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He W, Cheng X, Hu S, Ren Z, Yu Z, Wan S, Hu Y, Jiang T. Color coded metadevices toward programmed terahertz switching. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:142. [PMID: 38914544 PMCID: PMC11196690 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz modulators play a critical role in high-speed wireless communication, non-destructive imaging, and so on, which have attracted a large amount of research interest. Nevertheless, all-optical terahertz modulation, an ultrafast dynamical control approach, remains to be limited in terms of encoding and multifunction. Here we experimentally demonstrated an optical-programmed terahertz switching realized by combining optical metasurfaces with the terahertz metasurface, resulting in 2-bit dual-channel terahertz encoding. The terahertz metasurface, made up of semiconductor islands and artificial microstructures, enables effective all-optical programming by providing multiple frequency channels with ultrafast modulation at the nanosecond level. Meanwhile, optical metasurfaces covered in terahertz metasurface alter the spatial light field distribution to obtain color code. According to the time-domain coupled mode theory analysis, the energy dissipation modes in terahertz metasurface can be independently controlled by color excitation, which explains the principle of 2-bit encoding well. This work establishes a platform for all-optical programmed terahertz metadevices and may further advance the application of composite metasurface in terahertz manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
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2
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He W, Hu Y, Ren Z, Hu S, Yu Z, Wan S, Cheng X, Jiang T. Transient Loss-Induced Non-Hermitian Degeneracies for Ultrafast Terahertz Metadevices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304972. [PMID: 37897321 PMCID: PMC10754078 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-Hermitian degeneracies, also known as exceptional points (EPs), have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physical properties. In particular, metasurfaces related to EPs can open the way to unprecedented devices with functionalities such as unidirectional transmission and ultra-sensitive sensing. Herein, an active non-Hermitian metasurface with a loss-induced parity-time symmetry phase transition for ultrafast terahertz metadevices is demonstrated. Specifically, the eigenvalues of the non-Hermitian transmission matrix undergo a phase transition under optical excitation and are degenerate at EPs in parameter space, which is accompanied by the collapse of chiral transmission. Ultrafast EP modulation on a picosecond time scale can be realized through variations in the transient loss at a non-Hermitian metasurface pumped by pulsed excitation. Furthermore, by exploiting the physical characteristics of chiral transmission EPs, a switchable quarter-wave plate based on the photoactive metasurface is designed and experimentally verified and realized the corresponding function of polarization manipulation. This work opens promising possibilities for designing functional terahertz metadevices and fuses EP physics with active metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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Ko JH, Park J, Yoo YJ, Chang S, Kang J, Wu A, Yang F, Kim S, Jeon H, Song YM. Full-Control and Switching of Optical Fano Resonance by Continuum State Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304310. [PMID: 37691086 PMCID: PMC10646235 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Fano resonance, known for its unique asymmetric line shape, has gained significant attention in photonics, particularly in sensing applications. However, it remains difficult to achieve controllable Fano parameters with a simple geometric structure. Here, a novel approach of using a thin-film optical Fano resonator with a porous layer to generate entire spectral shapes from quasi-Lorentzian to Lorentzian to Fano is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The glancing angle deposition technique is utilized to create a polarization-dependent Fano resonator. By altering the linear polarization between s- and p-polarization, a switchable Fano device between quasi-Lorentz state and negative Fano state is demonstrated. This change in spectral shape is advantageous for detecting materials with a low-refractive index. A bio-particle sensing experiment is conducted that demonstrates an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and prediction accuracy. Finally, the challenge of optimizing the film-based Fano resonator due to intricate interplay among numerous parameters, including layer thicknesses, porosity, and materials selection, is addressed. The inverse design tool is developed based on a multilayer perceptron model that allows fast computation for all ranges of Fano parameters. The method provides improved accuracy of the mean validation factor (MVF = 0.07, q-q') compared to the conventional exhaustive enumeration method (MVF = 0.37).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Hwi Park
- Artificial Intelligence Graduate SchoolGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and ApplicationChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) KeyLaboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesZhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong LaboratoryHuizhou516000China
| | - Fang Yang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and ApplicationChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) KeyLaboratory of Magnetic Materials and DevicesZhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboZhejiang315201China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong LaboratoryHuizhou516000China
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneParkville3010Australia
| | - Hae‐Gon Jeon
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence Graduate SchoolGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence Graduate SchoolGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
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Nguyen DD, Lee S, Kim I. Recent Advances in Metaphotonic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:631. [PMID: 37366996 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Metaphotonic devices, which enable light manipulation at a subwavelength scale and enhance light-matter interactions, have been emerging as a critical pillar in biosensing. Researchers have been attracted to metaphotonic biosensors, as they solve the limitations of the existing bioanalytical techniques, including the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limit. Here, we briefly introduce types of metasurfaces utilized in various metaphotonic biomolecular sensing domains such as refractometry, surface-enhanced fluorescence, vibrational spectroscopy, and chiral sensing. Further, we list the prevalent working mechanisms of those metaphotonic bio-detection schemes. Furthermore, we summarize the recent progress in chip integration for metaphotonic biosensing to enable innovative point-of-care devices in healthcare. Finally, we discuss the impediments in metaphotonic biosensing, such as its cost effectiveness and treatment for intricate biospecimens, and present a prospect for potential directions for materializing these device strategies, significantly influencing clinical diagnostics in health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Du Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Xu X, Lou J, Gao M, Wu S, Fang G, Huang Y. Ultrafast Modulation of THz Waves Based on MoTe 2-Covered Metasurface. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1174. [PMID: 36772214 PMCID: PMC9921109 DOI: 10.3390/s23031174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sixth generation (6G) communication will use the terahertz (THz) frequency band, which requires flexible regulation of THz waves. For the conventional metallic metasurface, its electromagnetic properties are hard to be changed once after being fabricated. To enrich the modulation of THz waves, we report an all-optically controlled reconfigurable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect in the hybrid metasurface integrated with a 10-nm thick MoTe2 film. The experimental results demonstrate that under the excitation of the 800 nm femtosecond laser pulse with pump fluence of 3200 μJ/cm2, the modulation depth of THz transmission amplitude at the EIT window can reach 77%. Moreover, a group delay variation up to 4.6 ps is observed to indicate an actively tunable slow light behavior. The suppression and recovery of the EIT resonance can be accomplished within sub-nanoseconds, enabling an ultrafast THz photo-switching and providing a promising candidate for the on-chip devices of the upcoming 6G communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Lou
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mingxin Gao
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shiyou Wu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangyou Fang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yindong Huang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
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Hu Y, Tong M, Hu S, He W, Cheng X, Jiang T. Reassessing Fano Resonance for Broadband, High-Efficiency, and Ultrafast Terahertz Wave Switching. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204494. [PMID: 36385743 PMCID: PMC9839846 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized ultrafast switchable optical components with high efficiency and broadband response are in high demand to the development of optical imaging, sensing, and high-speed communication. Sharp Fano-type resonance switched by active materials is one of the key concepts that underpins the control of light in metaoptics with high sensitivity. However, actuating such metasurfaces exhibits a long-standing trade-off between modulation depth and operational bandwidth. Here, the limitations are circumvented by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental realization of an achromatic Fano metasurface so that a high contrast of tunability with ultrafast switching rate over a broad range of frequency is achieved. By developing the physics of inter-mode coupling, the Fano metasurface is designed according to a complete phase diagram derived from coupled mode theory. Unlike conventional Fano metasurfaces, the cross-polarized inter-metaatoms coupling is discovered as a superior ability of high-efficiency broadband achromatic polarization conversion. To prove the ultrasensitive nature, a metadevice is constructed by incorporating a thin amorphous Ge layer with a weak photoconductivity perturbation. Transmission modulation over broadband frequency range from 0.6 to 1.1 THz is thus successfully realized, featuring its merits of modulation depth over 90% and On-Off-On switching cycle less than 10 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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Jiao Y, Lou J, Ma Z, Cong L, Xu X, Zhang B, Li D, Yu Y, Sun W, Yan Y, Hu S, Liu B, Huang Y, Sun L, Wang R, Singh R, Fan Y, Chang C, Du X. Photoactive terahertz metasurfaces for ultrafast switchable sensing of colorectal cells. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2984-2992. [PMID: 36073353 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00787h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces with a strongly enhanced local field are envisioned as a powerful platform for ultrasensitive optical sensors to significantly amplify imperceptible differences between compatible bioanalytes. Through the use of phototunable silicon-based terahertz (THz) metasurfaces, we experimentally demonstrate ultrafast switchable sensing functions. It is found that the THz responses of the coupled-resonances in the metasurfaces shift from Lorentz-lattice mode to electromagnetism-induced transparency (EIT) mode under optical pumping within an ultrashort time of 32 ps, enabling an ultrafast sensitive sensor. For the Lorentz-lattice mode, the THz time-domain signal directly shows a highly sensitive response to detect tiny analytes without extra Fourier transformation as the mismatch between the two modes increases. Once the metasurfaces are switched to the EIT mode, the silicon-metal hybrid structure supports frequency-domain sensing ability due to strong field confinement with a sensitivity of 118.4 GHz/RIU. Both of the sensing configurations contribute to more subtle information and guarantee the accuracy of the sensor performance. Combined with the aforementioned advantages, the proposed metasurfaces have successfully identified colorectal cells between normal, adenoma, and cancer states in experiments. This work furnishes a new paradigm of constructing reliable and flexible metasurface sensors and can be extended to other optics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Jing Lou
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Zhaofu Ma
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Longqing Cong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Dingchang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Ying Yu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an 710051, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Shidong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Boyan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Yindong Huang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Lang Sun
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Ride Wang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuancheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
| | - Chao Chang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Zhao X, Jiao Y, Liang J, Lou J, Zhang J, Lv J, Du X, Shen L, Zheng B, Cai T. Multifield-Controlled Terahertz Hybrid Metasurface for Switches and Logic Operations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3765. [PMID: 36364542 PMCID: PMC9658003 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) meta-devices are considered to be a promising framework for constructing integrated photonic circuitry, which is significant for processing the upsurge of data brought about by next-generation telecommunications. However, present active metasurfaces are typically restricted by a single external driving field, a single modulated frequency, fixed switching speed, and deficiency in logical operation functions which prevents devices from further practical applications. Here, to overcome these limitations, we propose a hybrid THz metasurface consisting of vanadium dioxide (VO2) and germanium (Ge) that enables electrical and optical tuning methods individually or simultaneously and theoretically investigate its performance. Each of the two materials is arranged in the meta-atom to dominate the resonance strength of toroidal or magnetic dipoles. Controlled by either or both of the external excitations, the device can switch on or off at four different frequencies, possessing two temporal degrees of freedom in terms of manipulation when considering the nonvolatility of VO2 and ultrafast photogenerated carriers of Ge. Furthermore, the "AND" and "OR" logic operations are respectively achieved at two adjacent frequency bands by weighing normalized transmission amplitude. This work may provide an auspicious paradigm of THz components, such as dynamic filters, multiband switches, and logical modulators, potentially promoting the design and implementation of multifunctional electro-optical devices in future THz computing and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilai Zhao
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Yanan Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Jiangang Liang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Jing Lou
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
| | - Jiawen Lv
- China Nuclear Engineering Consulting Corporation, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100024, China
| | - Lian Shen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Cai
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Chen WC, Yang SH. Thermal evaporated group IV Ge(Sn)-on-Si terahertz photoconductive antenna. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:31742-31751. [PMID: 36242250 DOI: 10.1364/oe.466108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally demonstrated thermal evaporated group IV Ge1-xSnx-on-Si terahertz (THz) photoconductive antennas (PCA) pumped by an Er-doped femtosecond laser for broadband THz generation. The Ge1-xSnx THz PCAs, free from material epitaxial growth methods, can offer comparable material properties in photocarrier generation, transportation, recombination, and the collection as group III-V THz PCAs. At the optical pumping power of 90 mW and a bias voltage of 40V, the Ge1-xSnx THz PCAs have achieved a broadband spectrum over 1.5 THz with a 40 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This CMOS-compatible group IV THz source can be monolithically integrated on the Si photonic platform, paving the way toward THz system-on-chip (SoC) for many on-site applications in the non-destructive evaluation, biomedical imaging, and industrial inspections.
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All-optical switching based on plasmon-induced Enhancement of Index of Refraction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3114. [PMID: 35662246 PMCID: PMC9166808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In quantum optical Enhancement of Index of Refraction (EIR), coherence and quantum interference render the atomic systems to exhibit orders of magnitude higher susceptibilities with vanishing or even negative absorption at their resonances. Here we show the plasmonic analogue of the quantum optical EIR effect in an optical system and further implement this in a linear all-optical switching mechanism. We realize plasmon-induced EIR using a particular plasmonic metasurface consisting of a square array of L-shaped meta-molecules. In contrast to the conventional methods, this approach provides a scheme to modulate the amplitude of incident signals by coherent control of absorption without implementing gain materials or nonlinear processes. Therefore, light is controlled by applying ultra-low intensity at the extreme levels of spatiotemporal localization. In the pursuit of potential applications of linear all-optical switching devices, this scheme may introduce an effective tool for improving the modulation strength of optical modulators and switches through the amplification of input signals at ultra-low power.
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Tong M, Hu Y, He W, Hu S, Cheng X, Jiang T. Light-Driven Spintronic Heterostructures for Coded Terahertz Emission. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8294-8300. [PMID: 35503920 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary proliferation of digital coding metasurfaces turns the real-time manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves into reality and promotes the programmable operation of multifunctional equipment. However, current studies are mainly involved in the modulation of the transmission process, and little attention has been given to the control of EM wave generation, especially in the terahertz (THz) band. Here, we conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate coded terahertz emission, which integrates the efficient generation and control of THz waves across a wide frequency band. For validation, two types of stripe-patterned ferromagnetic heterostructures with opposite spin Hall angles were utilized as coding units. The two distinct states in each coding unit (with two polarization or phase states of 0° and 180°) can be characterized as "0" and "1" digits, which can be switched by manipulating the optical field distribution of the pump beam. Such an ability to realize simultaneous terahertz coding and terahertz emission is essential for meeting the increasingly demanding requirements of integration and miniaturization. Our work endows ferromagnetic heterostructures with controllable spatial characteristics and benefits their applications in wireless communications and holographic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
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12
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Wang T, Tang J, Chen M, Xiong J, Wang H, Xu J, Qu S, Cheng Y, Yuan L. Ultrafast metamaterial all-optical switching based on coherent modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9284-9297. [PMID: 35299360 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a demonstration of an ultrafast all-optical switching with unique light control effects. The all-optical switching consists of a gold film with asymmetric split rings and a silica substrate. The device effectively controls the transmission and absorption of continuous pulses in the communication band (1200-1800 nm) and short pulses with a pulse duration of 80 fs by using the interaction of two coherent beams on nano-metamaterials with a thickness of only 50 nm. The metamaterial can achieve more than 90 % output control under continuous light irradiation. When the pulse duration is 80 fs, the switching contrast ratio is greater than 3 : 1 and the modulation bandwidth is greater than 12.5 THz. Switching time can be on the order of femtosecond. This paper provides a new structure for ultra-high speed optical data processing components in coherent networks.
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13
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Yang M, Li T, Yan X, Liang L, Yao H, Sun Z, Li J, Li J, Wei D, Wang M, Ye Y, Song X, Zhang H, Yao J. Dual-Stimulus Control for Ultra-Wideband and Multidimensional Modulation in Terahertz Metasurfaces Comprising Graphene and Metal Halide Perovskites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2155-2165. [PMID: 34958542 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites and graphene are receiving a meteoric rise in popularity in the field of active photonics because they exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties for dynamic manipulation of light-matter interactions. However, challenges still exist, such as the instability of perovskites under ambient conditions and the low Fermi level of graphene in experiments. These shortcomings limit the scope of applications when they are used alone in advanced optical devices. However, the combination of graphene and perovskites is still a promising route for efficient control of light-matter interactions. Here, we report a dual-optoelectronic metadevice fabricated by integrating terahertz metasurfaces with a sandwich complex composed of graphene, polyimide, and perovskites for ultra-wideband and multidimensional manipulation of higher-order Fano resonances. Owing to the photogenerated carriers and electrostatic doping effect, the dual optoelectronic metadevice showed different manipulation behavior at thermal imbalance (electrostatic doping state of the system). The modulation depth of the transmission amplitude reached 200%, the total resonant frequency shift was 800 GHz, and the tunable range of the resonant frequency was 68.8%. In addition, modulation of the maximum phase reached 346°. This work will inspire a new generation of metasurface-based optical devices that combine two active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Yang
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tengteng Li
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Lanju Liang
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Haiyun Yao
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Zhaoqing Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dequan Wei
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Zao Zhuang University, Zao Zhuang 277160, China
| | - Yunxia Ye
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoxian Song
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haiting Zhang
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Lou J, Xu X, Huang Y, Yu Y, Wang J, Fang G, Liang J, Fan C, Chang C. Optically Controlled Ultrafast Terahertz Metadevices with Ultralow Pump Threshold. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104275. [PMID: 34611988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arming metasurface with active materials furnishes a feasible solution to dynamically control over terahertz (THz) waves, which is extremely significant for the realization of upcoming sixth generation telecommunications. However, the present active materials are mainly limited to single external driving field, hindering the capability of metasurface for flexible manipulation of THz waves. Besides, less attention has been paid to the energy question how to significantly reduce the pump threshold for achieving the desired function. Here, a germanium (Ge) hybrid Fano metasurface under dual-stimulus control is experimentally demonstrated. Photoexcitation of Ge thin film enables 100% modulation depth of Fano resonance and ultrafast switching time within 10 ps. By adding current-bias, the pump threshold to modulate the metasurface is greatly reduced from 1600 to 200 µJ cm-2 . Different from the optical modulation independent of film thickness, it is found that the current function is in proportion with the thickness of Ge thin film. Moreover, it is demonstrated that compared to the single optical-stimulus, the THz amplitude modulation is increased by 56.3% under dual-stimulus function. This work naturally improves the flexibility and practicality of Ge-based metadevice and inspires more innovations to boost the development of switchable sensing, lasing spacer, and nonlinear systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lou
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yindong Huang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, China
| | - Guangyou Fang
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jiangang Liang
- Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, 710051, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and Shanghai, Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acids Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chao Chang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100071, China
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15
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Zheng L, Zywietz U, Birr T, Duderstadt M, Overmeyer L, Roth B, Reinhardt C. UV-LED projection photolithography for high-resolution functional photonic components. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:64. [PMID: 34567776 PMCID: PMC8433360 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of micro- and nanostructuring techniques in optics is driven by the demand for continuous miniaturization and the high geometrical accuracy of photonic devices and integrated systems. Here, UV-LED projection photolithography is demonstrated as a simple and low-cost approach for rapid generation of two-dimensional optical micro- and nanostructures with high resolution and accuracy using standard optics only. The developed system enables the projection of structure patterns onto a substrate with 1000-fold demagnification. Photonic devices, e.g., waveguides and microring resonators, on rigid or flexible substrates with varied geometrical complexity and overall structure dimensions from the nanometer to centimeter scale were successfully prepared. In particular, high-resolution gratings with feature sizes down to 150 nm and periods as small as 400 nm were realized for the first time by this approach. Waveguides made of doped laser active materials were fabricated, and their spontaneous emission was detected. The demonstrated superior performance of the developed approach may find wide applications in photonics, plasmonics, and optical materials science, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
| | - Urs Zywietz
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
| | - Tobias Birr
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
| | | | - Ludger Overmeyer
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
- Institute of Transport and Automation Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Garbsen, Lower Saxony 30823 Germany
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
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16
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Tan TC, Srivastava YK, Ako RT, Wang W, Bhaskaran M, Sriram S, Al-Naib I, Plum E, Singh R. Active Control of Nanodielectric-Induced THz Quasi-BIC in Flexible Metasurfaces: A Platform for Modulation and Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100836. [PMID: 34050568 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A bound state in the continuum (BIC) is a nonradiating state of light embedded in the continuum of propagating modes providing drastic enhancement of the electromagnetic field and its localization at micro-nanoscale. However, access to such modes in the far-field requires symmetry breaking. Here, it is demonstrated that a nanometric dielectric or semiconductor layer, 1000 times thinner than the resonant wavelength (λ/1000), induces a dynamically controllable quasi-bound state in the continuum (QBIC) with ultrahigh quality factor in a symmetric metallic metasurface at terahertz frequencies. Photoexcitation of nanostrips of germanium activates ultrafast switching of a QBIC resonance with 200% transmission intensity modulation and complete recovery within 7 ps on a low-loss flexible substrate. The nanostrips also form microchannels that provide an opportunity for BIC-based refractive index sensing. An optimization model is presented for (switchable) QBIC resonances of metamaterial arrays of planar symmetric resonators modified with any (active) dielectric for inverse metamaterial design that can serve as an enabling platform for active micro-nanophotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas CaiWei Tan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yogesh Kumar Srivastava
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rajour Tanyi Ako
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ibraheem Al-Naib
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Plum
- Centre for Photonic Metamaterials & Optoelectronics Research Centre, Zepler Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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17
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Fu J, Jiang M, Suo P, Zhang W, Lin X, Yan X, Zhang S, Ma G. Optically controlled ultrafast terahertz switching in wafer scale PtSe 2 thin films. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:5037-5043. [PMID: 34143068 DOI: 10.1364/ao.425337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have reported a newly ultrafast optically modulated terahertz (THz) switch based on the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material platinum diselenide (${{\rm PtSe}_2}$) with different thicknesses. The high-quality ${{\rm PtSe}_2}$ thin films with centimeter scale are fabricated on sapphire substrate by the chemical vapor deposition method. The optical pump and THz probe (OPTP) spectroscopy reveals that the THz response of the thin films is as fast as ${\sim} 2.0 \; {\rm ps}$ after photoexcitation of a 780 nm pulse. Interestingly, we found that the THz response time of the ${{\rm PtSe}_2}$ semimetal phase is faster than that of the semiconducting phase. In addition, the THz response time becomes faster when increasing the film thickness for the semimetal phase ${{\rm PtSe}_2}$, while for the semiconducting phase, the response time becomes slower with film thickness. Moreover, degenerate optical pump and optical probe spectroscopy (OPOP) demonstrated that the ultrafast photoinduced negative absorption (photoinduced bleaching) occurs after photoexcitation of 780 nm, and the subsequent recovery consists of two relaxation processes: the fast component with more than 85% of weight has a lifetime of ${\sim}{1.5}\;{\rm ps}$ for semiconducting-phase films and less than 1 ps for the semimetal phase, similar to the response time obtained from OPTP measurement. The slow component with less than 15% of weight has a lifetime of a few hundred picoseconds. The subpicosecond response time observed in both OPTP and OPOP is ascribed to the carrier trapping by defect states, and the slow relaxation process appearing in OPOP arises from the defect state relevant relaxation that is insensitive to the THz photoconductivity due to the frozen carrier mobility in defect states. Our experimental results demonstrate a new application of TMD materials such as ${{\rm PtSe}_2}$ in THz technology, for instance, the design and fabrication of THz modulators and THz switches.
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Wang J, Tan P, Li S, Wang G, Guo W, Zhou Z, Tian H. Active polarization-independent plasmon-induced transparency metasurface with suppressed magnetic attenuation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15541-15550. [PMID: 33985252 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A tunable polarization-independent plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) metasurface based on connected half-ring and split-ring resonators is proposed to working in the terahertz band. We analyze the PIT effect in metasurfaces comprising of ring resonator and split ring resonator. Due to the magnetic attenuation caused by the reverse current between the two resonators, the relative position of the ring resonator and the split-ring resonator greatly affects the strength of the PIT effect. Magnetic attenuation weakens the dark mode of the split ring resonator. Through simulation and experiment, it is found that connecting the ring resonator and split-ring resonator can avoid magnetic attenuation and achieve a stronger PIT window. Furthermore, the fourfold rotation structure of the connected half-ring and split-ring resonator on silicon substrate achieves an optically controlled polarization-independent PIT effect. The design would provide significant guidance in multifunctional active devices, such as modulators and switches in terahertz communication.
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19
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Hu Y, Tong M, Xu Z, Cheng X, Jiang T. Bifunctional Spatiotemporal Metasurfaces for Incident Angle-Tunable and Ultrafast Optically Switchable Electromagnetically Induced Transparency. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006489. [PMID: 33838009 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in tunable metamaterials/metasurfaces facilitates their utilization in novel optical components, and lead to many breakthroughs in light tailoring by giving birth to diverse spatiotemporal dynamics. In the ascendant field of terahertz (THz) photonics, the ultrafast modulation is the fundamental process of technological advancements in high-speed wireless communications, sensing, and imaging. However, the current research efforts have been mainly devoted to studies of single functionality under the control of one stimulus, which has plateaued in terms of innovative new features. Here, building on the incident angle-induced C2 symmetry breaking of split ring pairs, we experimentally demonstrate extremely versatile, ultrafast THz switching behaviors at continuously alterable resonant states. The direction-controlled resonance hybridization provides another excellent degree of routing freedom, owing to its robustness, simplicity, and wide tunability. By leveraging such virtues, single LC mode and EIT-like resonance under normal and oblique incidence conditions are both effectively switched-off by means of photon injection. Considering the ultrashort lifetime of free carriers in MoSe2 crystal, the corresponding transient dynamics show an ultrafast recovery time within 700 ps. The strategy proposed here is a viable pathway for multidimensional THz wave manipulation, which gears up a crucial step for diversified functionalities in deployable metaphotonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Zhongjie Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Xiangai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Beijing Interdisciplinary Research Center, National University of Defense Technology, Beijing, 100010, China
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20
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Wang S, Li S, Zhou Y, Huang J, Ren Q, Zhuo J, Cai Y. Enhanced terahertz modulation using a plasmonic perfect absorber based on black phosphorus. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:9279-9283. [PMID: 33104643 DOI: 10.1364/ao.402639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we design a plasmonic perfect absorber based on black phosphorus (BP) with enhanced terahertz modulation. By tuning the chemical potential (μc) of BP, the modulation depth can reach up to 95%. The influence of geometric size and bandgap of BP on reflection spectra is also investigated. Moreover, the effect of the incident angle on the reflectance is discussed with different values of μc. Our results show that the plasmonic nanoslit mode contributes to the enhancement of the modulation effect. This simple periodical structure provides a potential route to design a tunable plasmonic BP-based modulator in the THz range.
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21
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Yang Y, Li J, Li J, Huang J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Dai H, Yao J. Optical control of terahertz plasmon-induced transparency based on hybrid CsPbBr 3 quantum dot metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:24047-24055. [PMID: 32752390 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating photosensitive material into structured metamaterials explores opportunities for dynamical operation across the terahertz functional devices, enabled by the efficient interaction between light and matter. In this work, the CsPbBr3 quantum dots are incorporated into the metasurfaces, realizing the active control of the plasmon-induced transparency. In the experiment, the normalized modulation depth of transparency effect is up to 74%. Rigorous numerical and theoretical simulations verify that the variation of dynamic physical process is associated with the charge storage capacity in the capacitive metasurface. An observed phase advance and group delay indicate the hybrid metasurface is useful for slow light application. In addition, the simple process provides a convenient way for the development of terahertz functional devices.
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22
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Gingras L, Jaber A, Maleki A, Reshef O, Dolgaleva K, Boyd RW, Ménard JM. Ultrafast modulation of the spectral filtering properties of a THz metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:20296-20304. [PMID: 32680092 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ultrafast tuning of a plasmonic spectral filter at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The device is made of periodically spaced gold crosses deposited on the surface of an undoped silicon wafer in which transient free carriers can be optically injected with a femtosecond resonant pulse. We demonstrate the concept by measuring the transmission spectrum of a notch filter using time-domain THz spectroscopy. Proper synchronization of the THz probe and visible excitation pulses leads to an enhanced transmission at the resonance by more than two orders of magnitude. Finite-difference time-domain simulations, which are in agreement with the experimental results, show that the underlying mechanisms responsible for the resonance blueshift and linewidth broadening can be attributed to the photoinduced change in dielectric properties of the substrate. This is supported by the numerically simulated field distribution and reflection/transmission coefficients. The device can be used in future pulse shaping and ultrafast switching experiments.
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23
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Hu Y, You J, Tong M, Zheng X, Xu Z, Cheng X, Jiang T. Pump-Color Selective Control of Ultrafast All-Optical Switching Dynamics in Metaphotonic Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000799. [PMID: 32714770 PMCID: PMC7375251 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating active materials into metamaterials is expected to yield exciting advancements in the unprecedented versatility of dynamically controlling optical properties, which sheds new light on the future optoelectronics. The exploration of emerging semiconductors into terahertz (THz) meta-atoms potentially allows achieving ultrafast nanodevices driven by various applications, such as biomedical sensing/imaging, ultrawide-band communications and security scanners. However, ultrafast optical switching of THz radiation is currently limited to a single level of tuning speed, which is a main hurdle to achieve multifunctionalities. Here, a hybrid metadevice which can realize the pump-wavelength controlled ultrafast switching response by the functionalization of double photoactive layers is demonstrated experimentally. A whole cycle of electromagnetically induced transparency switching with a half-recovery state changes from 0.78 ns to 8.8 ps as pump wavelength varies from near infrared to near ultraviolet regions. The observed pump-color selective switching speed changing from nanosecond scale to picosecond scale is ascribed to the wavelength-dependent penetration length of Ge and the contrasting defect states between noncrystalline Ge and epitaxial Si layers. It is believed that the schemes regarding pump-color controllable ultrafast switching behavior introduced here can inspire more innovations across the field of ultrafast photonics and can boost the reconfigurable metamaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Jie You
- National Innovation Institute of Defense TechnologyBeijing100010P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- National Innovation Institute of Defense TechnologyBeijing100010P. R. China
| | - Zhongjie Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiangai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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24
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Tong J, Suo F, Tobing LYM, Yao N, Zhang D, Huang Z, Zhang DH. High Order Magnetic and Electric Resonant Modes of Split Ring Resonator Metasurface Arrays for Strong Enhancement of Mid-Infrared Photodetection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8835-8844. [PMID: 31933365 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Integration of photonic nanostructures with optoelectrical semiconductors offers great potential of developing high sensitivity and multifunctional photodetectors enabled by enhanced light-matter interactions. Split ring resonator (SRR) array which resonates at different resonant modes, including fundamental magnetic mode (m0), high order magnetic mode (m1), and electric (e) mode has been investigated because of the high potential for different applications. In this work, we study photodetection enhancement of these resonant modes of U-shape SRR arrays in the mid-infrared (2-5 μm) range and report, for the first time, the strong enhancement of photodetection by superimposition of m1 and e modes in an integrated photodetector consisting of a U-shape SRR array and an InAsSb-based heterojunction photodiode. We observe that the m1 mode in the SRR array shows the strongest enhancement of photocurrent, sequentially followed by the e and m0 modes. Using superimposed m1 and e modes, about an order of enhancement in room temperature detectivity (to about 2.0 × 1010 Jones) is achieved under zero-power-supply without sacrificing the response speed. In addition, polarization-resolved photoresponse between m1 and e modes and tunable enhancement of photoresponse are also demonstrated. The remarkable enhancement makes mid-infrared photodetection possible to operate at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Tong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Fei Suo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Landobasa Y M Tobing
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Niangjuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yu Tian Road , Shanghai 200083 , China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Jungong Road , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 500 Yu Tian Road , Shanghai 200083 , China
| | - Dao Hua Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
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Tong J, Suo F, Tobing LYM, Xu Z, Xiong Y, Zhang DH. Rotated fourfold U-shape metasurface for polarization-insensitive strong enhancement of mid-infrared photodetection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:4225-4233. [PMID: 32122079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.383678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface with thin planar resonant elements offers great capability in manipulating electromagnetic waves and their interaction with semiconductors. Split-ring resonator (SRR), as the basic building block, has been extensively investigated for myriad applications owing to its multiple electric and magnetic resonant modes. In this work, we report a rotated fourfold U-shape SRR metasurface for polarization-insensitive strong enhancement of mid-infrared photodetection. The integrated photodetector consists of a rotated fourfold SRR array and an InAsSb based heterojunction photodiode. A photosensitivity enhancement factor as high as 11 has been achieved by adoption of superimposed high order magnetic and electric resonant modes in the SRR metasurface. This work provides a promising pathway for exploring high performance polarization-insensitive photodetection in different electromagnetic wave ranges.
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26
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Cui X, Lai Y, Qin F, Shao L, Wang J, Lin HQ. Strengthening Fano resonance on gold nanoplates with gold nanospheres. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1975-1984. [PMID: 31912072 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09976j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic Fano resonance has attracted extensive attention due to its many applications, including plasmonic sensing, electromagnetically induced transparency, light trapping and stopping, due to its narrow linewidth and asymmetric spectral shape. However, many metal nanostructures are designed with complex geometries to generate Fano resonance and few of them can support a deep Fano dip. Herein we report on the strengthening of the Fano resonance on silicon-supported Au nanoplates through the formation of (Au nanosphere)-(Au nanoplate) heterodimers. The deposition of the Au nanosphere on the top can greatly strengthen the substrate-induced Fano resonance of the Au nanoplate with a deep dip. We also observe that the replacement of the Au nanosphere with a Au nanocube can suppress the excitation of the Fano resonance in the heterodimer. When the sharp corners and edges of the nanocubes gradually become rounded, the Fano resonance appears again with increasing asymmetry. Both the dip depth and wavelength of the Fano resonance can be independently tailored by varying the nanosphere diameter and the nanoplate thickness, respectively. We believe that our results provide an attractive and facile platform for modulating Fano dips and constructing Fano resonance-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Cui
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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27
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All‐Optical Switchable Vanadium Dioxide Integrated Coding Metasurfaces for Wavefront and Polarization Manipulation of Terahertz Beams. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Manjappa M, Solanki A, Kumar A, Sum TC, Singh R. Solution-Processed Lead Iodide for Ultrafast All-Optical Switching of Terahertz Photonic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901455. [PMID: 31183925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed lead iodide (PbI2 ) governs the charge transport characteristics in the hybrid metal halide perovskites. Besides being a precursor in enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells, PbI2 alone offers remarkable optical and ultrasensitive photoresponsive properties that remain largely unexplored. Here, the photophysics and the ultrafast carrier dynamics of the solution processed PbI2 thin film is probed experimentally. A PbI2 integrated metamaterial photonic device with switchable picosecond time response at extremely low photoexcitation fluences is demonstrated. Further, findings show strongly confined terahertz field induced tailoring of sensitivity and switching time of the metamaterial resonances for different thicknesses of PbI2 thin film. The approach has two far reaching consequences: the first lead-iodide-based ultrafast photonic device and resonantly confined electromagnetic field tailored transient nonequilibrium dynamics of PbI2 which could also be applied to a broad range of semiconductors for designing on-chip, ultrafast, all-optical switchable photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manukumara Manjappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ankur Solanki
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tze Chien Sum
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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29
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Wang S, Cai C, You M, Liu F, Wu M, Li S, Bao H, Kang L, Werner DH. Vanadium dioxide based broadband THz metamaterial absorbers with high tunability: simulation study. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19436-19447. [PMID: 31503703 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With their unprecedented flexibility in manipulating electromagnetic waves, metamaterials provide a pathway to structural materials that can fill the so-called "THz gap". It has been reported that vanadium dioxide (VO2) experiences a three orders of magnitude increase in THz electrical conductivity when it undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition. Here, we propose a VO2 based THz metamaterial absorber exhibiting broadband absorptivity that arises from the multiple resonances supported by a delicately balanced doubly periodic array of VO2 structures and numerically demonstrate that the corresponding absorption behavior is highly dependent on the VO2's THz electrical properties. Considering the phase transition induced dramatic change in VO2's material property, the proposed metamaterial absorbers have the potential for strong modulation and switching of broadband THz radiation.
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30
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Lu W, Cui X, Chow TH, Shao L, Wang H, Chen H, Wang J. Switching plasmonic Fano resonance in gold nanosphere-nanoplate heterodimers. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9641-9653. [PMID: 31065663 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The interference between spectrally overlapping superradiant and subradiant plasmon resonances generates plasmonic Fano resonance, which allows for attractive applications such as electromagnetically induced transparency, light trapping, and refractometric sensing with high figures of merit. The active switching of plasmonic Fano resonance holds great promise in modulating optical signals, dynamically harvesting light energy, and constructing switchable plasmonic sensors. However, structures enabling the active control of plasmonic Fano resonance have rarely been achieved because of the fabrication complexity and cost. Herein we report on the realization of active plasmonic Fano resonance switching on Au nanosphere-nanoplate heterodimers. The active switching is enabled by varying the refractive index of a layer of polyaniline that fills in the gap between the Au nanosphere and the Au nanoplate. A reversible spectral shift of 20 nm is observed on the individual heterodimers during switching. The maximal spectral shift decreases as the interparticle gap distance is enlarged, showing a strong dependence of the spectral shift on the local electric field intensity enhancement in the gap region. This trend agrees with the predicted dependence of the refractive index sensitivity on the local field intensity enhancement. Our results provide insights into the development of plasmonic structures supporting actively switchable Fano resonances, which can lead to new technological applications, such as switchable cloaking and display, dynamic coding of optical signals, color sorting and filtering. The Au heterodimers with polyaniline in the gap can also be applied for the sensing of local environmental parameters such as pH values and heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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31
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Chen S, Li Z, Liu W, Cheng H, Tian J. From Single-Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802458. [PMID: 30767285 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, 2D artificial arrays of subwavelength elements, have attracted great interest from the optical scientific community in recent years because they provide versatile possibilities for the manipulation of optical waves and promise an effective way for miniaturization and integration of optical devices. In the past decade, the main efforts were focused on the realization of single-dimensional (amplitude, frequency, polarization, or phase) manipulation of optical waves. Compared to the metasurfaces with single-dimensional manipulation, metasurfaces with multidimensional manipulation of optical waves show significant advantages in many practical application areas, such as optical holograms, sub-diffraction imaging, and the design of integrated multifunctional optical devices. Nowadays, with the rapid development of nanofabrication techniques, the research of metasurfaces has been inevitably developed from single-dimensional manipulation toward multidimensional manipulation of optical waves, which greatly boosts the application of metasurfaces and further paves the way for arbitrary design of optical devices. Herein, the recent advances in metasurfaces are briefly reviewed and classified from the viewpoint of different dimensional manipulations of optical waves. Single-dimensional manipulation and 2D manipulation of optical waves with metasurfaces are discussed systematically. In conclusion, an outlook and perspectives on the challenges and future prospects in these rapidly growing research areas are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Zhancheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenwei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Teda Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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32
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Li J, Zhang Y, Li J, Yan X, Liang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Li J, Yang Y, Yao J. Amplitude modulation of anomalously reflected terahertz beams using all-optical active Pancharatnam-Berry coding metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5746-5753. [PMID: 30865757 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00675c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) metasurfaces introduce geometric phases to circularly polarized electromagnetic waves through geometric rotation of the unit cells, thereby converting spin angular momentum (SAM) to orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons and achieving flexible modulation of spin-polarized waves. It is highly desirable for dynamically tunable P-B metasurfaces to be actively applied. Here, combining double split-ring resonators (DSRRs) with photosensitive semiconductor germanium (Ge), we propose three types of all-optical active Pancharatnam-Berry coding metasurface for dynamic amplitude modulation of spin waves and vortex beams in the terahertz band. Coupled with signal processing methods such as the convolution operation, optical active P-B coding metasurfaces show a strong regulation effect on terahertz beams. This opens up a broad path for coding metasurface applications such as high-speed wireless terahertz communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Institute of Laser and Opto-Electronics, College of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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33
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Tasolamprou AC, Koulouklidis AD, Daskalaki C, Mavidis CP, Kenanakis G, Deligeorgis G, Viskadourakis Z, Kuzhir P, Tzortzakis S, Kafesaki M, Economou EN, Soukoulis CM. Experimental Demonstration of Ultrafast THz Modulation in a Graphene-Based Thin Film Absorber through Negative Photoinduced Conductivity. ACS PHOTONICS 2019; 6:720-727. [PMID: 30918912 PMCID: PMC6429433 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental demonstration and interpretation of an ultrafast optically tunable, graphene-based thin film absorption modulator for operation in the THz regime. The graphene-based component consists of a uniform CVD-grown graphene sheet stacked on an SU-8 dielectric substrate that is grounded by a metallic ground plate. The structure shows enhanced absorption originating from constructive interference of the impinging and reflected waves at the absorbing graphene sheet. The modulation of this absorption, which is demonstrated via a THz time-domain spectroscopy setup, is achieved by applying an optical pump signal, which modifies the conductivity of the graphene sheet. We report an ultrafast (on the order of few ps) absorption modulation on the order of 40% upon photoexcitation. Our results provide evidence that the optical pump excitation results in the degradation of the graphene THz conductivity, which is connected with the generation of hot carriers, the increase of the electronic temperature, and the dominant increase of the scattering rate over the carrier concentration as found in highly doped samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Tasolamprou
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- E-mail:
| | | | - Christina Daskalaki
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Charalampos P. Mavidis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Kenanakis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Deligeorgis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Polina Kuzhir
- Institute
for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
- Tomsk
State University, 36
Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Stelios Tzortzakis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Science
Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria Kafesaki
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftherios N. Economou
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department
of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Costas M. Soukoulis
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Ames Laboratory
and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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34
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Pitchappa P, Kumar A, Prakash S, Jani H, Venkatesan T, Singh R. Chalcogenide Phase Change Material for Active Terahertz Photonics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808157. [PMID: 30687971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The strikingly contrasting optical properties of various phases of chalcogenide phase change materials (PCM) has recently led to the development of novel photonic devices such as all-optical non-von Neumann memory, nanopixel displays, color rendering, and reconfigurable nanoplasmonics. However, the exploration of chalcogenide photonics is currently limited to optical and infrared frequencies. Here, a phase change material integrated terahertz metamaterial for multilevel nonvolatile resonance switching with spatial and temporal selectivity is demonstrated. By controlling the crystalline proportion of the PCM film, multilevel, non-volatile, terahertz resonance switching states with long retention time at zero hold power are realized. Spatially selective reconfiguration at sub-metamaterial scale is shown by delivering electrical stimulus locally through designer interconnect architecture. The PCM metamaterial also features ultrafast optical modulation of terahertz resonances with tunable switching speed based on the crystalline order of the PCM film. The multilevel nonvolatile, spatially selective, and temporally tunable PCM metamaterial will provide a pathway toward development of novel and disruptive terahertz technologies including spatio-temporal terahertz modulators for high speed wireless communication, neuromorphic photonics, and machine-learning metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Pitchappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Saurav Prakash
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Hariom Jani
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Thirumalai Venkatesan
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonic Institute, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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35
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Li S, Nugraha PS, Su X, Chen X, Yang Q, Unferdorben M, Kovács F, Kunsági-Máté S, Liu M, Zhang X, Ouyang C, Li Y, Fülöp JA, Han J, Zhang W. Terahertz electric field modulated mode coupling in graphene-metal hybrid metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:2317-2326. [PMID: 30732270 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the tunable conductivity of graphene under high terahertz (THz) electric field, a graphene-metal hybrid metamaterial consisting of an array of three adjoined orthogonally oriented split-ring resonators (SRRs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to show a maximum modulation depth of 23% in transmission when the THz peak field reaches 305 kV/cm. The transmission of the sample is dominated by the antisymmetric and symmetric resonant modes originating from the strong magneto-inductive and conductive coupling among the three SRRs, respectively. Numerical simulations and model calculations based on a coupled oscillator theory were performed to explain the modulation process. It is found that the graphene coating impairs the resonances by increasing the damping of the modes and decreasing the coupling between the SRRs whereas the strong THz field restores the resonances by decreasing the conductivity of graphene.
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36
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Manjappa M, Pitchappa P, Singh N, Wang N, Zheludev NI, Lee C, Singh R. Reconfigurable MEMS Fano metasurfaces with multiple-input-output states for logic operations at terahertz frequencies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4056. [PMID: 30283070 PMCID: PMC6170453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad range of dynamic metasurfaces has been developed for manipulating the intensity, phase and wavefront of electromagnetic radiation from microwaves to optical frequencies. However, most of these metasurfaces operate in single-input-output state. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable MEMS Fano resonant metasurface possessing multiple-input-output (MIO) states that performs logic operations with two independently controlled electrical inputs and an optical readout at terahertz frequencies. The far-field behaviour of Fano resonance exhibits XOR and XNOR operations, while the near-field resonant confinement enables the NAND operation. The MIO configuration resembling hysteresis-type closed-loop behaviour is realized through inducing electromechanically tuneable out-of-plane anisotropy in the near-field coupling of constituent resonator structures. The XOR metamaterial gate possesses potential applications in cryptographically secured terahertz wireless communication networks. Furthermore, the MIO features could lay the foundation for the realization of programmable and randomly accessible metamaterials with enhanced electro-optical performance across terahertz, infrared and optical frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manukumara Manjappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Prakash Pitchappa
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Navab Singh
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Optoelectronics Research Centre and Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, E6 #05-11F, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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37
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Zeng XX, Wang R, Xi XQ, Li B, Zhou J. Terahertz rare-earth orthoferrite metamaterials by 3-D direct writing technology. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17056-17065. [PMID: 30119523 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation excites electronic and optical modes of many materials, and controlling interaction of these materials with THz pulses provides a fascinating avenue to achieve unprecedented functionalities in return. Here, woodpile-structured rare-earth orthoferrite metamaterials built with 3-D direct ink writing technology are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Polarization-independent THz refraction and switching of resonances by varying the number of layers in the structure, as well as the structural parameters and specimen support angle are achieved. Such all-rare-earth-orthoferrite dielectric metamaterials are easy to fabricate and can be very promising in developing efficient and low cost THz functional metadevices.
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38
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Lim WX, Singh R. Universal behaviour of high- Q Fano resonances in metamaterials: terahertz to near-infrared regime. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:5. [PMID: 29568722 PMCID: PMC5846962 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The observation of Fano resonance phenomena is universal across several branches of physics. Photonics is one of the most important areas of physics that mainly deals with the control of light propagation and localization through its interaction with natural and artificially engineered media. In an era of miniaturization, manipulation of light at micro-nanoscales has assumed unprecedented significance due to its potential to satisfy the mankind with disruptive future technologies. In this work, we present our study on the universality of high quality factor Fano resonances in planar metamaterials across terahertz and infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The narrow linewidth asymmetric Fano resonant metamaterials have tremendous potential to find applications in micro-nanoscale flat lasers, sensors, and ultra-resolution spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xiang Lim
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371 Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371 Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
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