multi-EIT windows rather than selective control. Here, a graphene-functionalized complementary terahertz MS, composed of a dipole slot and two graphene-integrated quadrupole slots with different sizes, is proposed to execute selective and active control of dual-band electromagnetic induced reflection (EIR) windows. In this structure, dual-band EIR windows arise from the destructive interference caused by the near field coupling between the bright dipole slot and dark quadrupole slot. By embedding graphene ribbons beneath two quadrupole slots, the resonance intensity of two windows can be selectively and actively modulated by adjusting Fermi energy of the corresponding graphene ribbons via electrostatic doping. The theoretical model and field distributions demonstrate that the active tuning behavior can be ascribed to the change in the damper factor of the corresponding dark mode. In addition, the active control of the group delay is further investigated to develop compact slow light devices. Therefore, the selective and active control scheme introduced here can offer new opportunities and platforms for designing multifunctional terahertz devices.
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13
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Gogoi HJ, Bajpai K, Mallajosyula AT, Solanki A. Advances in Flexible Memristors with Hybrid Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8798-8825. [PMID: 34491743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite (HOIP)-based memristors have captured strong attention not only as an emerging candidate for next-generation high-density information storage technology but also for use in healthcare technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) because of their unique properties: low weight, flexibility, compatibility, stretchability, and low power consumption. In this Perspective, we review the recent advances of various aspects of flexible memristors focusing on the selection of the flexible substrates, materials, interfaces, several resistive switching mechanisms, and different methodologies of perovskite growth. The current state of the art of the memristor as an artificial synapse, light-induced resistive switching, and logic gates is comprehensively and systematically reviewed. Finally, we briefly discuss the stability factors of perovskites and present the conclusion with a broad outlook on the progress and challenges in the field of perovskite-based flexible memristors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Jyoti Gogoi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Kunal Bajpai
- Department of Physics, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382421, India
| | - Arun Tej Mallajosyula
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Ankur Solanki
- Department of Physics, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar 382421, India
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14
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Hu Y, Tong M, Xu Z, Cheng X, Jiang T. Bifunctional Spatiotemporal Metasurfaces for Incident Angle-Tunable and Ultrafast Optically Switchable Electromagnetically Induced Transparency. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006489. [PMID: 33838009 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in tunable metamaterials/metasurfaces facilitates their utilization in novel optical components, and lead to many breakthroughs in light tailoring by giving birth to diverse spatiotemporal dynamics. In the ascendant field of terahertz (THz) photonics, the ultrafast modulation is the fundamental process of technological advancements in high-speed wireless communications, sensing, and imaging. However, the current research efforts have been mainly devoted to studies of single functionality under the control of one stimulus, which has plateaued in terms of innovative new features. Here, building on the incident angle-induced C2 symmetry breaking of split ring pairs, we experimentally demonstrate extremely versatile, ultrafast THz switching behaviors at continuously alterable resonant states. The direction-controlled resonance hybridization provides another excellent degree of routing freedom, owing to its robustness, simplicity, and wide tunability. By leveraging such virtues, single LC mode and EIT-like resonance under normal and oblique incidence conditions are both effectively switched-off by means of photon injection. Considering the ultrashort lifetime of free carriers in MoSe2 crystal, the corresponding transient dynamics show an ultrafast recovery time within 700 ps. The strategy proposed here is a viable pathway for multidimensional THz wave manipulation, which gears up a crucial step for diversified functionalities in deployable metaphotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Zhongjie Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Xiangai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Beijing Interdisciplinary Research Center, National University of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100010, China
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15
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Xu R, Lin YS. Flexible and Controllable Metadevice Using Self-Assembly MEMS Actuator. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3205-3210. [PMID: 33792316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an actively tunable optical metadevice is proposed to realize multifunctional application by integrating self-assembly electrothermal actuator (ETA) and magnetic metamaterial. The released frame of ETA can control the deformed height of the metamaterial plate and then provide high robustness. By driving the external electromagnetic field, the metamaterial plate is actuated and rotated by a magnetic force to manipulate the incident electromagnetic response. The transmission intensities of the metadevice can be gradually increased to characterize "on" and "off" states. Along with the inputs of light source and magnetic field, the transmission results of the metadevice could provide the output of time-difference optical signal and then carry with digital information in the further optical logic operation. Such an actuation method provides an ideal platform for actively tunable metamaterial with a large tilt angle and displacement. MEMS-based metamaterial is a strategy to open an avenue for optical communication, 3D imaging, and optical logic switching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Xu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Feng T, Huang W, Zhu H, Lu X, Das S, Shi Q. Optical-Transparent Self-Assembled MXene Film with High-Efficiency Terahertz Reflection Modulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10574-10582. [PMID: 33605142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of the terahertz (THz) wave is fundamental for its applications in next-generation communications, biological imaging, sensing, and so forth. Searching for higher efficient modulation is still in progress, although plenty of materials have been explored for tuning THz wave. In this work, optical-transparent self-assembled MXene films are used to modulate the THz reflection at the SiO2/MXene/air interface based on the impedance matching mechanism. By adjusting the number of stacked MXene layers/concentrations of MXene dispersions, the sheet conductivity of the MXene films will be changed so that the impedance at the SiO2/MXene/air interface can be tuned and lead to a giant modulation of THz reflection. Particularly, we demonstrate that the MXene films have highly efficient THz modulation from antireflection to reflection-enhancing with a relative reflection of 27% and 406%, respectively. This work provides a new pathway for developing the MXene films with the combination of optical-transparency and high smart THz reflection characteristics, and the films can be applied for THz antireflection or reflection-enhancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangdong Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongfu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueguang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Sujit Das
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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17
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Wang K, Xing G, Song Q, Xiao S. Micro- and Nanostructured Lead Halide Perovskites: From Materials to Integrations and Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000306. [PMID: 32578267 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, lead halide perovskites have been intensively explored due to their promising future in photovoltaics. Owing to their remarkable material properties such as solution processability, nice defect tolerance, broad bandgap tunability, high quantum yields, large refractive index, and strong nonlinear effects, this family of materials has also shown advantages in many other optoelectronic devices including microlasers, photodetectors, waveguides, and metasurfaces. Very recently, the stability of perovskite devices has been improved with the optimization of synthesis methods and device architectures. It is widely accepted that it is the time to integrate all the perovskite devices into a real system. However, for integrated photonic circuits, the shapes and distributions of chemically synthesized perovskites are quite random and not suitable for integration. Consequently, controlled synthesis and the top-down fabrication process are highly desirable to break the barriers. Herein, the developments of patterning and integration techniques for halide perovskites, as well as the structure/function relationships, are systematically reviewed. The recent progress in the study of optical responses originating from nanostructured perovskites is also presented. Lastly, the challenges and perspective for nanostructured-perovskite devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Wang
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
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18
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Wang H, Ling F, Zhang B. Tunable metasurfaces for independent control of linearly and circularly polarized terahertz waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36316-36326. [PMID: 33379728 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces provide an extraordinary way to control electromagnetic waves by abrupt change of optical properties within an optically thin interface. In this paper, by introducing vanadium dioxide (VO2) into the metasurface, efficient tunable terahertz phase modulation is designed to realize independent control of linearly and circularly polarized terahertz waves. The working resonator of the metasurface can be adjustable by controlling the temperature of VO2, resulting in the tunable function between resonant phase for linearly polarized waves and Pancharatnam-Berry phase for circularly polarized waves. As a proof of concept, two metasurfaces are designed for integrating two distinct functionalities in one structure, i.e. 1-bit metasurface switched between the abnormal THz deflector and the THz scatter and 3-bit metasurface switched between the vortex THz transmitter and the THz focusing mirror. The proposed tunable resonator structure provides a flexible way for extending the functionality of metadevice, which has a great potential value in integrated optics and wearable optics.
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19
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Yadav SK, Grandhi GK, Dubal DP, de Mello JC, Otyepka M, Zbořil R, Fischer RA, Jayaramulu K. Metal Halide Perovskite@Metal-Organic Framework Hybrids: Synthesis, Design, Properties, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004891. [PMID: 33125820 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have excellent optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications because of their cost-effectiveness, tunable emission, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and excellent charge carrier properties. However, the potential applications of the entire MHP family are facing a major challenge arising from its weak resistance to moisture, polar solvents, temperature, and light exposure. A viable strategy to enhance the stability of MHPs could lie in their incorporation into a porous template. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have outstanding properties, with a unique network of ordered/functional pores, which render them promising for functioning as such a template, accommodating a wide range of MHPs to the nanosized region, alongside minimizing particle aggregation and enhancing the stability of the entrapped species. This review highlights recent advances in design strategies, synthesis, characterization, and properties of various hybrids of MOFs with MHPs. Particular attention is paid to a critical review of the emergence of MHP@MOF for comprehensive studies of next-generation materials for various technological applications including sensors, photocatalysis, encryption/decryption, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells. Finally, by summarizing the state-of-the-art, some promising future applications of reported hybrids are proposed. Considering the inherent correlation and synergic functionalities of MHPs and MOFs, further advancement; new functional materials; and applications can be achieved through designing MHP@MOF hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - G Krishnamurthy Grandhi
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Deepak P Dubal
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - John C de Mello
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Kolleboyina Jayaramulu
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
- Head of the Department, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
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20
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Franceschini P, Carletti L, Pushkarev AP, Preda F, Perri A, Tognazzi A, Ronchi A, Ferrini G, Pagliara S, Banfi F, Polli D, Cerullo G, De Angelis C, Makarov SV, Giannetti C. Tuning the Ultrafast Response of Fano Resonances in Halide Perovskite Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13602-13610. [PMID: 33054175 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The full control of the fundamental photophysics of nanosystems at frequencies as high as few THz is key for tunable and ultrafast nanophotonic devices and metamaterials. Here we combine geometrical and ultrafast control of the optical properties of halide perovskite nanoparticles, which constitute a prominent platform for nanophotonics. The pulsed photoinjection of free carriers across the semiconducting gap leads to a subpicosecond modification of the far-field electromagnetic properties that is fully controlled by the geometry of the system. When the nanoparticle size is tuned so as to achieve the overlap between the narrowband excitons and the geometry-controlled Mie resonances, the ultrafast modulation of the transmittivity is completely reversed with respect to what is usually observed in nanoparticles with different sizes, in bulk systems, and in thin films. The interplay between chemical, geometrical, and ultrafast tuning offers an additional control parameter with impact on nanoantennas and ultrafast optical switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Franceschini
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
- ILAMP (Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Carletti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Preda
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- NIREOS S.R.L., Via G. Durando 39, 20158 Milano, Italy (www.nireos.com)
| | - Antonio Perri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- NIREOS S.R.L., Via G. Durando 39, 20158 Milano, Italy (www.nireos.com)
| | - Andrea Tognazzi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
- ILAMP (Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Ferrini
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
- ILAMP (Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagliara
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
- ILAMP (Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
| | - Francesco Banfi
- FemtoNanoOptics Group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dario Polli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- NIREOS S.R.L., Via G. Durando 39, 20158 Milano, Italy (www.nireos.com)
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Brescia 25123, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Giannetti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
- ILAMP (Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25121, Italy
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21
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Yang Y, Li J, Li J, Huang J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Dai H, Yao J. Optical control of terahertz plasmon-induced transparency based on hybrid CsPbBr 3 quantum dot metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:24047-24055. [PMID: 32752390 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating photosensitive material into structured metamaterials explores opportunities for dynamical operation across the terahertz functional devices, enabled by the efficient interaction between light and matter. In this work, the CsPbBr3 quantum dots are incorporated into the metasurfaces, realizing the active control of the plasmon-induced transparency. In the experiment, the normalized modulation depth of transparency effect is up to 74%. Rigorous numerical and theoretical simulations verify that the variation of dynamic physical process is associated with the charge storage capacity in the capacitive metasurface. An observed phase advance and group delay indicate the hybrid metasurface is useful for slow light application. In addition, the simple process provides a convenient way for the development of terahertz functional devices.
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22
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Yan X, Zhang Z, Gao J, Liang L, Yang M, Guo X, Li J, Li Y, Wei D, Wang M, Wang X, Zong M, Ye Y, Song X, Zhang H, Yao J. Graphene-bridged topological network metamaterials with perfect modulation applied to dynamic cloaking and meta-sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:22064-22075. [PMID: 32752474 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfect state transfer of the bus topological system enables the sharing of information or excitation between nodes. Herein we report groundbreaking research on the transfer of the graphene-bridged bus topological network structure to an electromagnetic metamaterial setting, named "bus topological network metamaterials (TNMMs)." Correspondingly, the electromagnetic response imprints onto the topological excitation. We find that the bus-TNMMs display a perfect modulation of the terahertz response. The blue-shift of resonance frequency could increase to as large as 1075 GHz. The modulation sensitivity of the bus-TNMMs reaches 1027 GHz/Fermi level unit (FLU). Meanwhile, with the enhancement of modulation, the line shape of the reflection keeps underformed. Parabola, ExpDec1, and Asymptotic models are used to estimate the modulation of the resonance frequency. Besides, the bus-TNMMs system provides a fascinating platform for dynamic cloaking. By governing the Fermi level of graphene, the bus-TNMMs can decide whether it is cloaking or not in a bandwidth of 500 GHz. Also, the bus-TNMMs exhibit the immense potential for dynamically detecting the vibrational fingerprinting of an analyte. These results give a far-reaching outlook for steering dynamically the terahertz response with the bus-TNMMs. Therefore, we believe that the discovery of bus-TNMMs will revolutionize our understanding of the modulation of the electromagnetic response.
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23
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Hu Y, You J, Tong M, Zheng X, Xu Z, Cheng X, Jiang T. Pump-Color Selective Control of Ultrafast All-Optical Switching Dynamics in Metaphotonic Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000799. [PMID: 32714770 PMCID: PMC7375251 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating active materials into metamaterials is expected to yield exciting advancements in the unprecedented versatility of dynamically controlling optical properties, which sheds new light on the future optoelectronics. The exploration of emerging semiconductors into terahertz (THz) meta-atoms potentially allows achieving ultrafast nanodevices driven by various applications, such as biomedical sensing/imaging, ultrawide-band communications and security scanners. However, ultrafast optical switching of THz radiation is currently limited to a single level of tuning speed, which is a main hurdle to achieve multifunctionalities. Here, a hybrid metadevice which can realize the pump-wavelength controlled ultrafast switching response by the functionalization of double photoactive layers is demonstrated experimentally. A whole cycle of electromagnetically induced transparency switching with a half-recovery state changes from 0.78 ns to 8.8 ps as pump wavelength varies from near infrared to near ultraviolet regions. The observed pump-color selective switching speed changing from nanosecond scale to picosecond scale is ascribed to the wavelength-dependent penetration length of Ge and the contrasting defect states between noncrystalline Ge and epitaxial Si layers. It is believed that the schemes regarding pump-color controllable ultrafast switching behavior introduced here can inspire more innovations across the field of ultrafast photonics and can boost the reconfigurable metamaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Jie You
- National Innovation Institute of Defense TechnologyBeijing100010P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- National Innovation Institute of Defense TechnologyBeijing100010P. R. China
| | - Zhongjie Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiangai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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24
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Yang M, Song X, Zhang H, Ye Y, Ren Y, Ren X, Yao J. Position-guided Fano resonance and amended GaussAmp model for the control of slow light in hybrid graphene-silicon metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:11933-11945. [PMID: 32403694 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Position-guided Fano resonance is observed in hybrid graphene-silicon metamaterials. An outstanding application of such resonance is slow-light metadevices. The maximum group delay is 9.73 ps, which corresponds to a group delay in free-space propagation of 2.92 mm. We employ a coupled oscillator model to illustrate anomalous transmission, where the intensity of the Fano peak increases with the Fermi level. Furthermore, we amend the GaussAmp model to serve as a suitable control equation for the group delay. The coefficient of correlation (R2) is as high as 0.99998, while the lowest values of the root-mean-square error and sum of squared errors are respectively 0.00421 and 0.00156. These results indicate that the amended GaussAmp model accurately controls the trend of the group delay. This work not only clarifies the mechanism of Fano resonance generation but also provides a promising platform for dynamically adjustable optical switches and multidimensional information sensors.
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25
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Kumar A, Solanki A, Manjappa M, Ramesh S, Srivastava YK, Agarwal P, Sum TC, Singh R. Excitons in 2D perovskites for ultrafast terahertz photonic devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax8821. [PMID: 32128397 PMCID: PMC7034985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for environmentally stable solar cells, highly efficient light-emitting diodes, and resistive memory devices. The remarkable existence of self-assembled quantum well (QW) structures in solution-processed 2D perovskites offers a diverse range of optoelectronic properties, which remain largely unexplored. Here, we experimentally observe ultrafast relaxation of free carriers in 20 ps due to the quantum confinement of free carriers in a self-assembled QW structures that form excitons. Furthermore, hybridizing the 2D perovskites with metamaterials on a rigid and a flexible substrate enables modulation of terahertz fields at 50-GHz modulating speed, which is the fastest for a solution-processed semiconductor-based photonic device. Hence, an exciton-based ultrafast response of 2D perovskites opens up large avenues for a wide range of scalable dynamic photonic devices with potential applications in flexible photonics, ultrafast wavefront control, and short-range wireless terahertz communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ankur Solanki
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manukumara Manjappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Sankaran Ramesh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, S2-B3a-01, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yogesh Kumar Srivastava
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Piyush Agarwal
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (T.C.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (T.C.S.); (R.S.)
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All‐Optical Switchable Vanadium Dioxide Integrated Coding Metasurfaces for Wavefront and Polarization Manipulation of Terahertz Beams. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Manjappa M, Solanki A, Kumar A, Sum TC, Singh R. Solution-Processed Lead Iodide for Ultrafast All-Optical Switching of Terahertz Photonic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901455. [PMID: 31183925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed lead iodide (PbI2 ) governs the charge transport characteristics in the hybrid metal halide perovskites. Besides being a precursor in enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells, PbI2 alone offers remarkable optical and ultrasensitive photoresponsive properties that remain largely unexplored. Here, the photophysics and the ultrafast carrier dynamics of the solution processed PbI2 thin film is probed experimentally. A PbI2 integrated metamaterial photonic device with switchable picosecond time response at extremely low photoexcitation fluences is demonstrated. Further, findings show strongly confined terahertz field induced tailoring of sensitivity and switching time of the metamaterial resonances for different thicknesses of PbI2 thin film. The approach has two far reaching consequences: the first lead-iodide-based ultrafast photonic device and resonantly confined electromagnetic field tailored transient nonequilibrium dynamics of PbI2 which could also be applied to a broad range of semiconductors for designing on-chip, ultrafast, all-optical switchable photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manukumara Manjappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ankur Solanki
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Solanki A, Lim SS, Mhaisalkar S, Sum TC. Role of Water in Suppressing Recombination Pathways in CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25474-25482. [PMID: 31179683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Moisture degradation of halide perovskites is the Achilles heel of perovskite solar cells. A surprising revelation in 2014 about the beneficial effects of controlled humidity in enhancing device efficiencies overthrew established paradigms on perovskite solar cell fabrication. Despite the extensive studies on water additives in perovskite solar cell processing that followed, detailed understanding of the role of water from the photophysical perspective remains lacking; specifically, the interplay between the induced morphological effects and the intrinsic recombination pathways. Through ultrafast optical spectroscopy, we show that both the monomolecular and bimolecular recombination rate constants decrease by approximately 1 order with the addition of an optimal 1% H2O by volume in CH3NH3PbI3 as compared to the reference (without the H2O additive). Correspondingly, the trap density reduces from 4.8 × 1017 cm-3 (reference) to 3.2 × 1017 cm-3 with 1% H2O. We obtained an efficiency of 12.3% for the champion inverted CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell (1% H2O additive) as compared to the 10% efficiency for the reference cell. Increasing the H2O content further is deleterious for the device. Trace amounts of H2O afford the benefits of surface trap passivation and suppression of trap-mediated recombination, whereas higher concentrations result in a preferential dissolution of methylammonium iodide during fabrication that increases the trap density (MA vacancies). Importantly, our study reveals the effects of trace H2O additives on the photophysical properties of CH3NH3PbI3 films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Solanki
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Swee Sien Lim
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Nanyang Technological University , 637553 , Singapore
| | - Subodh Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute @NTU (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza , X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive , 637553 , Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
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Yang M, Liang L, Zhang Z, Xin Y, Wei D, Song X, Zhang H, Lu Y, Wang M, Zhang M, Wang T, Yao J. Electromagnetically induced transparency-like metamaterials for detection of lung cancer cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19520-19529. [PMID: 31503709 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A biosensor based on electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) metamaterials (MMs) is proposed owing to the low loss and high Q-factor. The theoretical sensitivity of the biosensor based on EIT-like MMs were evaluated up to 248.8 GHz/RIU (RIU, Refractive Index Unit). In experiments, the cancer cells A549, as an analyte, are cultured on EIT-like MMs surface. The results show that when the cell concentration increases from 0.5 × 105 to 5 × 105 cells/ml, the frequency shift Δf could change from 24 to 50 GHz. Moreover, the coupled oscillators model is applied to explain the effect of the refractive index of analyte in simulations and the cell concentration in experiments on the EIT-like MMs. The fitting results exhibit that the refractive index of analyte and cell concentration significantly affect the radiative damping of the bright mode resonator γ1. The proposed EIT-like MMs biosensors show great potentials for cell measurement because any change that results in the lineshape variation in EIT-like MMs can only be attributed to the change of external dielectric environment due to the suppression of radiative losses.
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Wang S, Cai C, You M, Liu F, Wu M, Li S, Bao H, Kang L, Werner DH. Vanadium dioxide based broadband THz metamaterial absorbers with high tunability: simulation study. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19436-19447. [PMID: 31503703 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With their unprecedented flexibility in manipulating electromagnetic waves, metamaterials provide a pathway to structural materials that can fill the so-called "THz gap". It has been reported that vanadium dioxide (VO2) experiences a three orders of magnitude increase in THz electrical conductivity when it undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition. Here, we propose a VO2 based THz metamaterial absorber exhibiting broadband absorptivity that arises from the multiple resonances supported by a delicately balanced doubly periodic array of VO2 structures and numerically demonstrate that the corresponding absorption behavior is highly dependent on the VO2's THz electrical properties. Considering the phase transition induced dramatic change in VO2's material property, the proposed metamaterial absorbers have the potential for strong modulation and switching of broadband THz radiation.
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Lu W, Cui X, Chow TH, Shao L, Wang H, Chen H, Wang J. Switching plasmonic Fano resonance in gold nanosphere-nanoplate heterodimers. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9641-9653. [PMID: 31065663 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The interference between spectrally overlapping superradiant and subradiant plasmon resonances generates plasmonic Fano resonance, which allows for attractive applications such as electromagnetically induced transparency, light trapping, and refractometric sensing with high figures of merit. The active switching of plasmonic Fano resonance holds great promise in modulating optical signals, dynamically harvesting light energy, and constructing switchable plasmonic sensors. However, structures enabling the active control of plasmonic Fano resonance have rarely been achieved because of the fabrication complexity and cost. Herein we report on the realization of active plasmonic Fano resonance switching on Au nanosphere-nanoplate heterodimers. The active switching is enabled by varying the refractive index of a layer of polyaniline that fills in the gap between the Au nanosphere and the Au nanoplate. A reversible spectral shift of 20 nm is observed on the individual heterodimers during switching. The maximal spectral shift decreases as the interparticle gap distance is enlarged, showing a strong dependence of the spectral shift on the local electric field intensity enhancement in the gap region. This trend agrees with the predicted dependence of the refractive index sensitivity on the local field intensity enhancement. Our results provide insights into the development of plasmonic structures supporting actively switchable Fano resonances, which can lead to new technological applications, such as switchable cloaking and display, dynamic coding of optical signals, color sorting and filtering. The Au heterodimers with polyaniline in the gap can also be applied for the sensing of local environmental parameters such as pH values and heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Ji J, Zhou S, Wang W, Ling F, Yao J. Active control of terahertz plasmon-induced transparency in the hybrid metamaterial/monolayer MoS 2/Si structure. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9429-9435. [PMID: 31038491 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08813f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Active control of terahertz waves is critical to the development of terahertz devices. Two-dimensional materials with excellent optical properties provide more choices for opto-electrical devices due to the advancement in their preparation technology. We proposed a hybrid structure of a metamaterial/monolayer MoS2/Si and investigated its optical properties in the terahertz range. The plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect was observed in the transmission spectra, resulting from the near-field coupling of two bright modes. According to the simulated results, this phenomenon confirmed its dependency on the length of the cutwire and the distance between DSSRs. Furthermore, an external optical field supported by a 1064 nm laser could exert a switch effect on the sample. The resonances of the PIT metamaterial disappeared when the optical power was further increased, as the excited carriers in the MoS2/Si substrate blocked the coupling effect. In addition, the experimental results indicated that the PIT metamaterial enhanced the interaction of infrared light with the monolayer MoS2/Si substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Li J, Yan X, Liang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Li J, Yang Y, Yao J. Amplitude modulation of anomalously reflected terahertz beams using all-optical active Pancharatnam-Berry coding metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5746-5753. [PMID: 30865757 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00675c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) metasurfaces introduce geometric phases to circularly polarized electromagnetic waves through geometric rotation of the unit cells, thereby converting spin angular momentum (SAM) to orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons and achieving flexible modulation of spin-polarized waves. It is highly desirable for dynamically tunable P-B metasurfaces to be actively applied. Here, combining double split-ring resonators (DSRRs) with photosensitive semiconductor germanium (Ge), we propose three types of all-optical active Pancharatnam-Berry coding metasurface for dynamic amplitude modulation of spin waves and vortex beams in the terahertz band. Coupled with signal processing methods such as the convolution operation, optical active P-B coding metasurfaces show a strong regulation effect on terahertz beams. This opens up a broad path for coding metasurface applications such as high-speed wireless terahertz communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute of Laser and Opto-Electronics, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Pitchappa P, Kumar A, Prakash S, Jani H, Venkatesan T, Singh R. Chalcogenide Phase Change Material for Active Terahertz Photonics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808157. [PMID: 30687971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The strikingly contrasting optical properties of various phases of chalcogenide phase change materials (PCM) has recently led to the development of novel photonic devices such as all-optical non-von Neumann memory, nanopixel displays, color rendering, and reconfigurable nanoplasmonics. However, the exploration of chalcogenide photonics is currently limited to optical and infrared frequencies. Here, a phase change material integrated terahertz metamaterial for multilevel nonvolatile resonance switching with spatial and temporal selectivity is demonstrated. By controlling the crystalline proportion of the PCM film, multilevel, non-volatile, terahertz resonance switching states with long retention time at zero hold power are realized. Spatially selective reconfiguration at sub-metamaterial scale is shown by delivering electrical stimulus locally through designer interconnect architecture. The PCM metamaterial also features ultrafast optical modulation of terahertz resonances with tunable switching speed based on the crystalline order of the PCM film. The multilevel nonvolatile, spatially selective, and temporally tunable PCM metamaterial will provide a pathway toward development of novel and disruptive terahertz technologies including spatio-temporal terahertz modulators for high speed wireless communication, neuromorphic photonics, and machine-learning metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Pitchappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Saurav Prakash
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Hariom Jani
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Thirumalai Venkatesan
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Li S, Nugraha PS, Su X, Chen X, Yang Q, Unferdorben M, Kovács F, Kunsági-Máté S, Liu M, Zhang X, Ouyang C, Li Y, Fülöp JA, Han J, Zhang W. Terahertz electric field modulated mode coupling in graphene-metal hybrid metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:2317-2326. [PMID: 30732270 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the tunable conductivity of graphene under high terahertz (THz) electric field, a graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial consisting of an array of three adjoined orthogonally oriented split-ring resonators (SRRs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to show a maximum modulation depth of 23% in transmission when the THz peak field reaches 305 kV/cm. The transmission of the sample is dominated by the antisymmetric and symmetric resonant modes originating from the strong magneto-inductive and conductive coupling among the three SRRs, respectively. Numerical simulations and model calculations based on a coupled oscillator theory were performed to explain the modulation process. It is found that the graphene coating impairs the resonances by increasing the damping of the modes and decreasing the coupling between the SRRs whereas the strong THz field restores the resonances by decreasing the conductivity of graphene.
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Manjappa M, Pitchappa P, Singh N, Wang N, Zheludev NI, Lee C, Singh R. Reconfigurable MEMS Fano metasurfaces with multiple-input-output states for logic operations at terahertz frequencies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4056. [PMID: 30283070 PMCID: PMC6170453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad range of dynamic metasurfaces has been developed for manipulating the intensity, phase and wavefront of electromagnetic radiation from microwaves to optical frequencies. However, most of these metasurfaces operate in single-input-output state. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable MEMS Fano resonant metasurface possessing multiple-input-output (MIO) states that performs logic operations with two independently controlled electrical inputs and an optical readout at terahertz frequencies. The far-field behaviour of Fano resonance exhibits XOR and XNOR operations, while the near-field resonant confinement enables the NAND operation. The MIO configuration resembling hysteresis-type closed-loop behaviour is realized through inducing electromechanically tuneable out-of-plane anisotropy in the near-field coupling of constituent resonator structures. The XOR metamaterial gate possesses potential applications in cryptographically secured terahertz wireless communication networks. Furthermore, the MIO features could lay the foundation for the realization of programmable and randomly accessible metamaterials with enhanced electro-optical performance across terahertz, infrared and optical frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manukumara Manjappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Prakash Pitchappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Navab Singh
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, E6 #05-11F, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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Wang K, Wu C, Yang D, Jiang Y, Priya S. Quasi-Two-Dimensional Halide Perovskite Single Crystal Photodetector. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4919-4929. [PMID: 29683643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The robust material stability of the quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) metal halide perovskites has opened the possibility for their usage instead of three-dimensional (3D) perovskites. Further, devices based on large area single crystal membranes have shown increasing promise for photoelectronic applications. However, growing inch-scale quasi-2D perovskite single crystal membranes (quasi-2D PSCMs) has been fundamentally challenging. Here we report a fast synthetic method for synthesizing inch-scale quasi-2D PSCMs, namely (C4H9NH3) n(CH3NH3) n-1Pb nI3 n+1 (index n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and ∞), and demonstrate their application in a single-crystal photodetector. A quasi-2D PSCM has been grown at the water-air interface where spontaneous alignment of alkylammonium cations and high chemical potentials enable uniform orientation and fast in-plane growth. Structural, optical, and electrical characterizations have been conducted as a function of quantum well thickness, which is determined by the index n. It is shown that the photodetector based on the quasi-2D PSCM with the smallest quantum well thickness ( n = 1) exhibits a strikingly low dark current of ∼10-13 A, higher on/off ratio of ∼104, and faster response time in comparison to those of photodetectors based on quasi-2D PSCMs with larger quantum well thickness ( n > 1). Our study paves the way toward the merging the gap between single crystal devices and the emerging quasi-2D perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS) , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Congcong Wu
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS) , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Dong Yang
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS) , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS) , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Shashank Priya
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS) , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
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Chanana A, Liu X, Zhang C, Vardeny ZV, Nahata A. Ultrafast frequency-agile terahertz devices using methylammonium lead halide perovskites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar7353. [PMID: 29736416 PMCID: PMC5935473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the response of metamaterial structures can facilitate the development of new terahertz devices, with applications in spectroscopy and communications. We demonstrate ultrafast frequency-agile terahertz metamaterial devices that enable such a capability, in which multiple perovskites can be patterned in each unit cell with micrometer-scale precision. To accomplish this, we developed a fabrication technique that shields already deposited perovskites from organic solvents, allowing for multiple perovskites to be patterned in close proximity. By doing so, we demonstrate tuning of the terahertz resonant response that is based not only on the optical pump fluence but also on the optical wavelength. Because polycrystalline perovskites have subnanosecond photocarrier recombination lifetimes, switching between resonances can occur on an ultrafast time scale. The use of multiple perovskites allows for new functionalities that are not possible using a single semiconducting material. For example, by patterning one perovskite in the gaps of split-ring resonators and bringing a uniform thin film of a second perovskite in close proximity, we demonstrate tuning of the resonant response using one optical wavelength and suppression of the resonance using a different optical wavelength. This general approach offers new capabilities for creating tunable terahertz devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Chanana
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 50 S. Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 115 S. 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 115 S. 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Zeev Valy Vardeny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 115 S. 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ajay Nahata
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 50 S. Central Campus Drive, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Lim WX, Manjappa M, Srivastava YK, Cong L, Kumar A, MacDonald KF, Singh R. Ultrafast All-Optical Switching of Germanium-Based Flexible Metaphotonic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705331. [PMID: 29327454 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating semiconductors as active media into metamaterials offers opportunities for a wide range of dynamically switchable/tunable, technologically relevant optical functionalities enabled by strong, resonant light-matter interactions within the semiconductor. Here, a germanium-thin-film-based flexible metaphotonic device for ultrafast optical switching of terahertz radiation is experimentally demonstrated. A resonant transmission modulation depth of 90% is achieved, with an ultrafast full recovery time of 17 ps. An observed sub-picosecond decay constant of 670 fs is attributed to the presence of trap-assisted recombination sites in the thermally evaporated germanium film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xiang Lim
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Manukumara Manjappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yogesh Kumar Srivastava
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Longqing Cong
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kevin F MacDonald
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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40
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Zhang Z, Yang J, He X, Han Y, Zhang J, Huang J, Chen D, Xu S. Active control of broadband plasmon-induced transparency in a terahertz hybrid metal–graphene metamaterial. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27746-27753. [PMID: 35542740 PMCID: PMC9083892 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid metal–graphene metamaterial (MM) is reported to achieve active control of broadband plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) in the THz region. The unit cell consists of one cut wire (CW), four U-shaped resonators (USRs) and monolayer graphene sheets under the USRs. Via near-field coupling, broadband PIT can be produced through the interference between different modes. Based on different arrangements of graphene positions, not only can we achieve electrical switching of the amplitude of broadband PIT, but can also realize modulation of the bandwidth of the transparent window. Simultaneously, both the capability and region of slow light can be dynamically tunable. This work provides schemes to manipulate PIT with more degrees of freedom, which will find significant applications in multifunctional THz modulation. A hybrid metal–graphene metamaterial (MM) is reported to achieve active control of broadband plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) in the THz region.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Zhang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
| | - Junbo Yang
- Center of Material Science
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
| | - Xin He
- Center of Material Science
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
| | - Yunxin Han
- Center of Material Science
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
| | - Dingbo Chen
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
| | - Siyu Xu
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- China
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Gupta M, Srivastava YK, Singh R. A Toroidal Metamaterial Switch. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704845. [PMID: 29210481 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toroidal dipole is a localized electromagnetic excitation that plays an important role in determining the fundamental properties of matter due to its unique potential to excite nearly nonradiating charge-current configuration. Toroidal dipoles are recently discovered in metamaterial systems where it is shown that these dipoles manifest as poloidal currents on the surface of a torus and are distinctly different from the traditional electric and magnetic dipoles. Here, an active toroidal metamaterial switch is demonstrated in which the toroidal dipole can be dynamically switched to the fundamental electric dipole or magnetic dipole, through selective inclusion of active elements in a hybrid metamolecule design. Active switching of nonradiating toroidal configuration into highly radiating electric and magnetic dipoles can have significant impact in controlling the electromagnetic excitations in free space and matter that can have potential applications in designing efficient lasers, sensors, filters, and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Gupta
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yogesh Kumar Srivastava
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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