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Kang H, Oh D, Jeon N, Kim J, Kim H, Badloe T, Rho J. Tailoring high-refractive-index nanocomposites for manufacturing of ultraviolet metasurfaces. Microsyst Nanoeng 2024; 10:53. [PMID: 38654843 PMCID: PMC11035676 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been utilized to address the manufacturing challenges of high cost and low throughput for optical metasurfaces. To overcome the limitations inherent in conventional imprint resins characterized by a low refractive index (n), high-n nanocomposites have been introduced to directly serve as meta-atoms. However, comprehensive research on these nanocomposites is notably lacking. In this study, we focus on the composition of high-n zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticle (NP) concentration and solvents used to produce ultraviolet (UV) metaholograms and quantify the transfer fidelity by the measured conversion efficiency. The utilization of 80 wt% ZrO2 NPs in MIBK, MEK, and acetone results in conversion efficiencies of 62.3%, 51.4%, and 61.5%, respectively, at a wavelength of 325 nm. The analysis of the solvent composition and NP concentration can further enhance the manufacturing capabilities of high-n nanocomposites in NIL, enabling potential practical use of optical metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wang WC, Li MY, Peng KC, Hsu YF, Estroff B, Yen PY, Schipf D, Wu WJ. Mirrorless MEMS imaging: a nonlinear vibrational approach utilizing aerosol-jetted PZT-actuated fiber MEMS scanner for microscale illumination. Microsyst Nanoeng 2024; 10:13. [PMID: 38259520 PMCID: PMC10800347 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel image capture and lighting techniques using a cutting-edge hybrid MEMS scanner system designed for compact microscopic imaging. The scanner comprises a tapered optical fiber waveguide and innovative aerosol-jet printed PZT (lead zirconate titanate) bimorph push-pull actuators on a stainless-steel substrate, effectively addressing issues that are commonly associated with PZT on silicon substrates such as fracture and layer separation. By leveraging nonlinear vibration, the scanner achieves a spiral scan pattern from a single signal input, in addition to the expected two-dimensional scanning and target illumination from two phase-shifted inputs. This capability is further enhanced by a novel process to taper the optical fiber, which reduces illumination scattering and tunes the fiber to the resonant frequencies of the scanner. The precisely tapered tip enables large fields of view while maintaining independent 2-axis scanning through one-degree-of-freedom actuation. Experimental validation showcases the successful generation of a spiral scan pattern with a 60 μm diameter scan area and a 10 Hz frame rate, effectively reconstructing scanned images of 5 μm lines, cross patterns (15 μm in length with a 5 μm gap), and structures of a Psychodidae wing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Wang
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
- Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Ming-Yao Li
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - Kuan-Chang Peng
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - Yi-Feng Hsu
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - Benjamin Estroff
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Pao-Yun Yen
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - David Schipf
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Wen-Jong Wu
- Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, China
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3
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Nagato K, Takahashi K, Yajima Y, Nakao M. Laser-assisted direct roller imprinting of large-area microstructured optical surfaces. Microsyst Nanoeng 2024; 10:9. [PMID: 38261881 PMCID: PMC10796369 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a high-throughput fabrication method called laser-assisted direct roller imprinting (LADRI) was developed to lower the cost of nanoimprinting large-area polymer films and to address problems associated with nanoimprinting, namely, microstructural damage and precision in flatness of entire film. With LADRI, the laser directly heats the microstructured surface of the roller mold, which heats and melts the surface of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film to replicate the microstructures on the mold rapidly. In this study, the effects of laser power density, scanning speed, size of the microstructures, and contact pressure on the replication speed were investigated experimentally. The replication speed increased as the power and scanning speed increased. However, because the film required heating until it filled the entire depth of the microstructure, an appropriate replication speed was necessary. This result was supported by simulation of the temperature distribution inside the mold and the PMMA using transient heat conduction analyses. To demonstrate the applications of LADRI, two different optical surfaces were replicated: an antireflection (AR) structure with conical structures sized several hundred nanometers and a light-extraction structure with a microlens array (MLA) comprising 10 μm lenses, for display and illumination, respectively. The replication degree of the MLA was governed by the contact pressure. Polymer flow simulation indicated that the heat conduction and flow speeds of the melted PMMA surface were comparable within several tens of micrometers. In addition, the reflectivity of the AR structure decreased from 4 to 0.5%, and the light intensity of the light-extraction structure increased by a factor of 1.47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nagato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yuki Yajima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
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4
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Ko B, Jeon N, Kim J, Kang H, Seong J, Yun S, Badloe T, Rho J. Hydrogels for active photonics. Microsyst Nanoeng 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38169527 PMCID: PMC10757998 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Conventional photonic devices exhibit static optical properties that are design-dependent, including the material's refractive index and geometrical parameters. However, they still possess attractive optical responses for applications and are already exploited in devices across various fields. Hydrogel photonics has emerged as a promising solution in the field of active photonics by providing primarily deformable geometric parameters in response to external stimuli. Over the past few years, various studies have been undertaken to attain stimuli-responsive photonic devices with tunable optical properties. Herein, we focus on the recent advancements in hydrogel-based photonics and micro/nanofabrication techniques for hydrogels. In particular, fabrication techniques for hydrogel photonic devices are categorized into film growth, photolithography (PL), electron-beam lithography (EBL), and nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Furthermore, we provide insights into future directions and prospects for deformable hydrogel photonics, along with their potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
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5
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Pribošek J, Bainschab M, Sasaki T. Varifocal MEMS mirrors for high-speed axial focus scanning: a review. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:135. [PMID: 37900975 PMCID: PMC10603115 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances brought the performance of MEMS-based varifocal mirrors to levels comparable to conventional ultra-high-speed focusing devices. Varifocal mirrors are becoming capable of high axial resolution exceeding 300 resolvable planes, can achieve microsecond response times, continuous operation above several hundred kHz, and can be designed to combine focusing with lateral steering in a single-chip device. This survey summarizes the past 50 years of scientific progress in varifocal MEMS mirrors, providing the most comprehensive study in this field to date. We introduce a novel figure of merit for varifocal mirrors on the basis of which we evaluate and compare nearly all reported devices from the literature. At the forefront of this review is the analysis of the advantages and shortcomings of various actuation technologies, as well as a systematic study of methods reported to enhance the focusing performance in terms of speed, resolution, and shape fidelity. We believe this analysis will fuel the future technological development of next-generation varifocal mirrors reaching the axial resolution of 1000 resolvable planes.
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6
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Dai T, Phan T, Wang EW, Kwon S, Son J, Lee M, Fan JA. Snapshot Mueller spectropolarimeter imager. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:125. [PMID: 37814609 PMCID: PMC10560212 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an imaging system that can simultaneously record complete Mueller polarization responses for a set of wavelength channels in a single image capture. The division-of-focal-plane concept combines a multiplexed illumination scheme based on Fourier optics together with an integrated telescopic light-field imaging system. Polarization-resolved imaging is achieved using broadband nanostructured plasmonic polarizers as functional pinhole apertures. The recording of polarization and wavelength information on the image sensor is highly interpretable. We also develop a calibration approach based on a customized neural network architecture that can produce calibrated measurements in real-time. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we use our calibrated system to accurately reconstruct a thin film thickness map from a four-inch wafer. We anticipate that our concept will have utility in metrology, machine vision, computational imaging, and optical computing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Dai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Thaibao Phan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Evan W. Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Soonyang Kwon
- Equipment R&D Team 4, Mechatronics Research, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, 18848 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Son
- Equipment R&D Team 4, Mechatronics Research, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, 18848 Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjun Lee
- Equipment R&D Team 4, Mechatronics Research, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, 18848 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan A. Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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7
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Wu J, Clementi M, Nitiss E, Hu J, Lafforgue C, Brès CS. Bright and dark Talbot pulse trains on a chip. Commun Phys 2023; 6:249. [PMID: 38665401 PMCID: PMC11041698 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-023-01375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Temporal Talbot effect, the intriguing phenomenon of the self-imaging of optical pulse trains, is extensively investigated using macroscopic components. However, the ability to manipulate pulse trains, either bright or dark, through the Talbot effect on integrated photonic chips to replace bulky instruments has rarely been reported. Here, we design and experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-principle integrated silicon nitride device capable of imprinting the Talbot phase relation onto in-phase optical combs and generating the two-fold self-images at the output. We show that the GHz-repetition-rate bright and dark pulse trains can be doubled without affecting their spectra as a key feature of the temporal Talbot effect. The designed chip can be electrically tuned to switch between pass-through and repetition-rate-multiplication outputs and is compatible with other related frequencies. The results of this work lay the foundations for the large-scale system-on-chip photonic integration of Talbot-based pulse multipliers, enabling the on-chip flexible up-scaling of pulse trains' repetition rate without altering their amplitude spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaye Wu
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEM, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Marco Clementi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEM, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Edgars Nitiss
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEM, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Jianqi Hu
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEM, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Christian Lafforgue
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEM, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Camille-Sophie Brès
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEM, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
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8
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Xing T, Xing E, Jia T, Li J, Rong J, Li L, Tian S, Zhou Y, Liu W, Tang J, Liu J. An ultrahigh sensitivity acoustic sensor system for weak signal detection based on an ultrahigh- Q CaF 2 resonator. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:65. [PMID: 37213821 PMCID: PMC10192424 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity, broadband response, and high resolution are essential for high-precision nondestructive weak signal detection technology. In this paper, based on the size effect of an ultrahigh-quality (Q) calcium fluoride (CaF2) resonator, a weak acoustic signal is detected by the dispersive response regime in which an acoustic, elastic wave modulates the geometry and is converted to a resonance frequency shift. Through the structural design of the resonator, the sensitivity reaches 11.54 V/Pa at 10 kHz in the experiment. To our knowledge, the result is higher than that of other optical resonator acoustic sensors. We further detected a weak signal as low as 9.4 µPa/Hz1/2, which greatly improved the detection resolution. With a good directionality of 36.4 dB and a broadband frequency response range of 20 Hz-20 kHz, the CaF2 resonator acoustic sensing system can not only acquire and reconstruct speech signals over a long distance but also accurately identify and separate multiple voices in noisy environments. This system shows high performance in weak sound detection, sound source localization, sleep monitoring, and many other voice interaction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Enbo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Tao Jia
- School of Semiconductors and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Jianglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Jiamin Rong
- School of Semiconductors and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Li Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices and Integrated Systems, Jincheng, 048026 China
| | - Sicong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Yanru Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Wenyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Jun Tang
- School of Semiconductors and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
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Sun Q, Yang D, Liu T, Liu J, Wang S, Hu S, Liu S, Song Y. Nondestructive monitoring of annealing and chemical-mechanical planarization behavior using ellipsometry and deep learning. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37123536 PMCID: PMC10140062 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Cu-filling process in through-silicon via (TSV-Cu) is a key technology for chip stacking and three-dimensional vertical packaging. During this process, defects resulting from chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) and annealing severely affect the reliability of the chips. Traditional methods of defect characterization are destructive and cumbersome. In this study, a new defect inspection method was developed using Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry. TSV-Cu with a 3-μm-diameter and 8-μm-deep Cu filling showed three typical types of characteristics: overdishing (defect-OD), protrusion (defect-P), and defect-free. The process dimension for each defect was 13 nm. First, the three typical defects caused by CMP and annealing were investigated. With single-channel deep learning and a Mueller matrix element (MME), the TSV-Cu defect types could be distinguished with an accuracy rate of 99.94%. Next, seven effective MMEs were used as independent channels in the artificial neural network to quantify the height variation in the Cu filling in the z-direction. The accuracy rate was 98.92% after training, and the recognition accuracy reached 1 nm. The proposed approach rapidly and nondestructively evaluates the annealing bonding performance of CMP processes, which can improve the reliability of high-density integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimeng Sun
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dekun Yang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianjian Liu
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhong Liu
- Hongyi Honor College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shizhao Wang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sizhou Hu
- Hongyi Honor College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- The School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Song
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- The School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Bao J, Chen X, Liu K, Zhan Y, Li H, Zhang S, Xu Y, Tian Z, Cao T. Nonvolatile chirality switching in terahertz chalcogenide metasurfaces. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:112. [PMID: 36193224 PMCID: PMC9525255 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Actively controlling the polarization states of terahertz (THz) waves is essential for polarization-sensitive spectroscopy, which has various applications in anisotropy imaging, noncontact Hall measurement, and vibrational circular dichroism. In the THz regime, the lack of a polarization modulator hinders the development of this spectroscopy. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that conjugated bilayer chiral metamaterials (CMMs) integrated with Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST225) active components can achieve nonvolatile and continuously tunable optical activity in the THz region. A THz time-domain spectroscopic system was used to characterize the device, showing a tunable ellipticity (from ‒36° to 0°) and rotation of the plane polarization (from 32° to 0°) at approximately 0.73 THz by varying the GST225 state from amorphous (AM) to crystalline (CR). Moreover, a continuously tunable chiroptical response was experimentally observed by partially crystallizing the GST225, which can create intermediate states, having regions of both AM and CR states. Note that the GST225 has an advantage of nonvolatility over the other active elements and does not require any energy to retain its structural state. Our work allows the development of THz metadevices capable of actively manipulating the polarization of THz waves and may find applications for dynamically tunable THz circular polarizers and polarization modulators for THz emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Bao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xieyu Chen
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Kuan Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
| | - Shoujun Zhang
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Yihan Xu
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Center for Terahertz waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, and the Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information and Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Tun Cao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 P. R. China
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11
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Lian M, Duan L, Chen J, Jia J, Su Y, Cao T. Acoustic transmissive cloaking with adjustable capacity to the incident direction. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:108. [PMID: 36187889 PMCID: PMC9515090 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Zero-refractive-index (ZRI) phononic crystals (PhCs), in which acoustic waves can be transmitted without phase variations, have considerable potential for engineering wavefronts and thus are applicable to invisibility cloaking. However, the creation of the transmissive cloaking achieved by ZRI-PhCs is challenging under an oblique incidence, which substantially hinders their practical applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate acoustic transmissive cloaking with the adjustable capacity to the incident direction. Acoustic transmissive cloaking of arbitrarily shaped obstacles can be obtained through a hybrid acoustic structure consisting of one outer layer of a programmable phase-engineered metasurface (PPEM) and one inner layer of a double zero-refractive-index (DZRI)-PhC. The DZRI-PhC is functionally the same as an equiphase area and can guide acoustic waves around the obstacle, a process known as acoustic tunneling. The PPEM perpendicularly transfers the incident acoustic waves to the DZRI-PhC and allows the emergent waves from the DZRI-PhC to transmit along the original incident direction. The DZRI-PhC is made of an array of iron squares in the air. The reciprocal of the effective bulk modulus and the effective mass density is approximately zero at a frequency of 3015 Hz (0.5187 v 0 /a) originating from the zeroth-order Fabry-Pérot (FP) resonance that possesses infinite phase velocities. Each meta-atom of the outer metasurface consists of a line channel and four shunted Helmholtz resonators, which have effective masses that are engineered by a mechanics system. The amplitude and phase of the sound waves propagating through each meta-atom can be controlled continuously and dynamically, enabling the metasurface to obtain versatile wavefront manipulation functions. Acoustic cloaking is visually demonstrated by experimentally scanning the acoustic field over the hybrid structure at a frequency of 3000 Hz (0.5160 v 0 /a). Our work may provide applications with great potential, including underwater ultrasound, airborne sound, acoustic communication, imaging, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lian
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Linqiu Duan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Jingyuan Jia
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Tun Cao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
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12
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Park C, Hwang S, Kim D, Won N, Han R, Jeon S, Shim W, Lim J, Joo C, Kang S. Massively parallel direct writing of nanoapertures using multi-optical probes and super-resolution near-fields. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:101. [PMID: 36119374 PMCID: PMC9475023 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser direct-writing enables micro and nanoscale patterning, and is thus widely used for cutting-edge research and industrial applications. Various nanolithography methods, such as near-field, plasmonic, and scanning-probe lithography, are gaining increasing attention because they enable fabrication of high-resolution nanopatterns that are much smaller than the wavelength of light. However, conventional methods are limited by low throughput and scalability, and tend to use electron beams or focused-ion beams to create nanostructures. In this study, we developed a procedure for massively parallel direct writing of nanoapertures using a multi-optical probe system and super-resolution near-fields. A glass micro-Fresnel zone plate array, which is an ultra-precision far-field optical system, was designed and fabricated as the multi-optical probe system. As a chalcogenide phase-change material (PCM), multiple layers of Sb65Se35 were used to generate the super-resolution near-field effect. A nanoaperture was fabricated through direct laser writing on a large-area (200 × 200 mm2) multi-layered PCM. A photoresist nanopattern was fabricated on an 8-inch wafer via near-field nanolithography using the developed nanoaperture and an i-line commercial exposure system. Unlike other methods, this technique allows high-throughput large-area nanolithography and overcomes the gap-control issue between the probe array and the patterning surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Soobin Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Nahyun Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Runjia Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Wooyoung Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Jiseok Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyungbuk 38541 South Korea
| | - Chulmin Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
| | - Shinill Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 Korea
- National Center for Optically-Assisted High Precision Mechanical Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Korea
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13
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Zhang L, Zhan H, Liu X, Xing F, You Z. A wide-field and high-resolution lensless compound eye microsystem for real-time target motion perception. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:83. [PMID: 35874173 PMCID: PMC9304386 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical measurement systems suffer from a fundamental tradeoff between the field of view (FOV), the resolution and the update rate. A compound eye has the advantages of a wide FOV, high update rate and high sensitivity to motion, providing inspiration for breaking through the constraint and realizing high-performance optical systems. However, most existing studies on artificial compound eyes are limited by complex structure and low resolution, and they focus on imaging instead of precise measurement. Here, a high-performance lensless compound eye microsystem is developed to realize target motion perception through precise and fast orientation measurement. The microsystem splices multiple sub-FOVs formed by long-focal subeyes, images targets distributed in a panoramic range into a single multiplexing image sensor, and codes the subeye aperture array for distinguishing the targets from different sub-FOVs. A wide-field and high resolution are simultaneously realized in a simple and easy-to-manufacture microelectromechanical system (MEMS) aperture array. Moreover, based on the electronic rolling shutter technique of the image sensor, a hyperframe update rate is achieved by the precise measurement of multiple time-shifted spots of one target. The microsystem achieves an orientation measurement accuracy of 0.0023° (3σ) in the x direction and 0.0028° (3σ) in the y direction in a cone FOV of 120° with an update rate ~20 times higher than the frame rate. This study provides a promising approach for achieving optical measurements with comprehensive high performance and may have great significance in various applications, such as vision-controlled directional navigation and high-dynamic target tracking, formation and obstacle avoidance of unmanned aerial vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Haiyang Zhan
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Zheng You
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084 China
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14
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Jin G, Rich J, Xia J, He AJ, Zhao C, Huang TJ. An acoustofluidic scanning nanoscope using enhanced image stacking and processing. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:81. [PMID: 35846176 PMCID: PMC9279327 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale optical resolution with a large field of view is a critical feature for many research and industry areas, such as semiconductor fabrication, biomedical imaging, and nanoscale material identification. Several scanning microscopes have been developed to resolve the inverse relationship between the resolution and field of view; however, those scanning microscopes still rely upon fluorescence labeling and complex optical systems. To overcome these limitations, we developed a dual-camera acoustofluidic nanoscope with a seamless image merging algorithm (alpha-blending process). This design allows us to precisely image both the sample and the microspheres simultaneously and accurately track the particle path and location. Therefore, the number of images required to capture the entire field of view (200 × 200 μm) by using our acoustofluidic scanning nanoscope is reduced by 55-fold compared with previous designs. Moreover, the image quality is also greatly improved by applying an alpha-blending imaging technique, which is critical for accurately depicting and identifying nanoscale objects or processes. This dual-camera acoustofluidic nanoscope paves the way for enhanced nanoimaging with high resolution and a large field of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonsoo Jin
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Jianping Xia
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Albert J. He
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469 USA
- Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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15
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Kim W, Yoon G, Kim J, Jeong H, Kim Y, Choi H, Badloe T, Rho J, Lee H. Thermally-curable nanocomposite printing for the scalable manufacturing of dielectric metasurfaces. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:73. [PMID: 35800398 PMCID: PMC9253025 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces consisting of artificially designed meta-atoms have been popularized recently due to their advantages of amplitude and phase of light control. However, the electron beam lithography method for metasurface fabrication has high cost and low throughput, which results in a limitation for the fabrication of metasurfaces. In this study, nanocomposite printing technology is used to fabricate high-efficiency metasurfaces with low cost. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed fabrication method, a metahologram is designed and fabricated using a nanocomposite. The metahologram exhibits conversion efficiencies of 48% and 35% at wavelengths of 532 and 635 nm, respectively. The nanocomposite is composed of polymers with nanoparticles, so durability tests are also performed to evaluate the effects of temperature and humidity on the metasurfaces. The test verifies that at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the base resin, the nanostructures do not collapse, so the efficiency of the metasurfaces remains almost the same. The surrounding humidity does not affect the nanostructures at all. Hence, the durability of the nanocomposite metasurfaces can be further enhanced by replacing the base resin, and this nanocomposite printing method will facilitate practical metasurface use at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanho Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Heonyeong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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16
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Vaidya N, Solgaard O. Immersion graded index optics: theory, design, and prototypes. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:69. [PMID: 35769230 PMCID: PMC9234043 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immersion optics enable creation of systems with improved optical concentration and coupling by taking advantage of the fact that the luminance of light is proportional to the square of the refractive index in a lossless optical system. Immersion graded index optical concentrators, that do not need to track the source, are described in terms of theory, simulations, and experiments. We introduce a generalized design guide equation which follows the Pareto function and can be used to create various immersion graded index optics depending on the application requirements of concentration, refractive index, height, and efficiency. We present glass and polymer fabrication techniques for creating broadband transparent graded index materials with large refractive index ranges, (refractive index ratio)2 of ~2, going many fold beyond what is seen in nature or the optics industry. The prototypes demonstrate 3x optical concentration with over 90% efficiency. We report via functional prototypes that graded-index-lens concentrators perform close to the theoretical maximum limit and we introduce simple, inexpensive, design-flexible, and scalable fabrication techniques for their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vaidya
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 7QF UK
| | - Olav Solgaard
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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17
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Wang H, Wu Y, Zou Q, Yang W, Xu Z, Dong H, Zhu Z, Wang D, Wang T, Hu N, Zhang D. A biosensing system using a multiparameter nonlinear dynamic analysis of cardiomyocyte beating for drug-induced arrhythmia recognition. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:49. [PMID: 35547605 PMCID: PMC9081091 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in humans. Therefore, cardiotoxicity is one of the most important adverse effects assessed by arrhythmia recognition in drug development. Recently, cell-based techniques developed for arrhythmia recognition primarily employ linear methods such as time-domain analysis that detect and compare individual waveforms and thus fall short in some applications that require automated and efficient arrhythmia recognition from large datasets. We carried out the first report to develop a biosensing system that integrated impedance measurement and multiparameter nonlinear dynamic algorithm (MNDA) analysis for drug-induced arrhythmia recognition and classification. The biosensing system cultured cardiomyocytes as physiologically relevant models, used interdigitated electrodes to detect the mechanical beating of the cardiomyocytes, and employed MNDA analysis to recognize drug-induced arrhythmia from the cardiomyocyte beating recording. The best performing MNDA parameter, approximate entropy, enabled the system to recognize the appearance of sertindole- and norepinephrine-induced arrhythmia in the recording. The MNDA reconstruction in phase space enabled the system to classify the different arrhythmias and quantify the severity of arrhythmia. This new biosensing system utilizing MNDA provides a promising and alternative method for drug-induced arrhythmia recognition and classification in cardiological and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Yue Wu
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121 China
| | - Quchao Zou
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Department of Chemistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121 China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121 China
| | - Hao Dong
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121 China
| | - Zhijing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Target and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, School of Computer & Computing Science, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015 China
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Depeng Wang
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Tianxing Wang
- E-LinkCare Meditech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310011 China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Department of Chemistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050 China
| | - Diming Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121 China
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18
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Wang C, Wang Y, Fang W, Song X, Quan A, Gidts M, Zhang H, Liu H, Bai J, Sadeghpour S, Kraft M. Design of a large-range rotary microgripper with freeform geometries using a genetic algorithm. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:3. [PMID: 35047208 PMCID: PMC8733005 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel electrostatically actuated microgripper with freeform geometries designed by a genetic algorithm. This new semiautomated design methodology is capable of designing near-optimal MEMS devices that are robust to fabrication tolerances. The use of freeform geometries designed by a genetic algorithm significantly improves the performance of the microgripper. An experiment shows that the designed microgripper has a large displacement (91.5 μm) with a low actuation voltage (47.5 V), which agrees well with the theory. The microgripper has a large actuation displacement and can handle micro-objects with a size from 10 to 100 μm. A grasping experiment on human hair with a diameter of 77 μm was performed to prove the functionality of the gripper. The result confirmed the superior performance of the new design methodology enabling freeform geometries. This design method can also be extended to the design of many other MEMS devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- ESAT-MNS, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuan Wang
- PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weidong Fang
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aojie Quan
- ESAT-MNS, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hemin Zhang
- ESAT-MNS, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huafeng Liu
- PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Bai
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Erfan M, Gnambodoe-Capochichi M, Sabry YM, Khalil D, Leprince-Wang Y, Bourouina T. Spatiotemporal dynamics of nanowire growth in a microfluidic reactor. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:77. [PMID: 34712489 PMCID: PMC8505653 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Co-integration of nanomaterials into microdevices poses several technological challenges and presents numerous scientific opportunities that have been addressed in this paper by integrating zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs) into a microfluidic chamber. In addition to the applications of these combined materials, this work focuses on the study of the growth dynamics and uniformity of nanomaterials in a tiny microfluidic reactor environment. A unique experimental platform was built through the integration of a noninvasive optical characterization technique with the microfluidic reactor. This platform allowed the unprecedented demonstration of time-resolved and spatially resolved monitoring of the in situ growth of NWs, in which the chemicals were continuously fed into the microfluidic reactor. The platform was also used to assess the uniformity of NWs grown quickly in a 10-mm-wide microchamber, which was intentionally chosen to be 20 times wider than those used in previous attempts because it can accommodate applications requiring a large surface of interaction while still taking advantage of submillimeter height. Further observations included the effects of varying the flow rate on the NW diameter and length in addition to a synergetic effect of continuous renewal of the growth solution and the confined environment of the chemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Erfan
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Université Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, Noisy-le-Grand, France
| | | | - Yasser M. Sabry
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, ECE Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Diaa Khalil
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, ECE Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yamin Leprince-Wang
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Université Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, Noisy-le-Grand, France
| | - Tarik Bourouina
- ESYCOM, CNRS UMR 9007, Université Gustave Eiffel, ESIEE Paris, Noisy-le-Grand, France
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20
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Zheng L, Zywietz U, Birr T, Duderstadt M, Overmeyer L, Roth B, Reinhardt C. UV-LED projection photolithography for high-resolution functional photonic components. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:64. [PMID: 34567776 PMCID: PMC8433360 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of micro- and nanostructuring techniques in optics is driven by the demand for continuous miniaturization and the high geometrical accuracy of photonic devices and integrated systems. Here, UV-LED projection photolithography is demonstrated as a simple and low-cost approach for rapid generation of two-dimensional optical micro- and nanostructures with high resolution and accuracy using standard optics only. The developed system enables the projection of structure patterns onto a substrate with 1000-fold demagnification. Photonic devices, e.g., waveguides and microring resonators, on rigid or flexible substrates with varied geometrical complexity and overall structure dimensions from the nanometer to centimeter scale were successfully prepared. In particular, high-resolution gratings with feature sizes down to 150 nm and periods as small as 400 nm were realized for the first time by this approach. Waveguides made of doped laser active materials were fabricated, and their spontaneous emission was detected. The demonstrated superior performance of the developed approach may find wide applications in photonics, plasmonics, and optical materials science, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
| | - Urs Zywietz
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
| | - Tobias Birr
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
| | | | - Ludger Overmeyer
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
- Institute of Transport and Automation Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Garbsen, Lower Saxony 30823 Germany
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Lower Saxony 30167 Germany
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21
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Melzer JE, McLeod E. Assembly of multicomponent structures from hundreds of micron-scale building blocks using optical tweezers. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34567758 PMCID: PMC8433220 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microscale structures is critical for many applications, including strong and lightweight material development, medical device fabrication, microrobotics, and photonic applications. While 3D microfabrication has seen progress over the past decades, complex multicomponent integration with small or hierarchical feature sizes is still a challenge. In this study, an optical positioning and linking (OPAL) platform based on optical tweezers is used to precisely fabricate 3D microstructures from two types of micron-scale building blocks linked by biochemical interactions. A computer-controlled interface with rapid on-the-fly automated recalibration routines maintains accuracy even after placing many building blocks. OPAL achieves a 60-nm positional accuracy by optimizing the molecular functionalization and laser power. A two-component structure consisting of 448 1-µm building blocks is assembled, representing the largest number of building blocks used to date in 3D optical tweezer microassembly. Although optical tweezers have previously been used for microfabrication, those results were generally restricted to single-material structures composed of a relatively small number of larger-sized building blocks, with little discussion of critical process parameters. It is anticipated that OPAL will enable the assembly, augmentation, and repair of microstructures composed of specialty micro/nanomaterial building blocks to be used in new photonic, microfluidic, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E. Melzer
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Euan McLeod
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA
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22
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Xue G, Zhai Q, Lu H, Zhou Q, Ni K, Lin L, Wang X, Li X. Polarized holographic lithography system for high-uniformity microscale patterning with periodic tunability. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:31. [PMID: 34567745 PMCID: PMC8433444 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Periodic microscale array structures play an important role in diverse applications involving photonic crystals and diffraction gratings. A polarized holographic lithography system is proposed for patterning high-uniformity microscale two-dimensional crossed-grating structures with periodic tunability. Orthogonal two-axis Lloyd's mirror interference and polarization modulation produce three sub-beams, enabling the formation of two-dimensional crossed-grating patterns with wavelength-comparable periods by a single exposure. The two-dimensional-pattern period can also be flexibly tuned by adjusting the interferometer spatial positioning. Polarization states of three sub-beams, defining the uniformity of the interference fringes, are modulated at their initial-polarization states based on a strict full polarization tracing model in a three-dimensional space. A polarization modulation model is established considering two conditions of eliminating the unexpected interference and providing the desired identical interference intensities. The proposed system is a promising approach for fabricating high-uniformity two-dimensional crossed gratings with a relatively large grating period range of 500-1500 nm. Moreover, our rapid and stable approach for patterning period-tunable two-dimensional-array microstructures with high uniformity could be applicable to other multibeam interference lithography techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Xue
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Qihang Zhai
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Haiou Lu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Kai Ni
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Liyu Lin
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, the University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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23
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Chen L, Liu Y, Xu H, Ma L, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhu J, Hu X, Yi K, Yang Y, Shen H, Zhou F, Gao X, Cheng Y, Bai L, Duan Y, Wang F, Zhu Y. Touchable cell biophysics property recognition platforms enable multifunctional blood smart health care. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:103. [PMID: 34963817 PMCID: PMC8651774 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
As a crucial biophysical property, red blood cell (RBC) deformability is pathologically altered in numerous disease states, and biochemical and structural changes occur over time in stored samples of otherwise normal RBCs. However, there is still a gap in applying it further to point-of-care blood devices due to the large external equipment (high-resolution microscope and microfluidic pump), associated operational difficulties, and professional analysis. Herein, we revolutionarily propose a smart optofluidic system to provide a differential diagnosis for blood testing via precise cell biophysics property recognition both mechanically and morphologically. Deformation of the RBC population is caused by pressing the hydrogel via an integrated mechanical transfer device. The biophysical properties of the cell population are obtained by the designed smartphone algorithm. Artificial intelligence-based modeling of cell biophysics properties related to blood diseases and quality was developed for online testing. We currently achieve 100% diagnostic accuracy for five typical clinical blood diseases (90 megaloblastic anemia, 78 myelofibrosis, 84 iron deficiency anemia, 48 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and 48 thalassemias) via real-world prospective implementation; furthermore, personalized blood quality (for transfusion in cardiac surgery) monitoring is achieved with an accuracy of 96.9%. This work suggests a potential basis for next-generation blood smart health care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Chen
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Yantong Liu
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Hongshan Xu
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Linlu Ma
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Fang Wang
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Jiaomeng Zhu
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Kezhen Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiaoqi Gao
- Affiliations School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Long Bai
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310002 China
| | - Yongwei Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310002 China
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24
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Dong X, Tong G, Song X, Xiao X, Yu Y. DMD-based hyperspectral microscopy with flexible multiline parallel scanning. Microsyst Nanoeng 2021; 7:68. [PMID: 34567780 PMCID: PMC8433375 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most common hyperspectral microscopy (HSM) techniques, line-scanning HSM is currently utilized in many fields. However, its scanning efficiency is still considered to be inadequate since many biological and chemical processes occur too rapidly to be captured. Accordingly, in this work, a digital micromirror device (DMD) based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is utilized to demonstrate a flexible multiline scanning HSM system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first line-scanning HSM system in which the number of scanning lines N can be tuned by simply changing the DMD's parallel scanning units according to diverse applications. This brilliant strategy of effortless adjustability relies only on on-chip scanning methods and totally exploits the benefits of parallelization, aiming to achieve nearly an N-time improvement in the detection efficiency and an N-time decrease in the scanning time and data volume compared with the single-line method under the same operating conditions. To validate this, we selected a few samples of different spectral wavebands to perform reflection imaging, transmission imaging, and fluorescence imaging with varying numbers of scanning lines. The results show the great potential of our DMD-based HSM system for the rapid development of cellular biology, material analysis, and so on. In addition, its on-chip scanning process eliminates the inherent microscopic architecture, making the whole system compact, lightweight, portable, and not subject to site constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Geng Tong
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Xuankun Song
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Xingchen Xiao
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Yiting Yu
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
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25
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Kim-Lee HJ, Hong SW, Kim DK, Kim J, Kim HS, Chung SW, Cho EH, Kim HS, Lee BK. On-screen fingerprint sensor with optically and electrically tailored transparent electrode patterns for use on high-resolution mobile displays. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:98. [PMID: 34567707 PMCID: PMC8433366 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a mutual capacitive-type on-screen fingerprint sensor, which can recognize fingerprints on a display screen to provide smartphones with full-screen displays with a minimal bezel area, is fabricated. On-screen fingerprint sensors are fabricated using an indium tin oxide transparent conductor with a sheet resistance of ~10 Ω/sq. and a transmittance of ~94% (~86% with the substrate effect) in the visible wavelength range, and assembled onto a display panel. Even at this high transmittance, the electrodes can degrade the display quality when they are placed on the display. The interference between periodic display pixel arrays and sensor patterns can lead to the Moiré phenomenon. It is necessary to find an appropriate sensor pattern that minimizes the Moiré pattern, while maintaining the signal sensitivity. To search for appropriate patterns, a numerical calculation is carried out over wide ranges of pitches and rotation angles. The range is narrowed for an experimental evaluation, which is used to finally determine the sensor design. As the selected sensor pitches are too small to detect capacitance variations, three unit patterns are electrically connected to obtain a unit block generating a larger signal. By applying the selected sensor pattern and circuit driving by block, fingerprint sensing on a display is demonstrated with a prototype built on a commercial smartphone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joon Kim-Lee
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Woo Hong
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyun Kim
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Kim
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Suk Kim
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Whan Chung
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyoung Cho
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Kim
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kyu Lee
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443–803 Republic of Korea
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26
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Bezshlyakh DD, Spende H, Weimann T, Hinze P, Bornemann S, Gülink J, Canals J, Prades JD, Dieguez A, Waag A. Directly addressable GaN-based nano-LED arrays: fabrication and electro-optical characterization. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:88. [PMID: 34567698 PMCID: PMC8433403 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of display technologies has raised interest in arrays of self-emitting, individually controlled light sources atthe microscale. Gallium nitride (GaN) micro-light-emitting diode (LED) technology meets this demand. However, the current technology is not suitable for the fabrication of arrays of submicron light sources that can be controlled individually. Our approach is based on nanoLED arrays that can directly address each array element and a self-pitch with dimensions below the wavelength of light. The design and fabrication processes are explained in detail and possess two geometries: a 6 × 6 array with 400 nm LEDs and a 2 × 32 line array with 200 nm LEDs. These nanoLEDs are developed as core elements of a novel on-chip super-resolution microscope. GaN technology, based on its physical properties, is an ideal platform for such nanoLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria D. Bezshlyakh
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6 a/b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Spende
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6 a/b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Weimann
- Nanostructuring and Clean Room Center Infrastructure, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Hinze
- Nanostructuring and Clean Room Center Infrastructure, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Bornemann
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6 a/b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Gülink
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6 a/b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joan Canals
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Carrer Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Daniel Prades
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Carrer Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Dieguez
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Carrer Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Waag
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Langer Kamp 6 a/b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer Str. 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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27
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Du Y, Zou CL, Zhang C, Wang K, Qiao C, Yao J, Zhao YS. Tuneable red, green, and blue single-mode lasing in heterogeneously coupled organic spherical microcavities. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:151. [PMID: 32904405 PMCID: PMC7455725 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tuneable microlasers that span the full visible spectrum, particularly red, green, and blue (RGB) colors, are of crucial importance for various optical devices. However, RGB microlasers usually operate in multimode because the mode selection strategy cannot be applied to the entire visible spectrum simultaneously, which has severely restricted their applications in on-chip optical processing and communication. Here, an approach for the generation of tuneable multicolor single-mode lasers in heterogeneously coupled microresonators composed of distinct spherical microcavities is proposed. With each microcavity serving as both a whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) resonator and a modulator for the other microcavities, a single-mode laser has been achieved. The colors of the single-mode lasers can be freely designed by changing the optical gain in coupled cavities owing to the flexibility of the organic materials. Benefiting from the excellent compatibility, distinct color-emissive microspheres can be integrated to form a heterogeneously coupled system, where tuneable RGB single-mode lasing is realized owing to the capability for optical coupling between multiple resonators. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the lasing modulation that might lead to innovation in structure designs for photonic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Chunhuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chan Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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28
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Lin H, Xu ZQ, Cao G, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wan Z, Liu Z, Loh KP, Qiu CW, Bao Q, Jia B. Diffraction-limited imaging with monolayer 2D material-based ultrathin flat lenses. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:137. [PMID: 32821378 PMCID: PMC7421448 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin flat optics allow control of light at the subwavelength scale that is unmatched by traditional refractive optics. To approach the atomically thin limit, the use of 2D materials is an attractive possibility due to their high refractive indices. However, achievement of diffraction-limited focusing and imaging is challenged by their thickness-limited spatial resolution and focusing efficiency. Here we report a universal method to transform 2D monolayers into ultrathin flat lenses. Femtosecond laser direct writing was applied to generate local scattering media inside a monolayer, which overcomes the longstanding challenge of obtaining sufficient phase or amplitude modulation in atomically thin 2D materials. We achieved highly efficient 3D focusing with subwavelength resolution and diffraction-limited imaging. The high focusing performance even allows diffraction-limited imaging at different focal positions with varying magnifications. Our work paves the way for downscaling of optical devices using 2D materials and reports an unprecedented approach for fabricating ultrathin imaging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Zai-Quan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Guiyuan Cao
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Lab of Artificial Microstructure for Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Zhichen Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
- The Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, P. O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia
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29
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Li J, Thiele S, Quirk BC, Kirk RW, Verjans JW, Akers E, Bursill CA, Nicholls SJ, Herkommer AM, Giessen H, McLaughlin RA. Ultrathin monolithic 3D printed optical coherence tomography endoscopy for preclinical and clinical use. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:124. [PMID: 32704357 PMCID: PMC7371638 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical diagnostics increasingly rely on techniques to visualize internal organs at high resolution via endoscopes. Miniaturized endoscopic probes are necessary for imaging small luminal or delicate organs without causing trauma to tissue. However, current fabrication methods limit the imaging performance of highly miniaturized probes, restricting their widespread application. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel ultrathin probe fabrication technique that utilizes 3D microprinting to reliably create side-facing freeform micro-optics (<130 µm diameter) on single-mode fibers. Using this technique, we built a fully functional ultrathin aberration-corrected optical coherence tomography probe. This is the smallest freeform 3D imaging probe yet reported, with a diameter of 0.457 mm, including the catheter sheath. We demonstrated image quality and mechanical flexibility by imaging atherosclerotic human and mouse arteries. The ability to provide microstructural information with the smallest optical coherence tomography catheter opens a gateway for novel minimally invasive applications in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Simon Thiele
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bryden C. Quirk
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Rodney W. Kirk
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Johan W. Verjans
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Emma Akers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Christina A. Bursill
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Stephen J. Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Alois M. Herkommer
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
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30
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Chen L, Lin W, Wang H, Li J, Kang J. Reversing abnormal hole localization in high-Al-content AlGaN quantum well to enhance deep ultraviolet emission by regulating the orbital state coupling. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:104. [PMID: 32577220 PMCID: PMC7299972 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AlGaN has attracted considerable interest for ultraviolet (UV) applications. With the development of UV optoelectronic devices, abnormal carrier confinement behaviour has been observed for c-plane-oriented AlGaN quantum wells (QWs) with high Al content. Because of the dispersive crystal field split-off hole band (CH band) composed of p z orbitals, the abnormal confinement becomes the limiting factor for efficient UV light emission. This observation differs from the widely accepted concept that confinement of carriers at the lowest quantum level is more pronounced than that at higher quantum levels, which has been an established conclusion for conventional continuous potential wells. In particular, orientational p z orbitals are sensitive to the confinement direction in line with the conducting direction, which affects the orbital intercoupling. In this work, models of Al0.75Ga0.25N/AlN QWs constructed with variable lattice orientations were used to investigate the orbital intercoupling among atoms between the well and barrier regions. Orbital engineering of QWs was implemented by changing the orbital state confinement, with the well plane inclined from 0° to 90° at a step of 30° (referred to the c plane). The barrier potential and transition rate at the band edge were enhanced through this orbital engineering. The concept of orbital engineering was also demonstrated through the construction of inclined QW planes on semi- and nonpolar planes implemented in microrods with pyramid-shaped tops. The higher emission intensity from the QWs on the nonpolar plane compared with those on the polar plane was confirmed via localized cathodoluminescence (CL) maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Micro-nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications; Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices; Department of Physics, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
- Present Address: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 315201 Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Micro-nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications; Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices; Department of Physics, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Huiqiong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Micro-nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications; Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices; Department of Physics, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Jinchai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Micro-nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications; Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices; Department of Physics, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Junyong Kang
- Engineering Research Center of Micro-nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials and Applications; Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices; Department of Physics, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
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31
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Zhang Q, Ni J, Qiu CW. Vortex 4.0 on chip. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:103. [PMID: 32577219 PMCID: PMC7297961 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has promising applications, ranging from information multiplexing andhigh-speed optical communication to computation. Dynamically tunable and switchable vortex microlasers combinedwith direct photocurrent detection of the topological charges of OAM states have paved unexplored routes for thedevelopment and integration of fourth-generation (4.0) vortex technology, potentially on chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Jincheng Ni
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
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32
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Kim H, Kyhm K, Taylor RA, Kim JS, Song JD, Park S. Optical shaping of the polarization anisotropy in a laterally coupled quantum dot dimer. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:100. [PMID: 32566170 PMCID: PMC7286917 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We find that the emission from laterally coupled quantum dots is strongly polarized along the coupled direction [11 ¯ 0], and its polarization anisotropy can be shaped by changing the orientation of the polarized excitation. When the nonresonant excitation is linearly polarized perpendicular to the coupled direction [110], excitons (X1 and X2) and local biexcitons (X1X1 and X2X2) from the two separate quantum dots (QD1 and QD2) show emission anisotropy with a small degree of polarization (10%). On the other hand, when the excitation polarization is parallel to the coupled direction [11 ¯ 0], the polarization anisotropy of excitons, local biexcitons, and coupled biexcitons (X1X2) is enhanced with a degree of polarization of 74%. We also observed a consistent anisotropy in the time-resolved photoluminescence. The decay rate of the polarized photoluminescence intensity along the coupled direction is relatively high, but the anisotropic decay rate can be modified by changing the orientation of the polarized excitation. An energy difference is also observed between the polarized emission spectra parallel and perpendicular to the coupled direction, and it increases by up to three times by changing the excitation polarization orientation from [110] to [11 ¯ 0]. These results suggest that the dipole-dipole interaction across the two separate quantum dots is mediated and that the anisotropic wavefunctions of the excitons and biexcitons are shaped by the excitation polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heedae Kim
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, 130024 Changchun, China
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - Kwangseuk Kyhm
- Department of Opto-mechatronics, Pusan Nat’l University, Busan, 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Robert A. Taylor
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU UK
| | - Jong Su Kim
- Department of Physics, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Dong Song
- Nano-Photonics Research Center, KIST, Seoul, 136-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyun Park
- Department of Physics, Pusan Nat’l University, Busan, 609-735 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In this work, it is presented a micro-optofluidic flow detector used for on-chip biological and chemical samples investigation. It is made in Poly-dimethyl-siloxane using a master-slave approach based on the 3D-Printing techniques. The micro-optofluidic device is made by assembling a microfluidic T-junction with a micro-optical section that consists of two optical fiber insertions and a PDMS gold-spattered micro-waveguide. The working principle in the detection is based on a different light transmission correlated to the fluid interfering with the laser beam in a micro-channel section. The proposed solution allows to realize a PDMS micro-device taking the advantage of 3D- Printing and goes beyond the restriction in the material selection. The device's performances were tested in the fluids detection and in the evaluation of the cell concentrations. Additionally, the micro-device was used as a real-time two-phase fluids flow detector. The two-phases flows were successfully monitored in different experimental conditions, varying both hydrodynamic and optical external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cairone
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Santi Davi
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Giovanna Stella
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Recca
- National Research Council of Italy - IPCB Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, via Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cicala
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, CT, Italy
| | - Maide Bucolo
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, CT, Italy.
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34
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Chen S, Chen J, Zhang X, Li ZY, Li J. Kirigami/origami: unfolding the new regime of advanced 3D microfabrication/nanofabrication with "folding". Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:75. [PMID: 32377337 PMCID: PMC7193558 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Advanced kirigami/origami provides an automated technique for modulating the mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of existing materials, with remarkable flexibility, diversity, functionality, generality, and reconfigurability. In this paper, we review the latest progress in kirigami/origami on the microscale/nanoscale as a new platform for advanced 3D microfabrication/nanofabrication. Various stimuli of kirigami/origami, including capillary forces, residual stress, mechanical stress, responsive forces, and focussed-ion-beam irradiation-induced stress, are introduced in the microscale/nanoscale region. These stimuli enable direct 2D-to-3D transformations through folding, bending, and twisting of microstructures/nanostructures, with which the occupied spatial volume can vary by several orders of magnitude compared to the 2D precursors. As an instant and direct method, ion-beam irradiation-based tree-type and close-loop nano-kirigami is highlighted in particular. The progress in microscale/nanoscale kirigami/origami for reshaping the emerging 2D materials, as well as the potential for biological, optical and reconfigurable applications, is briefly discussed. With the unprecedented physical characteristics and applicable functionalities generated by kirigami/origami, a wide range of applications in the fields of optics, physics, biology, chemistry and engineering can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- 1Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- 2College of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- 1Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- 2College of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafang Li
- 1Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, and School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
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35
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Bogucki A, Zinkiewicz Ł, Grzeszczyk M, Pacuski W, Nogajewski K, Kazimierczuk T, Rodek A, Suffczyński J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Wasylczyk P, Potemski M, Kossacki P. Ultra-long-working-distance spectroscopy of single nanostructures with aspherical solid immersion microlenses. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:48. [PMID: 32257179 PMCID: PMC7101340 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In light science and applications, equally important roles are played by efficient light emitters/detectors and by the optical elements responsible for light extraction and delivery. The latter should be simple, cost effective, broadband, versatile and compatible with other components of widely desired micro-optical systems. Ideally, they should also operate without high-numerical-aperture optics. Here, we demonstrate that all these requirements can be met with elliptical microlenses 3D printed on top of light emitters. Importantly, the microlenses we propose readily form the collected light into an ultra-low divergence beam (half-angle divergence below 1°) perfectly suited for ultra-long-working-distance optical measurements (600 mm with a 1-inch collection lens), which are not accessible to date with other spectroscopic techniques. Our microlenses can be fabricated on a wide variety of samples, including semiconductor quantum dots and fragile van der Waals heterostructures made of novel two-dimensional materials, such as monolayer and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Bogucki
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zinkiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Pacuski
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Nogajewski
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kazimierczuk
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Rodek
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Suffczyński
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Piotr Wasylczyk
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Potemski
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-UJF-UPS-INSA, avenue des Martyrs 25, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Piotr Kossacki
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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36
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Fathy A, Sabry YM, Nazeer S, Bourouina T, Khalil DA. On-chip parallel Fourier transform spectrometer for broadband selective infrared spectral sensing. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:10. [PMID: 34567625 PMCID: PMC8433235 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectrometers enable contactless chemical analysis. However, decreasing both their size and cost appears to be a prerequisite to their widespread deployment. Chip-scale implementation of optical spectrometers still requires tackling two main challenges. First, operation over a broad spectral range extending to the infrared is required to enable covering the molecular absorption spectrum of a broad variety of materials. This is addressed in our work with an Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)-based Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with an embedded movable micro-mirror on a silicon chip. Second, fine spectral resolution Δλ is also required to facilitate screening over several chemicals. A fundamental limit states that Δλ is inversely proportional to the mirror motion range, which cannot exceed the chip size. To boost the spectral resolution beyond this limit, we propose the concept of parallel (or multi-core) FTIR, where multiple interferometers provide complementary optical paths using the same actuator and within the same chip. The concept scalability is validated with 4 interferometers, leading to approximately 3 times better spectral resolution. After the atmospheric contents of a greenhouse gas are monitored, the methane absorption bands are successfully measured and discriminated using the presented device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Fathy
- Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, 1 Elsarayat St. Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
- Université Paris-Est, ESYCOM EA 2552, ESIEE Paris, 93162 Noisy-le-Grand, France
| | - Yasser M. Sabry
- Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, 1 Elsarayat St. Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sébastien Nazeer
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarik Bourouina
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
- Université Paris-Est, ESYCOM EA 2552, ESIEE Paris, 93162 Noisy-le-Grand, France
| | - Diaa A. Khalil
- Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, 1 Elsarayat St. Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt
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37
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Yang J, Qian C, Xie X, Peng K, Wu S, Song F, Sun S, Dang J, Yu Y, Shi S, He J, Steer MJ, Thayne IG, Li BB, Bo F, Xiao YF, Zuo Z, Jin K, Gu C, Xu X. Diabolical points in coupled active cavities with quantum emitters. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:6. [PMID: 31969981 PMCID: PMC6957493 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In single microdisks, embedded active emitters intrinsically affect the cavity modes of the microdisks, resulting in trivial symmetric backscattering and low controllability. Here we demonstrate macroscopic control of the backscattering direction by optimizing the cavity size. The signature of the positive and negative backscattering directions in each single microdisk is confirmed with two strongly coupled microdisks. Furthermore, diabolical points are achieved at the resonance of the two microdisks, which agrees well with theoretical calculations considering the backscattering directions. Diabolical points in active optical structures pave the way for an implementation of quantum information processing with geometric phase in quantum photonic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chenjiang Qian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xin Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kai Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shiyao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Feilong Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Sibai Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jianchen Dang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shushu Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jiongji He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Matthew J. Steer
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
| | - Iain G. Thayne
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Fang Bo
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanchun Zuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
| | - Changzhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiulai Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808 Guangdong China
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38
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Horváth ÁC, Borbély S, Boros ÖC, Komáromi L, Koppa P, Barthó P, Fekete Z. Infrared neural stimulation and inhibition using an implantable silicon photonic microdevice. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:44. [PMID: 34567656 PMCID: PMC8433474 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain is one of the most temperature sensitive organs. Besides the fundamental role of temperature in cellular metabolism, thermal response of neuronal populations is also significant during the evolution of various neurodegenerative diseases. For such critical environmental factor, thorough mapping of cellular response to variations in temperature is desired in the living brain. So far, limited efforts have been made to create complex devices that are able to modulate temperature, and concurrently record multiple features of the stimulated region. In our work, the in vivo application of a multimodal photonic neural probe is demonstrated. Optical, thermal, and electrophysiological functions are monolithically integrated in a single device. The system facilitates spatial and temporal control of temperature distribution at high precision in the deep brain tissue through an embedded infrared waveguide, while it provides recording of the artefact-free electrical response of individual cells at multiple locations along the probe shaft. Spatial distribution of the optically induced temperature changes is evaluated through in vitro measurements and a validated multi-physical model. The operation of the multimodal microdevice is demonstrated in the rat neocortex and in the hippocampus to increase or suppress firing rate of stimulated neurons in a reversible manner using continuous wave infrared light (λ = 1550 nm). Our approach is envisioned to be a promising candidate as an advanced experimental toolset to reveal thermally evoked responses in the deep neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágoston Csaba Horváth
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute for Technical Physics & Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Óbuda University Doctoral School on Materials Sciences and Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Borbély
- MTA TTK NAP Sleep Oscillations Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Örs Csanád Boros
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lili Komáromi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Koppa
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barthó
- MTA TTK NAP Sleep Oscillations Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fekete
- Research Group for Implantable Microsystems, Faculty of Information Technology & Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- Microsystems Laboratory, Institute for Technical Physics & Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
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39
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Kim I, Mun J, Hwang W, Yang Y, Rho J. Capillary-force-induced collapse lithography for controlled plasmonic nanogap structures. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:65. [PMID: 34567676 PMCID: PMC8433176 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The capillary force effect is one of the most important fabrication parameters that must be considered at the micro/nanoscale because it is strong enough to deform micro/nanostructures. However, the deformation of micro/nanostructures due to such capillary forces (e.g., stiction and collapse) has been regarded as an undesirable and uncontrollable obstacle to be avoided during fabrication. Here, we present a capillary-force-induced collapse lithography (CCL) technique, which exploits the capillary force to precisely control the collapse of micro/nanostructures. CCL uses electron-beam lithography, so nanopillars with various shapes can be fabricated by precisely controlling the capillary-force-dominant cohesion process and the nanopillar-geometry-dominant collapse process by adjusting the fabrication parameters such as the development time, electron dose, and shape of the nanopillars. CCL aims to achieve sub-10-nm plasmonic nanogap structures that promote extremely strong focusing of light. CCL is a simple and straightforward method to realize such nanogap structures that are needed for further research such as on plasmonic nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseup Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials and Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
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40
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Khan W, Jia Y, Madi F, Weber A, Ghovanloo M, Li W. Inductively coupled, mm-sized, single channel optical neuro-stimulator with intensity enhancer. Microsyst Nanoeng 2019; 5:23. [PMID: 31231537 PMCID: PMC6545326 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a single channel neuro-stimulator consisting of a reflector-coupled microscale light emitting diode (µLED) with an integrated mm-sized wireless receiver (Rx) coil for free-floating, battery-free, untethered optogenetics neuromodulation. The system utilizes a two-coil inductive link to deliver instantaneous power at a low operating frequency (<100 MHz) for continuous optical stimulation with minimized invasiveness and tissue exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Coupling a microscale reflector to the µLED provides significant light intensity enhancement compared to a bare µLED. Our activated stimulators have an operational temperature increase of <1 °C, well below the safety limit of biomedical implants. In vivo experiment and histological analysis verify the efficacy of wireless optical stimulation in the primary visual cortex of rats, using c-Fos biomarker as a reporter of light-evoked neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasif Khan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Fatma Madi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Arthur Weber
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Maysam Ghovanloo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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41
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Lu HY, Tian SC, Tong CZ, Wang LJ, Rong JM, Liu CY, Wang H, Shu SL, Wang LJ. Extracting more light for vertical emission: high power continuous wave operation of 1.3-μm quantum-dot photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser based on a flat band. Light Sci Appl 2019; 8:108. [PMID: 31798847 PMCID: PMC6874546 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
For long distance optical interconnects, 1.3-μm surface-emitting lasers are key devices. However, the low output power of several milliwatts limits their application. In this study, by introducing a two-dimensional photonic-crystal and using InAs quantum dots as active materials, a continuous-wave, 13.3-mW output power, 1.3-μm wavelength, room-temperature surface-emitting laser is achieved. In addition, such a device can be operated at high temperatures of up to 90 °C. The enhanced output power results from the flat band structure of the photonic crystal and an extra feedback mechanism. Surface emission is realized by photonic crystal diffraction and thus the distributed Bragg reflector is eliminated. The proposed device provides a means to overcome the limitations of low-power 1.3-μm surface-emitting lasers and increase the number of applications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Yu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Si-Cong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
- Bimberg Chinese-German Center for Green Photonics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
| | - Cun-Zhu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
| | - Li-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
| | - Jia-Min Rong
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong-Yang Liu
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Li Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033 Changchun, China
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42
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Abstract
Single-celled photosynthetic bacteria determine the direction of incoming light by acting as lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Dieckmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Telsa Mittelmeier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
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43
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Schuergers N, Lenn T, Kampmann R, Meissner MV, Esteves T, Temerinac-Ott M, Korvink JG, Lowe AR, Mullineaux CW, Wilde A. Cyanobacteria use micro-optics to sense light direction. eLife 2016; 5:12620. [PMID: 26858197 PMCID: PMC4758948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phototaxis was first recognized over a century ago, but the method by which such small cells can sense the direction of illumination has remained puzzling. The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 moves with Type IV pili and measures light intensity and color with a range of photoreceptors. Here, we show that individual Synechocystis cells do not respond to a spatiotemporal gradient in light intensity, but rather they directly and accurately sense the position of a light source. We show that directional light sensing is possible because Synechocystis cells act as spherical microlenses, allowing the cell to see a light source and move towards it. A high-resolution image of the light source is focused on the edge of the cell opposite to the source, triggering movement away from the focused spot. Spherical cyanobacteria are probably the world's smallest and oldest example of a camera eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schuergers
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tchern Lenn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Kampmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus V Meissner
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tiago Esteves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, , Portugal
| | - Maja Temerinac-Ott
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alan R Lowe
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London, United Kingdom.,Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Wilde
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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