1
|
Zhou X, Li Q, Fang Y, Xu H, Han C. Going ballistic: a novel characterization for the electronic energy gap. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24234-24243. [PMID: 37665272 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03190j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The energy gap of molecular semiconductors is a critical parameter in molecule-based devices because it fundamentally determines the operating principle and device performance, such as the charge transfer driving force. Hence, an accurate quantification of the energy gap of a molecular semiconductor is essential. The hot electron technique, which is implemented using a hot electron transistor and ballistic electron emission microscope, has been verified as the most powerful characterization in recent years. By monitoring the charge transport on the metal/molecule interface, an electron-injection barrier (or LUMO) and hole-injection barrier (or HOMO) can be achieved, which contributes to the electronic energy gap determination. In this review, a comprehensive comparison of these two techniques was made. It helps us to select a suitable method in specific situations and provides a profound comprehension of the charge transport process in molecular semiconductor and molecule-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Qingxia Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Yinyin Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetism Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li M, Fu H, Wang B, Cheng J, Hu W, Yin B, Peng P, Zhou S, Gao X, Jia C, Guo X. Dipole-Modulated Charge Transport through PNP-Type Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20797-20803. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing100871, P. R. China
| | - Huanyan Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing100871, P. R. China
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin300350, P. R. China
| | - Boyu Wang
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin300350, P. R. China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing100871, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing100871, P. R. China
| | - Peizhen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Shuyao Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing100871, P. R. China
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai200032, P. R. China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing100871, P. R. China
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin300350, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing100871, P. R. China
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin300350, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qian C, Sun J, Gao Y. Transport of charge carriers and optoelectronic applications of highly ordered metal phthalocyanine heterojunction thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9631-9642. [PMID: 33870992 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00889g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor thin films based on polycrystalline small molecules exhibit many attractive properties that have already led to their applications in optoelectronic devices, which can be produced by less expensive and stringent processes. Conduction of electric charges typically occurs in polycrystalline organic thin films. Unavoidably, the crystalline domain size, orientation, domain boundaries and energy level of the interface affect the transport of the charge carriers in organic thin films. In this comprehensive perspective, we focus on highly ordered organic heterojunction thin films fabricated by the weak epitaxy growth method. Transport of charge carriers in these highly ordered organic heterojunction thin films was systematically studied with various characterization techniques. Recent advances are presented in high-performance optoelectronic applications based on highly ordered organic heterojunction thin films, including organic photodetectors, photovoltaic cells, photomemory devices and artificial optoelectronic synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Qian
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Application, Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jia Sun
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yongli Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim J, Huong CTT, Long NV, Yoon M, Kim MJ, Jeong JK, Choi S, Kim DH, Lee CH, Lee SU, Sung MM. Complementary Hybrid Semiconducting Superlattices with Multiple Channels and Mutual Stabilization. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4864-4871. [PMID: 32551703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An organic-inorganic hybrid superlattice with near perfect synergistic integration of organic and inorganic constituents was developed to produce properties vastly superior to those of either moiety alone. The complementary hybrid superlattice is composed of multiple quantum wells of 4-mercaptophenol organic monolayers and amorphous ZnO nanolayers. Within the superlattice, multichannel formation was demonstrated at the organic-inorganic interfaces to produce an excellent-performance field effect transistor exhibiting outstanding field-effect mobility with band-like transport and steep subthreshold swing. Furthermore, mutual stabilizations between organic monolayers and ZnO effectively reduced the performance degradation notorious in exclusively organic and ZnO transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongchan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu Thi Thu Huong
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Van Long
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyeong Jeong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungju Choi
- C-ICT Research Center (ERC), School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- C-ICT Research Center (ERC), School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ho Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-Ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Uck Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-Ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang S, Wang Q, Qian J, Guo J, Duan Y, Wang H, Shi Y, Li Y. Molecular Layer-Defined Transition of Carrier Distribution and Correlation with Transport in Organic Crystalline Semiconductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26267-26275. [PMID: 32406235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great efforts to unveil the charge carrier behavior at the semiconductor/dielectric interface of organic field-effect transistors, an examination of the interfacial carrier distribution and the correlation with the charge transport in molecular crystalline semiconductors remains fundamental for understanding the nature of the microscopic carrier motion. Hence, an effective approach to accurately tune the carrier distribution with molecular-layer precision is essential. Here, we find that the carrier accumulation is strictly modulated in highly ordered, few-layer molecular crystalline semiconducting films by tuning the polaronic coupling between the charge carriers and dielectric. The admittance method reveals that the carriers distribute only within a monolayer with stronger localization on a high-κ dielectric and extend to a second layer with better delocalization on a low-κ dielectric. Furthermore, a unique dimensional transition in the charge transport at the dielectric interface is evidenced under a transistor architecture by temperature-dependent measurements. The presented microscopic nature of charge carriers with layer-defined precision in molecular crystalline films should provide an unprecedented opportunity in organic electronics in terms of interface engineering, quantum transport, and device physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Qijing Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jianhang Guo
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Duan
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hengyuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yun Li
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Huang W, Sangwan VK, Wang B, Zeng L, Wang G, Huang Y, Lu Z, Bedzyk MJ, Hersam MC, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Polymer Doping Enables a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas for High-Performance Homojunction Oxide Thin-Film Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805082. [PMID: 30499146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High-performance solution-processed metal oxide (MO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are realized by fabricating a homojunction of indium oxide (In2 O3 ) and polyethylenimine (PEI)-doped In2 O3 (In2 O3 :x% PEI, x = 0.5-4.0 wt%) as the channel layer. A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is thereby achieved by creating a band offset between the In2 O3 and PEI-In2 O3 via work function tuning of the In2 O3 :x% PEI, from 4.00 to 3.62 eV as the PEI content is increased from 0.0 (pristine In2 O3 ) to 4.0 wt%, respectively. The resulting devices achieve electron mobilities greater than 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 on a 300 nm SiO2 gate dielectric. Importantly, these metrics exceed those of the devices composed of the pristine In2 O3 materials, which achieve a maximum mobility of ≈4 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Furthermore, a mobility as high as 30 cm2 V-1 s-1 is achieved on a high-k ZrO2 dielectric in the homojunction devices. This is the first demonstration of 2DEG-based homojunction oxide TFTs via band offset achieved by simple polymer doping of the same MO material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Li Zeng
- Applied Physics Program and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Applied Physics Program and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Argonne Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center (ANSER), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Flexterra Inc., 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| |
Collapse
|