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Escalera-López D, Iffelsberger C, Zlatar M, Novčić K, Maselj N, Van Pham C, Jovanovič P, Hodnik N, Thiele S, Pumera M, Cherevko S. Allotrope-dependent activity-stability relationships of molybdenum sulfide hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3601. [PMID: 38684654 PMCID: PMC11058198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is widely regarded as a competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst to replace platinum in proton exchange membrane water electrolysers (PEMWEs). Despite the extensive knowledge of its HER activity, stability insights under HER operation are scarce. This is paramount to ensure long-term operation of Pt-free PEMWEs, and gain full understanding on the electrocatalytically-induced processes responsible for HER active site generation. The latter are highly dependent on the MoS2 allotropic phase, and still under debate. We rigorously assess these by simultaneously monitoring Mo and S dissolution products using a dedicated scanning flow cell coupled with downstream analytics (ICP-MS), besides an electrochemical mass spectrometry setup for volatile species analysis. We observe that MoS2 stability is allotrope-dependent: lamellar-like MoS2 is highly unstable under open circuit conditions, whereas cluster-like amorphous MoS3-x instability is induced by a severe S loss during the HER and undercoordinated Mo site generation. Guidelines to operate non-noble PEMWEs are therefore provided based on the stability number metrics, and an HER mechanism which accounts for Mo and S dissolution pathways is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Escalera-López
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christian Iffelsberger
- Future Energy and Innovation Technology, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkiňova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Zlatar
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarina Novčić
- Future Energy and Innovation Technology, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkiňova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nik Maselj
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chuyen Van Pham
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Thiele
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Technology, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkiňova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block, Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Komma M, Freiberg ATS, Abbas D, Arslan F, Milosevic M, Cherevko S, Thiele S, Böhm T. Applicability of Single-Layer Graphene as a Hydrogen-Blocking Interlayer in Low-Temperature PEMFCs. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16. [PMID: 38676629 PMCID: PMC11082842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Gas crossover is critical in proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based electrochemical systems. Recently, single-layer graphene (SLG) has gained great research interest due to its outstanding properties as a barrier layer for small molecules like hydrogen. However, the applicability of SLG as a gas-blocking interlayer in PEMs has yet to be fully understood. In this work, two different approaches for transferring SLG from a copper or a polymeric substrate onto PEMs are compared regarding their application in low-temperature PEM fuel cells. The SLG is sandwiched between two Nafion XL membranes to form a stable composite membrane. The successful transfer is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and in ex situ hydrogen permeation experiments in the dry state, where a reduction of 50% upon SLG incorporation is achieved. The SLG composite membranes are characterized by their performance and hydrogen-blocking ability in a fuel cell setup at typical operating conditions of 80 °C and with fully humidified gases. The performance of the fuel cell incorporating an SLG composite membrane is equal to that of the reference cell when avoiding the direct etching process from a copper substrate, as remnants from copper etching deteriorate the performance of the fuel cell. For both transfer processes, the hydrogen crossover reduction of SLG composite membranes is only 15-19% (1.5 barabs) in the operating fuel cell. Further, hydrogen pumping experiments suggest that the barrier function of SLG impairs the water transport through the membrane, which may affect water management in electrochemical applications. In summary, this work shows the successful transfer of SLG into a PEM and confirms the effective hydrogen-blocking capability of the SLG interlayer. However, the hydrogen-blocking ability is significantly reduced when running the cell at the typical humidified operating conditions of PEM fuel cells, which follows from a combination of reversible interlayer alteration upon humidification and irreversible defect formation upon PEM fuel cell operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Komma
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna T. S. Freiberg
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dunia Abbas
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Funda Arslan
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja Milosevic
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr.1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Imiolczyk C, Pfau TK, Thiele S, Karst J, Floess M, Schmid M, Hentschel M, Giessen H. Ultracompact wavefront characterization of femtosecond 3D printed microlenses using double-frequency Ronchi interferometry. Opt Express 2024; 32:9777-9789. [PMID: 38571203 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
3D printed microoptics have become important tools for miniature endoscopy, novel CMOS-based on-chip sensors, OCT-fibers, among others. Until now, only image quality and spot diagrams were available for optical characterization. Here, we introduce Ronchi interferometry as ultracompact and quick quantitative analysis method for measuring the wavefront aberrations after propagating coherent light through the 3D printed miniature optics. We compare surface shapes by 3D confocal microscopy with optical characterizations by Ronchi interferograms. Phase retrieval gives us the transversal wave front aberration map, which indicates that the aberrations of our microlenses that have been printed with a Nanoscribe GT or Quantum X printer exhibit RMS wavefront aberrations as small as λ/20, Strehl ratios larger than 0.91, and near-diffraction limited modulation transfer functions. Our method will be crucial for future developments of 3D printed microoptics, as the method is ultracompact, ultra-stable, and very fast regarding measurement and evaluation. It could fit directly into a 3D printer and allows for in-situ measurements right after printing as well as fast iterations for improving the shape of the optical surface.
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4
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Hager L, Hegelheimer M, Stonawski J, Freiberg ATS, Jaramillo-Hernández C, Abellán G, Hutzler A, Böhm T, Thiele S, Kerres J. Novel side chain functionalized polystyrene/O-PBI blends with high alkaline stability for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). J Mater Chem A Mater 2023; 11:22347-22359. [PMID: 38013811 PMCID: PMC10597322 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta02978f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a polystyrene-based anion exchange polymer bearing the cationic charge at a C6-spacer. The polymer is prepared by a functionalized monomer strategy. First, a copper halide catalyzed C-C coupling reaction between a styryl Grignard and 1,6-dibromohexane is applied, followed by quaternization with N-methylpiperidine and free radical polymerization. The novel polymer is blended with the polybenzimidazole O-PBI to yield mechanically stable blend membranes representing a new class of anion exchange membranes. In this regard, the ratio of the novel anion exchange polymer to O-PBI is varied to study the influence on water uptake and ionic conductivity. Blend membranes with IECs between 1.58 meq. OH- g-1 and 2.20 meq. OH- g-1 are prepared. The latter shows excellent performance in AEMWE, reaching 2.0 A cm-2 below 1.8 V in 1 M KOH at 70 °C, with a minor degradation rate from the start. The blend membranes show no conductivity loss after immersion in 1 M KOH at 85 °C for six weeks indicating high alkaline stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Hager
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Manuel Hegelheimer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Stonawski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Anna T S Freiberg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Paterna Spain
| | - Andreas Hutzler
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Kerres
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Cauerstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Chemical Resource Beneficiation Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
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5
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Maier M, Abbas D, Komma M, Mu'min MS, Thiele S, Böhm T. A comprehensive study on the ionomer properties of PFSA membranes with confocal Raman microscopy. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Minichová M, Van Pham C, Xiao B, Savan A, Hutzler A, Körner A, Khalakhan I, Rodríguez MG, Mangoufis-Giasin I, Briega-Martos V, Kormányos A, Katsounaros I, Mayrhofer KJ, Ludwig A, Thiele S, Cherevko S. Isopropanol Electro-Oxidation on Pt-Ru-Ir: A Journey from Model Thin-Film Libraries Towards Real Electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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7
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Schmid M, Thiele S, Herkommer A, Giessen H. Adjustment-free two-sided 3D direct laser writing for aligned micro-optics on both substrate sides. Opt Lett 2023; 48:131-134. [PMID: 36563386 DOI: 10.1364/ol.476448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3D direct laser writing is a powerful and widely used tool to create complex micro-optics. The fabrication method offers two different writing modes. During the immersion mode, an immersion medium is applied between the objective and the substrate while the photoresist is exposed on its back side. Alternatively, when using the dip-in mode, the objective is in direct contact with the photoresist and the structure is fabricated on the objective facing side of the substrate. In this Letter, we demonstrate the combination of dip-in and photoresist immersion printing, by using the photoresist itself as immersion medium. This way, two parts of a doublet objective can be fabricated on the front and back sides of a substrate, using it as a spacer with a lateral registration below 1 µm and without the need of additional alignment. This approach also enables the alignment free combination of different photoresists on the back and front sides. We use this benefit by printing a black aperture on the back of the substrate, while the objective lens is printed on the front.
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8
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Murphy L, Alfano L, Brazzo K, Johnson N, Laurent J, Mathews K, Thiele S, Vissing J, Walter M, Woods L, Ørstavik K, Straub V. P.175 Global FKRP registry - the research database for limb girdle muscular dystrophy R9 (2I). Neuromuscul Disord 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.07.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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James M, Dressman HG, Hilsden H, Rufibach L, Human A, Duong T, Maron E, DeWolf B, Rose K, Siener C, Thiele S, Práxedes NSA, Canal A, Holsten S, Sakamoto C, Pedrosa-Hernández I, Bello L, Alfano L, Lowes LP, Straub V, Mayhew A. P.162 Clinical outcome study of dysferlinopathy: Performance of upper limb entry item to predict forced vital capacity in dysferlinopathy (LGMDR2). Neuromuscul Disord 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.07.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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10
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Fizazi K, Smith M, Hussain M, Saad F, Sternberg C, Crawford E, Aragon-Ching J, Thiele S, Kapur S, Mohamed A, Srinivasan S, Li R, Kuss I, Joensuu H, Tombal B. 1360MO Quality of life and patient-relevant endpoints with darolutamide in the phase III ARASENS study. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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11
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Abbas D, Mu'min MS, Bonanno M, Thiele S, Böhm T. Active solution heating and cooling in electrospinning enabling spinnability from various solvents. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Abbas
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Muhammad S. Mu'min
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Bonanno
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11) Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK‐11) Erlangen Germany
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Ku YP, Ehelebe K, Hutzler A, Bierling M, Böhm T, Zitolo A, Vorokhta M, Bibent N, Speck FD, Seeberger D, Khalakhan I, Mayrhofer KJJ, Thiele S, Jaouen F, Cherevko S. Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media Causes Iron Leaching from Fe-N-C Electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9753-9763. [PMID: 35609284 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical activity of modern Fe-N-C electrocatalysts in alkaline media is on par with that of platinum. For successful application in fuel cells (FCs), however, also high durability and longevity must be demonstrated. Currently, a limited understanding of degradation pathways, especially under operando conditions, hinders the design and synthesis of simultaneously active and stable Fe-N-C electrocatalysts. In this work, using a gas diffusion electrode half-cell coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry setup, Fe dissolution is studied under conditions close to those in FCs, that is, with a porous catalyst layer (CL) and at current densities up to -125 mA·cm-2. Varying the rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), we show a remarkable linear correlation between the Faradaic charge passed through the electrode and the amount of Fe dissolved from the electrode. This finding is rationalized assuming that oxygen reduction and Fe dissolution reactions are interlinked, likely through a common intermediate formed during the Fe redox transitions in Fe species involved in the ORR, such as FeNxCy and Fe3C@N-C. Moreover, such a linear correlation allows the application of a simple metric─S-number─to report the material's stability. Hence, in the current work, a powerful tool for a more applied stability screening of different electrocatalysts is introduced, which allows on the one hand fast performance investigations under more realistic conditions, and on the other hand a more advanced mechanistic understanding of Fe-N-C degradation in CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Ku
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konrad Ehelebe
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutzler
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Zitolo
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'orme des Merisiers, BP 48 Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Bibent
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian D Speck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Seeberger
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivan Khalakhan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Jaouen
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Bremer L, Jimenez C, Thiele S, Weber K, Huber T, Rodt S, Herkommer A, Burger S, Höfling S, Giessen H, Reitzenstein S. Numerical optimization of single-mode fiber-coupled single-photon sources based on semiconductor quantum dots. Opt Express 2022; 30:15913-15928. [PMID: 36221446 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We perform extended numerical studies to maximize the overall photon coupling efficiency of fiber-coupled quantum dot single-photon sources emitting in the near-infrared and O-band and C-band. Using the finite element method, we optimize the photon extraction and fiber-coupling efficiency of quantum dot single-photon sources based on micromesas, microlenses, circular Bragg grating cavities and micropillars. The numerical simulations which consider the entire system consisting of the quantum dot source itself, the coupling lens, and the single-mode fiber, yield overall photon coupling efficiencies of up to 83%. Our work provides objectified comparability of different fiber-coupled single-photon sources and proposes optimized geometries for the realization of practical and highly efficient quantum dot single-photon sources.
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14
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Abstract
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This Review provides an overview
of the emerging concepts of catalysts,
membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for water electrolyzers
with anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), also known as zero-gap alkaline
water electrolyzers. Much of the recent progress is due to improvements
in materials chemistry, MEA designs, and optimized operation conditions.
Research on anion-exchange polymers (AEPs) has focused on the cationic
head/backbone/side-chain structures and key properties such as ionic
conductivity and alkaline stability. Several approaches, such as cross-linking,
microphase, and organic/inorganic composites, have been proposed to
improve the anion-exchange performance and the chemical and mechanical
stability of AEMs. Numerous AEMs now exceed values of 0.1 S/cm (at
60–80 °C), although the stability specifically at temperatures
exceeding 60 °C needs further enhancement. The oxygen evolution
reaction (OER) is still a limiting factor. An analysis of thin-layer
OER data suggests that NiFe-type catalysts have the highest activity.
There is debate on the active-site mechanism of the NiFe catalysts,
and their long-term stability needs to be understood. Addition of
Co to NiFe increases the conductivity of these catalysts. The same
analysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) shows carbon-supported
Pt to be dominating, although PtNi alloys and clusters of Ni(OH)2 on Pt show competitive activities. Recent advances in forming
and embedding well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles on functionalized high-surface-area
carbon supports show promising HER activities. However, the stability
of these catalysts under actual AEMWE operating conditions needs to
be proven. The field is advancing rapidly but could benefit through
the adaptation of new in situ techniques, standardized evaluation
protocols for AEMWE conditions, and innovative catalyst-structure
designs. Nevertheless, single AEM water electrolyzer cells have been
operated for several thousand hours at temperatures and current densities
as high as 60 °C and 1 A/cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Du
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Claudie Roy
- Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,National Research Council of Canada, 2620 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada
| | - Retha Peach
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bock
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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15
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Li J, Thiele S, Kirk RW, Quirk BC, Hoogendoorn A, Chen YC, Peter K, Nicholls SJ, Verjans JW, Psaltis PJ, Bursill C, Herkommer AM, Giessen H, McLaughlin RA. 3D-Printed Micro Lens-in-Lens for In Vivo Multimodal Microendoscopy. Small 2022; 18:e2107032. [PMID: 35229467 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal microendoscopes enable co-located structural and molecular measurements in vivo, thus providing useful insights into the pathological changes associated with disease. However, different optical imaging modalities often have conflicting optical requirements for optimal lens design. For example, a high numerical aperture (NA) lens is needed to realize high-sensitivity fluorescence measurements. In contrast, optical coherence tomography (OCT) demands a low NA to achieve a large depth of focus. These competing requirements present a significant challenge in the design and fabrication of miniaturized imaging probes that are capable of supporting high-quality multiple modalities simultaneously. An optical design is demonstrated which uses two-photon 3D printing to create a miniaturized lens that is simultaneously optimized for these conflicting imaging modalities. The lens-in-lens design contains distinct but connected optical surfaces that separately address the needs of both fluorescence and OCT imaging within a lens of 330 µm diameter. This design shows an improvement in fluorescence sensitivity of >10x in contrast to more conventional fiber-optic design approaches. This lens-in-lens is then integrated into an intravascular catheter probe with a diameter of 520 µm. The first simultaneous intravascular OCT and fluorescence imaging of a mouse artery in vivo is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Simon Thiele
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rodney W Kirk
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Bryden C Quirk
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Ayla Hoogendoorn
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Yung Chih Chen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Bio21 Institute, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Bio21 Institute, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Johan W Verjans
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Peter J Psaltis
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Christina Bursill
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Alois M Herkommer
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert A McLaughlin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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16
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Toulouse A, Drozella J, Motzfeld P, Fahrbach N, Aslani V, Thiele S, Giessen H, Herkommer AM. Ultra-compact 3D-printed wide-angle cameras realized by multi-aperture freeform optical design. Opt Express 2022; 30:707-720. [PMID: 35209256 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous realization of ultra-large field of view (FOV), large lateral image size, and a small form factor is one of the challenges in imaging lens design and fabrication. All combined this yields an extensive flow of information while conserving ease of integration where space is limited. Here, we present concepts, correction methods and realizations towards freeform multi-aperture wide-angle cameras fabricated by femtosecond direct laser writing (fsDLW). The 3D printing process gives us the design freedom to create 180° × 360° cameras with a flat form factor in the micrometer range by splitting the FOV into several apertures. Highly tilted and decentered non-rotational lens shapes as well as catadioptric elements are used in the optical design to map the FOV onto a flat surface in a Scheimpflug manner. We present methods to measure and correct freeform surfaces with up to 180° surface normals by confocal measurements, and iterative fabrication via fsDLW. Finally, approaches for digital distortion correction and image stitching are demonstrated and two realizations of freeform multi-aperture wide-angle cameras are presented.
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17
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Arslan F, Chuluunbandi K, Freiberg ATS, Kormanyos A, Sit F, Cherevko S, Kerres J, Thiele S, Böhm T. Performance of Quaternized Polybenzimidazole-Cross-Linked Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) Membranes in HT-PEMFCs. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:56584-56596. [PMID: 34784464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are mostly based on acid-doped membranes composed of polybenzimidazole (PBI). A severe drawback of acid-doped membranes is the deterioration of mechanical properties upon increasing acid-doping levels. Cross-linking of different polymers is a way to mitigate stability issues. In this study, a new ion-pair-coordinated membrane (IPM) system with quaternary ammonium groups for the application in HT-PEMFCs is introduced. PBI cross-linked with poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) and quaternized with three amines (DABCO, quinuclidine, and quinuclidinol) are manufactured and compared to the state-of-the-art commercial Dapazol PBI membrane ex situ as well as by evaluating their HT-PEMFC performance. The IPMs show reduced swelling and better mechanical properties upon doping, which enables a reduction in membrane thickness while maintaining a comparably low gas crossover and mechanical stability. The HT-PEMFC based on the best-performing IPM reaches up to 530 mW cm-2 at 180 °C under H2/air conditions at ambient pressure, while Dapazol is limited to less than 430 mW cm-2 at equal parameters. This new IPM system requires less acid doping than conventional PBI membranes while outperforming conventional PBI membranes, which renders these new membranes promising candidates for application in HT-PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Arslan
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Khajidkhand Chuluunbandi
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna T S Freiberg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Attila Kormanyos
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferit Sit
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kerres
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Bender J, Mayerhöfer B, Trinke P, Bensmann B, Hanke-Rauschenbach R, Krajinovic K, Thiele S, Kerres J. H +-Conducting Aromatic Multiblock Copolymer and Blend Membranes and Their Application in PEM Electrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203467. [PMID: 34685226 PMCID: PMC8541206 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to common perfluorosulfonic acid-based polyelectrolytes, we present the synthesis and characterization of proton exchange membranes based on two different concepts: (i) Covalently bound multiblock-co-ionomers with a nanophase-separated structure exhibit tunable properties depending on hydrophilic and hydrophobic components’ ratios. Here, the blocks were synthesized individually via step-growth polycondensation from either partially fluorinated or sulfonated aromatic monomers. (ii) Ionically crosslinked blend membranes of partially fluorinated polybenzimidazole and pyridine side-chain-modified polysulfones combine the hydrophilic component’s high proton conductivities with high mechanical stability established by the hydrophobic components. In addition to the polymer synthesis, membrane preparation, and thorough characterization of the obtained materials, hydrogen permeability is determined using linear sweep voltammetry. Furthermore, initial in situ tests in a PEM electrolysis cell show promising cell performance, which can be increased by optimizing electrodes with regard to binders for the respective membrane material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bender
- Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (ICVT), Universität Stuttgart, Boeblinger Str. 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Patrick Trinke
- Institut für Elektrische Energiesysteme (IfES), Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (P.T.); (B.B.); (R.H.-R.)
| | - Boris Bensmann
- Institut für Elektrische Energiesysteme (IfES), Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (P.T.); (B.B.); (R.H.-R.)
| | - Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach
- Institut für Elektrische Energiesysteme (IfES), Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (P.T.); (B.B.); (R.H.-R.)
| | - Katica Krajinovic
- Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (ICVT), Universität Stuttgart, Boeblinger Str. 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.M.); (S.T.)
- Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Immerwahrstr. 2a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kerres
- Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik (ICVT), Universität Stuttgart, Boeblinger Str. 78, 70199 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.B.); (K.K.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.M.); (S.T.)
- Chemical Resource Beneficiation Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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19
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Seeberger D, Hauenstein P, Hartert A, Thiele S. The influence of the anion exchange membrane on mass-transport limiting phenomena in bipolar interface fuel cells with Fe-N/C based cathode catalyst layers. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31477-31486. [PMID: 35496865 PMCID: PMC9041500 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Water management is a very important issue in low temperature fuel cells such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) or anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Within bipolar interface fuel cells, water management inhibits an even more critical role. The earlier work on bipolar interface fuel cells (BPIFCs), employing Fe–N/C on the cathode side for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an alkaline environment, demonstrated increased stability of the catalyst compared to the acidic environment of the conventional PEMFCs. However, for the BPIFCs, severe mass transport limitations (MTL) dramatically reduced the power output of the cell within a few hours. In the present work water transport processes are identified as the source of the observed MTL, after evaluating the performance data of BPIFCs, where the amount of directly deposited anion exchange membrane (AEM) material was varied. It can be seen that the BPIFCs with lower AEM content show an earlier onset of MTL than the cells prepared with higher AEM content. It is shown that the AEM can be used as a tool to regulate the influx rate of product water from the bipolar interface into the CCL and that flooding of the porous layers is identified as the main source of the observed MTL. This work paves the way for further development of BPIFCs using Fe–N/C at the cathode electrode, as novel cell design strategies can now focus exclusively on avoiding flooding phenomena. The AEM layer content in a bipolar interface fuel cell enables the opportunity to regulate the influx rate of water into the porous layer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Seeberger
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Pascal Hauenstein
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Adrian Hartert
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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20
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Rothammer B, Neusser K, Marian M, Bartz M, Krauß S, Böhm T, Thiele S, Merle B, Detsch R, Wartzack S. Amorphous Carbon Coatings for Total Knee Replacements-Part I: Deposition, Cytocompatibility, Chemical and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1952. [PMID: 34208302 PMCID: PMC8231215 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings have the potential to reduce implant wear and thus to contribute to avoiding premature failure and increase service life of total knee replacements (TKAs). This two-part study addresses the development of such coatings for ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial inlays as well as cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCr) and titanium (Ti64) alloy femoral components. While a detailed characterization of the tribological behavior is the subject of part II, part I focusses on the deposition of pure (a-C:H) and tungsten-doped hydrogen-containing amorphous carbon coatings (a-C:H:W) and the detailed characterization of their chemical, cytological, mechanical and adhesion behavior. The coatings are fabricated by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and display typical DLC morphology and composition, as verified by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Their roughness is higher than that of the plain substrates. Initial screening with contact angle and surface tension as well as in vitro testing by indirect and direct application indicate favorable cytocompatibility. The DLC coatings feature excellent mechanical properties with a substantial enhancement of indentation hardness and elastic modulus ratios. The adhesion of the coatings as determined in modified scratch tests can be considered as sufficient for the use in TKAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Rothammer
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Kevin Neusser
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Max Marian
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Marcel Bartz
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Sebastian Krauß
- Materials Science & Engineering, Institute I, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (S.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benoit Merle
- Materials Science & Engineering, Institute I, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (S.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Sandro Wartzack
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.M.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
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21
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Rothammer B, Marian M, Neusser K, Bartz M, Böhm T, Krauß S, Schroeder S, Uhler M, Thiele S, Merle B, Kretzer JP, Wartzack S. Amorphous Carbon Coatings for Total Knee Replacements-Part II: Tribological Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1880. [PMID: 34198895 PMCID: PMC8201056 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon coatings may decrease implant wear, therefore, they are helping to reduce aseptic loosening and increase service life of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). This two-part study addresses the development of such coatings for ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial inlays as well as cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCr) and titanium (Ti64) alloy femoral components. While the deposition of a pure (a-C:H) and tungsten-doped hydrogen-containing amorphous carbon coating (a-C:H:W) as well as the detailed characterization of mechanical and adhesion properties were the subject of Part I, the tribological behavior is studied in Part II. Pin-on-disk tests are performed under artificial synovial fluid lubrication. Numerical elastohydrodynamic lubrication modeling is used to show the representability of contact conditions for TKAs and to assess the influence of coatings on lubrication conditions. The wear behavior is characterized by means of light and laser scanning microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and particle analyses. Although the coating leads to an increase in friction due to the considerably higher roughness, especially the UHMWPE wear is significantly reduced up to a factor of 49% (CoCr) and 77% (Ti64). Thereby, the coating shows continuous wear and no sudden failure or spallation of larger wear particles. This demonstrated the great potential of amorphous carbon coatings for knee replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Rothammer
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Max Marian
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Kevin Neusser
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Marcel Bartz
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Sebastian Krauß
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (S.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Stefan Schroeder
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.U.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Maximilian Uhler
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.U.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (T.B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benoit Merle
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF) Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (S.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Jan Philippe Kretzer
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.U.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Sandro Wartzack
- Engineering Design, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.N.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
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22
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Knöppel J, Kormányos A, Mayerhöfer B, Hofer A, Bierling M, Bachmann J, Thiele S, Cherevko S. Photocorrosion of WO 3 Photoanodes in Different Electrolytes. ACS Phys Chem Au 2021; 1:6-13. [PMID: 36855660 PMCID: PMC9718310 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Photocorrosion of an n-type semiconductor is anticipated to be unfavorable if its decomposition potential is situated below its valence band-edge position. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is generally considered as a stable photoanode for different photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. Such oversimplified considerations ignore reactions with electrolytes added to the solvent. Moreover, kinetic effects are neglected. The fallacy of such approaches has been demonstrated in our previous study dealing with WO3 instability in H2SO4. In this work, in order to understand parameters influencing WO3 photocorrosion and to identify more suitable reaction environments, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3, CH3O3SH, as electrolytes are considered. Model WO3 thin films are fabricated with a spray-coating process. Photoactivity of the samples is determined with a photoelectrochemical scanning flow cell. Photostability is measured in real time by coupling an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to the scanning flow cell to determine the photoanode dissolution products. It is found that the photoactivity of the WO3 films increases as HNO3 < HClO4 ≈ H2SO4 < CH3O3SH, whereas the photostability exhibits the opposite trend. The differences observed in photocorrosion are explained considering stability of the electrolytes toward decomposition. This work demonstrates that electrolytes and their reactive intermediates clearly influence the photostability of photoelectrodes. Thus, the careful selection of the photoelectrode/electrolyte combination is of crucial importance in the design of a stable photoelectrochemical water-splitting device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Knöppel
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,
| | - Attila Kormányos
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Hofer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Institute
of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Egerlandstr.
3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany,
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23
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Schmid M, Sterl F, Thiele S, Herkommer A, Giessen H. 3D printed hybrid refractive/diffractive achromat and apochromat for the visible wavelength range. Opt Lett 2021; 46:2485-2488. [PMID: 33988620 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) direct laser writing is a powerful technology to create nano- and microscopic optical devices. While the design freedom of this technology offers the possibility to reduce different monochromatic aberrations, reducing chromatic aberrations is often neglected. In this Letter, we successfully demonstrate the combination of refractive and diffractive surfaces to create a refractive/diffractive achromat and show, to the best of our knowledge, the first refractive/diffractive apochromat by using DOEs and simultaneously combining two different photoresists, namely IP-S and IP-n162. These combinations drastically reduce chromatic aberrations in 3D printed micro-optics for the visible wavelength range. The optical properties, as well as the substantial reduction of chromatic aberrations, are characterized, and we outline the benefits of 3D direct laser written achromats and apochromats for micro-optics.
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24
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Arslan F, Böhm T, Kerres J, Thiele S. Spatially and temporally resolved monitoring of doping polybenzimidazole membranes with phosphoric acid. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Ehelebe K, Knöppel J, Bierling M, Mayerhöfer B, Böhm T, Kulyk N, Thiele S, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Platinum Dissolution in Realistic Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8882-8888. [PMID: 33410273 PMCID: PMC8048487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pt dissolution has already been intensively studied in aqueous model systems and many mechanistic insights have been gained. Nevertheless, transfer of new knowledge to real‐world fuel cell systems is still a significant challenge. To close this gap, we present a novel in situ method combining a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half‐cell with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). With this setup, Pt dissolution in realistic catalyst layers and the transport of dissolved Pt species through Nafion membranes were evaluated directly. We observed that 1) specific Pt dissolution increased significantly with decreasing Pt loading, 2) in comparison to experiments on aqueous model systems with flow cells, the measured dissolution in GDE experiments was considerably lower, and 3) by adding a membrane onto the catalyst layer, Pt dissolution was reduced even further. All these phenomena are attributed to the varying mass transport conditions of dissolved Pt species, influencing re‐deposition and equilibrium potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Ehelebe
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadiia Kulyk
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Erben J, Heußner A, Thiele S, Kerzenmacher S. Activation of electrospun carbon fibers: the effect of fiber diameter on CO2 and steam reaction kinetics. J Polym Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02386-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFirst, we present a fabrication process for electrospun carbon fiber mats with mean fiber diameters between 108 nm and 623 nm. The carbon fiber mats were produced by electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solutions and subsequent carbonization. The fiber mats feature small variations of their properties that are required for parameter studies. Second, we investigate the kinetics of steam and CO2 activation with three different activation temperatures and times. Both activation methods result in a surface area increase depending on activation temperature and time. Detailed analysis of the macroscopic properties burn-off, surface area, and conductivity reveals insights into the microscopic activation kinetics. The different fiber diameters of the carbon fiber mats enable the distinction of surface driven and bulk processes. Our results indicate, that CO2 activation kinetics are mass transport controlled, and that steam activation kinetics are reaction rate controlled. The turbostratic nature of PAN derived carbon and the distinct characteristics of the activation agents could explain the nonlinear behavior of the burn-off and surface area development.
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27
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Ehelebe K, Knöppel J, Bierling M, Mayerhöfer B, Böhm T, Kulyk N, Thiele S, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Platinum Dissolution in Realistic Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Ehelebe
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nadiia Kulyk
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 91058 Erlangen Germany
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28
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Liu L, Guo H, Fu L, Chou S, Thiele S, Wu Y, Wang J. Critical Advances in Ambient Air Operation of Nonaqueous Rechargeable Li-Air Batteries. Small 2021; 17:e1903854. [PMID: 31532893 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, great attention has been given to nonaqueous lithium-air batteries owing to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density when compared with other energy storage systems. Most of the research interest, however, is dedicated to batteries operating in pure or dry oxygen atmospheres, while Li-air batteries that operate in ambient air still face big challenges. The biggest challenges are H2 O and CO2 that exist in ambient air, which can not only form byproducts with discharge products (Li2 O2 ), but also react with the electrolyte and the Li anode. To this end, recent progress in understanding the chemical and electrochemical reactions of Li-air batteries in ambient air is critical for the development and application of true Li-air batteries. Oxygen-selective membranes, multifunctional catalysts, and electrolyte alternatives for ambient air operational Li-air batteries are presented and discussed comprehensively. In addition, separator modification and Li anode protection are covered. Furthermore, the challenges and directions for the future development of Li-air batteries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Haipeng Guo
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Lijun Fu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Shulei Chou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Simon Thiele
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jiazhao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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29
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Sartison M, Weber K, Thiele S, Bremer L, Fischbach S, Herzog T, Kolatschek S, Jetter M, Reitzenstein S, Herkommer A, Michler P, Luca Portalupi S, Giessen H. 3D printed micro-optics for quantum technology: Optimised coupling of single quantum dot emission into a single-mode fibre. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.37188/lam.2021.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Moroni R, Thiele S. FIB/SEM tomography segmentation by optical flow estimation. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 219:113090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Holzapfel PKR, Bühler M, Escalera-López D, Bierling M, Speck FD, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S, Pham CV, Thiele S. Fabrication of a Robust PEM Water Electrolyzer Based on Non-Noble Metal Cathode Catalyst: [Mo 3 S 13 ] 2- Clusters Anchored to N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes. Small 2020; 16:e2003161. [PMID: 32803861 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High investment costs and a dependence on noble metal catalysts currently obstruct the large-scale implementation of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) for converting fluctuating green electricity into chemical energy via water splitting. In this context, this work presents a high-performing and stable non-noble metal catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), consisting of [Mo3 S13 ]2- clusters supported on nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs). Strikingly, a significant electrochemically induced activation of the Mo3 S13 -NCNT catalyst at high current densities is observed in full cell configuration, enabling a remarkable current density of 4 A cm-2 at a cell voltage of 2.36 V. To the authors' knowledge, this is the highest reported value to date for a PEMWE full cell using a non-noble metal HER catalyst. Furthermore, only a minor degradation of 83 µV h-1 is observed during a stability test of 100 h constant current at 1 A cm-2 , with a nearly unchanged polarization behavior after the current hold. Catalyst stability and activity are additionally analyzed via online dissolution measurements. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examination of the catalyst before and after electrochemical application reveals a correlation between the electrochemical activation occurring via electrodissolution with changes in the molecular structure of the Mo3 S13 -NCNT catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K R Holzapfel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Sustainable Engineering, Str. des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, 10623, Germany
| | - Melanie Bühler
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Daniel Escalera-López
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Florian D Speck
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Chuyen V Pham
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
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32
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Li J, Thiele S, Quirk BC, Kirk RW, Verjans JW, Akers E, Bursill CA, Nicholls SJ, Herkommer AM, Giessen H, McLaughlin RA. Ultrathin monolithic 3D printed optical coherence tomography endoscopy for preclinical and clinical use. Light Sci Appl 2020; 9:124. [PMID: 32704357 PMCID: PMC7371638 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical diagnostics increasingly rely on techniques to visualize internal organs at high resolution via endoscopes. Miniaturized endoscopic probes are necessary for imaging small luminal or delicate organs without causing trauma to tissue. However, current fabrication methods limit the imaging performance of highly miniaturized probes, restricting their widespread application. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel ultrathin probe fabrication technique that utilizes 3D microprinting to reliably create side-facing freeform micro-optics (<130 µm diameter) on single-mode fibers. Using this technique, we built a fully functional ultrathin aberration-corrected optical coherence tomography probe. This is the smallest freeform 3D imaging probe yet reported, with a diameter of 0.457 mm, including the catheter sheath. We demonstrated image quality and mechanical flexibility by imaging atherosclerotic human and mouse arteries. The ability to provide microstructural information with the smallest optical coherence tomography catheter opens a gateway for novel minimally invasive applications in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Simon Thiele
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bryden C. Quirk
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Rodney W. Kirk
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Johan W. Verjans
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Emma Akers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Christina A. Bursill
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Stephen J. Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Alois M. Herkommer
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO) and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
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Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Thiele S, Walter MC, Reinecke L, Sereda M, Schöneborn R, Elbracht M. Pregnancy outcome in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: results of the CMT-NET cohort study in Germany. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1390-1396. [PMID: 32400062 PMCID: PMC7496596 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Systematic research on the effect of Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease on the outcome of pregnancy and conversely the effect of pregnancy on neuropathy is still sparse. Methods A clinical cohort study and cross‐sectional study within the German CMT‐NET was conducted between 2016 and 2019. Inclusion criteria were a confirmed diagnosis of CMT and at least one completed pregnancy after 1990. All participants agreed to fill in questionnaires and have their medical files reviewed. Results The study group comprised 54 women with a total of 98 pregnancies. The mean age at onset of CMT disease was 12.6 years (range 0–37 years). Fifty (92%) patients had autosomal dominant CMT; two patients each (4%) had X‐linked and autosomal recessive CMT. Forty patients (74%) had a PMP22 gene duplication (CMT1A). Obstetric complications did not differ significantly from a German reference population, neither in the whole group nor in the CMT1A group. Overall there was no increased newborn morbidity and mortality. About one‐third of patients reported exacerbation of CMT disease in or after pregnancy. No adverse effects of anaesthesia were reported. Most participants stressed a positive attitude and awareness of challenges associated with pregnancy. Important issues were assistance and support in caring for the family. Discussion In line with findings from our previous study undertaken in the 1990s, there were no increased complication rates for pregnancy and delivery. These results are reassuring for the vast majority of CMT patients and are important for family planning and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rudnik-Schöneborn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Thiele
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwigs-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M C Walter
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Ludwigs-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - L Reinecke
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Sereda
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Schöneborn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Weber K, Wang Z, Thiele S, Herkommer A, Giessen H. Distortion-free multi-element Hypergon wide-angle micro-objective obtained by femtosecond 3D printing. Opt Lett 2020; 45:2784-2787. [PMID: 32412466 DOI: 10.1364/ol.392253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a 3D-printed complex wide-angle multi-element Hypergon micro-objective, composed of aspherical lenses smaller than 1 mm, which exhibits distortion-free imaging performance. The objective is fabricated by a multi-step femtosecond two-photon lithography process. To realize the design, we apply a novel (to the best of our knowledge) approach using shadow evaporation to create highly non-transparent aperture stops, which are crucial components in many optical systems. We achieve a field-of-view (FOV) of 70°, at a resolution of 12.4 µm, and distortion-free imaging over the entire FOV. In the future, such objectives can be directly printed onto complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) imaging chips to produce extremely compact, high-quality image sensors to yield integrated sensor devices used in industry.
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Ristok S, Roeder M, Thiele S, Hentschel M, Guenther T, Zimmermann A, Herkommer AM, Giessen H. Mass-producible micro-optical elements by injection compression molding and focused ion beam structured titanium molding tools. Opt Lett 2020; 45:1184-1187. [PMID: 32108801 DOI: 10.1364/ol.385599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate mass production compatible fabrication of polymer-based micro Fresnel lenses by injection compression molding. The extremely robust titanium-molding tool is structured with high precision by focused ion beam milling. In order to achieve optimal shape accuracy in the titanium we use an iterative design optimization. The inverse Fresnel lens structured into the titanium is transferred to polymers by injection compression molding, enabling rapid mass replication. We show that the optical performance of the molded diffractive Fresnel lenses is in good agreement with simulations, rendering our approach suitable for applications that require compact and high-quality optical elements in large numbers.
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Holzapfel P, Bühler M, Van Pham C, Hegge F, Böhm T, McLaughlin D, Breitwieser M, Thiele S. Directly coated membrane electrode assemblies for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Thiele S, Pruss C, Herkommer AM, Giessen H. 3D printed stacked diffractive microlenses. Opt Express 2019; 27:35621-35630. [PMID: 31878731 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Planar lenses such as metalenses and diffractive lenses exhibit severe field-dependent aberrations when imaging extended objects with high numerical aperture. This problem can be overcome by stacking at least two of such devices on top of each other. In this work, we present such stacked imaging systems, namely doublets and triplets of diffractive optical elements. They are fabricated by femtosecond direct laser writing in one single step without the need for alignment in sizes of below 200 µm in diameter and 100 µm in height. The lenses allow for efficient sub µm resolution imaging at visible wavelengths combined with a full field-of-view of up to 60°. As additional benefit, our approach dramatically reduces the writing times of 3D printed lens systems to below 15 minutes.
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Warman JM, de Haas MP, Luthjens LH, Yao T, Navarro-Campos J, Yuksel S, Aarts J, Thiele S, Houter J, In Het Zandt W. FluoroTome 1: An Apparatus for Tomographic Imaging of Radio-Fluorogenic (RFG) Gels. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1729. [PMID: 31652759 PMCID: PMC6918256 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radio-fluorogenic (RFG) gels become permanently fluorescent when exposed to high-energy radiation with the intensity of the emission proportional to the local dose of radiation absorbed. An apparatus is described, FluoroTome 1, that is capable of taking a series of tomographic images (thin slices) of the fluorescence of such an irradiated RFG gel on-site and within minutes of radiation exposure. These images can then be compiled to construct a 3D movie of the dose distribution within the gel. The historical development via a laboratory-bench prototype to a readily transportable, user-friendly apparatus is described. Instrumental details and performance tests are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Warman
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthijs P de Haas
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Leonard H Luthjens
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Tiantian Yao
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Julia Navarro-Campos
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Sölen Yuksel
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Aarts
- PICO B.V., Jan Tinbergenstraat 4B, 5491 DC Sint-Oedenrode, The Netherlands.
| | - Simon Thiele
- PICO B.V., Jan Tinbergenstraat 4B, 5491 DC Sint-Oedenrode, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacco Houter
- PICO B.V., Jan Tinbergenstraat 4B, 5491 DC Sint-Oedenrode, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilco In Het Zandt
- PICO B.V., Jan Tinbergenstraat 4B, 5491 DC Sint-Oedenrode, The Netherlands.
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Murphy L, Laurent J, Mathews K, Stevenson J, Thiele S, Vissing J, Walter M, Woods L, Straub V. P.389Global FKRP registry. Neuromuscul Disord 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Walter M, Stauber J, Hiebeler M, Thiele S, Greckl E, Pechmann A, Kirschner J, Schoser B. P.354Treatment effects of nusinersen in longstanding adult 5q-SMA type 3 - a prospective observational study over 10 months. Neuromuscul Disord 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schorling D, Müller C, Pechmann A, Borell S, Langer T, Thiele S, Walter M, Zieger B, Kirschner J. EP.69Disorders of coagulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Results of a registry-based online survey. Neuromuscul Disord 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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James M, Fernández-Torrón R, Mayhew A, Alfano L, Muni-Lofra R, Duong T, Maron E, Hutchence M, Vandervelde B, Mendez B, Holsten S, Sakamoto C, Pedrosa Belmonte I, Thiele S, Canal A, Semplicini C, Seiner C, Lowes L, Straub V, Diaz-Manera J. P.184Clinical outcome study for dysferlinopathy: a longitudinal examination of the upper limb involvement using physiotherapy outcome measures and T1w MRI. Neuromuscul Disord 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Mu’min MS, Böhm T, Moroni R, Zengerle R, Thiele S, Vierrath S, Breitwieser M. Local hydration in ionomer composite membranes determined with confocal Raman microscopy. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Böhm T, Joseph K, Kirsch M, Moroni R, Hilger A, Osenberg M, Manke I, Johnston M, Stieglitz T, Hofmann UG, Haas CA, Thiele S. Quantitative synchrotron X-ray tomography of the material-tissue interface in rat cortex implanted with neural probes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7646. [PMID: 31113972 PMCID: PMC6529414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural probes provide many options for neuroscientific research and medical purposes. However, these implantable micro devices are not functionally stable over time due to host-probe interactions. Thus, reliable high-resolution characterization methods are required to understand local tissue changes upon implantation. In this work, synchrotron X-ray tomography is employed for the first time to image the interface between brain tissue and an implanted neural probe, showing that this 3D imaging method is capable of resolving probe and surrounding tissue at a resolution of about 1 micrometer. Unstained tissue provides sufficient contrast to identify electrode sites on the probe, cells, and blood vessels within tomograms. Exemplarily, we show that it is possible to quantify characteristics of the interaction region between probe and tissue, like the blood supply system. Our first-time study demonstrates a way for simultaneous 3D investigation of brain tissue with implanted probe, providing information beyond what was hitherto possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böhm
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Joseph
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Engesserstraße 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 23, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Riko Moroni
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Hilger
- Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Osenberg
- Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Midori Johnston
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, Hansastraße 9a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich G Hofmann
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Systems, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Engesserstraße 4, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Dept. of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, Hansastraße 9a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 80, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Jones JD, Sinder BP, Paige D, Soki FN, Koh AJ, Thiele S, Shiozawa Y, Hofbauer LC, Daignault S, Roca H, McCauley LK. Trabectedin Reduces Skeletal Prostate Cancer Tumor Size in Association with Effects on M2 Macrophages and Efferocytosis. Neoplasia 2018; 21:172-184. [PMID: 30591422 PMCID: PMC6314218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a dual role in regulating tumor progression. They can either reduce tumor growth by secreting antitumorigenic factors or promote tumor progression by secreting a variety of soluble factors. The purpose of this study was to define the monocyte/macrophage population prevalent in skeletal tumors, explore a mechanism employed in supporting prostate cancer (PCa) skeletal metastasis, and examine a novel therapeutic target. Phagocytic CD68+ cells were found to correlate with Gleason score in human PCa samples, and M2-like macrophages (F4/80+CD206+) were identified in PCa bone resident tumors in mice. Induced M2-like macrophages in vitro were more proficient at phagocytosis (efferocytosis) of apoptotic tumor cells than M1-like macrophages. Moreover, soluble factors released from efferocytic versus nonefferocytic macrophages increased PC-3 prostate cancer cell numbers in vitro. Trabectedin exposure reduced M2-like (F4/80+CD206+) macrophages in vivo. Trabectedin administration after PC-3 cell intracardiac inoculation reduced skeletal metastatic tumor growth. Preventative pretreatment with trabectedin 7 days prior to PC-3 cell injection resulted in reduced M2-like macrophages in the marrow and reduced skeletal tumor size. Together, these findings suggest that M2-like monocytes and macrophages promote PCa skeletal metastasis and that trabectedin represents a candidate therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Jones
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - B P Sinder
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - D Paige
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - F N Soki
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - A J Koh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - S Thiele
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Shiozawa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - L C Hofbauer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Daignault
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Cancer Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - H Roca
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - L K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Schmid M, Thiele S, Herkommer A, Giessen H. Three-dimensional direct laser written achromatic axicons and multi-component microlenses. Opt Lett 2018; 43:5837-5840. [PMID: 30499955 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond 3D printing is an important technology for manufacturing nano- and microscopic optical devices and elements. However, most structures in the past have been created using only one photoresist at a time, thus limiting potential applications. In this Letter, we successfully demonstrate the combination of two different photoresists, namely, IP-S and IP-Dip, to realize multi-component three-dimensional direct laser written optics. We use the combination of IP-S and IP-Dip to correct chromatic aberrations and to realize an achromatic axicon. In a second step, we demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first three-dimensional direct laser written Fraunhofer doublet. We characterize their optical properties and measure the substantial reduction in chromatic aberrations. We outline the possibilities and benefits of creating three-dimensional direct laser written multi-component structures for micro-optics.
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Toulouse A, Thiele S, Giessen H, Herkommer AM. Alignment-free integration of apertures and nontransparent hulls into 3D-printed micro-optics. Opt Lett 2018; 43:5283-5286. [PMID: 30382988 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of 3D-printed micro-optical systems by femtosecond direct laser writing is state of the art. However, the inherent transparency of the lens mount, which is also made of photopolymer, causes a degradation of the image contrast due to stray light and scattering. Furthermore, apertures play a key role in optical design but cannot be directly integrated during 3D printing. Here, we present a superfine inkjet process for targeted filling of 3D-printed cavities in order to integrate apertures and nontransparent hulls without any alignment. Considerable contrast improvement and micro-optical systems with increased functionality are demonstrated.
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Miller N, Lowes L, James M, Alfano L, Mayhew A, Maron E, Gee R, Harman M, Duong T, Vandervelde B, Siener C, Thiele S, Mendez B, Canal A, Sakamoto C, Holsten S, Pedrosa Belmonte I, Semplicini C, Straub V. LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY I. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pham CV, Zana A, Arenz M, Thiele S. [Mo
3
S
13
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2−
Cluster Decorated Sulfur‐doped Reduced Graphene Oxide as Noble Metal‐Free Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzers. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyen V. Pham
- Institute and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of Freiburg
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications IMTEK – Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of Freiburg
| | - Alessandro Zana
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bern, Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bern, Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Simon Thiele
- Institute and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT)University of Freiburg
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications IMTEK – Department of Microsystems EngineeringUniversity of Freiburg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHHelmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Hahn-Schickard Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany
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Thiele S, Häber A, Winter A, Nitzsche T. Communication Architecture for AAL. Methods Inf Med 2018; 53:167-72. [DOI: 10.3414/me13-02-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIntroduction: This article is part of the Focus Theme of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Using Data from Ambient Assisted Living and Smart Homes in Electronic Health Records”.Background: Concepts of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) support a long-term health monitoring and further medical and other services for multi-morbid patients with chronic diseases. In Germany many AAL and telemedical applications exist. Synergy effects by common agreements for essential application components and standards are not achieved.Objectives: It is necessary to define a communication architecture which is based on common definitions of communication scenarios, application components and communication standards.Methods: The development of a communication architecture requires different steps. To gain a reference model for the problem area different AAL and telemedicine projects were compared and relevant data elements were generalized. The derived reference model defines standardized communication links.Results: As a result the authors present an approach towards a reference architecture for AAL-communication. The focus of the architecture lays on the communication layer. The necessary application components are identified and a communication based on standards and their extensions is highlighted.Conclusion: The exchange of patient in -dividual events supported by an event classification model, raw and aggregated data from the personal home area over a tele-medicine center to health care providers is possible.
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