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Cao J, Yuan X, Zhang Y, Wang Q, He Q, Guo S, Ren X. Ultrasensitive Flexible Strain Sensor Made with Carboxymethyl-Cellulose-Anchored Carbon Nanotubes/MXene for Machine-Learning-Assisted Handwriting Recognition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:51447-51458. [PMID: 39276126 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
The combination of wearable sensors with machine learning enables intelligent perception in human-machine interaction and healthcare, but achieving high sensitivity and a wide working range in flexible strain sensors for signal acquisition and accurate recognition remains challenging. Herein, we introduced carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) into a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/MXene hybrid network, forming tight anchoring among the conductive materials and, thus, bringing enhanced interaction. The silicone-rubber-encapsulated CMC-anchored CNTs/MXene (CCM) strain sensor exhibits an excellent sensitivity (maximum gauge factor up to 71 294), wide working range (200%), ultralow detection limit (0.05%), and outstanding durability (over 10 000 cycles), which is superior to most of the recently reported counterparts also based on a conductive composite film. Moreover, the sensor achieves seamless integration with human skin with the help of a poly(acrylic acid) adhesive layer, successfully obtaining stable and clear waveforms with meaningful profiles from the human body. On this basis, we proposed and realized a novel in-air handwriting recognition method via extracting multiple features of high-quality strain signals assisted by deep neural networks, achieving a high classification accuracy of 98.00 and 94.85% for Arabic numerals and letters, respectively. Our work provides an effective approach for significantly improving strain sensing performance, thereby facilitating innovative applications of flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueguang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi He
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, People's Republic of China
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2
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Lu J, Zhu G, Wang S, Wu C, Qu X, Dong X, Pang H, Zhang Y. 3D Printed MXene-Based Wire Strain Sensors with Enhanced Sensitivity and Anisotropy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401565. [PMID: 38745539 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors play a crucial role in intelligent wearable systems, serving as the interface between humans and environment by translating mechanical strains into electrical signals. Traditional fiber strain sensors with intrinsic uniform axial strain distribution face challenges in achieving high sensitivity and anisotropy. Moreover, existing micro/nano-structure designs often compromise stretchability and durability. To address these challenges, a novel approach of using 3D printing to fabricate MXene-based flexible sensors with tunable micro and macrostructures. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) as a pore-inducing agent is added into 3D printable inks to achieve controllable microstructural modifications. In addition to microstructure tuning, 3D printing is employed for macrostructural design modifications, guided by finite element modeling (FEM) simulations. As a result, the 3D printed sensors exhibit heightened sensitivity and anisotropy, making them suitable for tracking static and dynamic displacement changes. The proposed approach presents an efficient and economically viable solution for standardized large-scale production of advanced wire strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Guoyin Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Shaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chunjin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics (IAMFE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
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3
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Gao H, Zhao F, Liu J, Meng Z, Han Z, Liu Y. What Exactly Can Bionic Strategies Achieve for Flexible Sensors? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38811-38831. [PMID: 39031068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible sensors have attracted great attention in the field of wearable electronic devices due to their deformability, lightness, and versatility. However, property improvement remains a key challenge. Fortunately, natural organisms exhibit many unique response mechanisms to various stimuli, and the corresponding structures and compositions provide advanced design ideas for the development of flexible sensors. Therefore, this Review highlights recent advances in sensing performance and functional characteristics of flexible sensors from the perspective of bionics for the first time. First, the "twins" of bionics and flexible sensors are introduced. Second, the enhancements in electrical and mechanical performance through bionic strategies are summarized according to the prototypes of humans, plants, and animals. Third, the functional characteristics of bionic strategies for flexible sensors are discussed in detail, including self-healing, color-changing, tangential force, strain redistribution, and interfacial resistance. Finally, we summarize the challenges and development trends of bioinspired flexible sensors. This Review aims to deepen the understanding of bionic strategies and provide innovative ideas and references for the design and manufacture of next-generation flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
| | - Zong Meng
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, China
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4
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Yu R, Wang C, Du X, Bai X, Tong Y, Chen H, Sun X, Yang J, Matsuhisa N, Peng H, Zhu M, Pan S. In-situ forming ultra-mechanically sensitive materials for high-sensitivity stretchable fiber strain sensors. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae158. [PMID: 38881574 PMCID: PMC11177883 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Fiber electronics with flexible and weavable features can be easily integrated into textiles for wearable applications. However, due to small sizes and curved surfaces of fiber materials, it remains challenging to load robust active layers, thus hindering production of high-sensitivity fiber strain sensors. Herein, functional sensing materials are firmly anchored on the fiber surface in-situ through a hydrolytic condensation process. The anchoring sensing layer with robust interfacial adhesion is ultra-mechanically sensitive, which significantly improves the sensitivity of strain sensors due to the easy generation of microcracks during stretching. The resulting stretchable fiber sensors simultaneously possess an ultra-low strain detection limit of 0.05%, a high stretchability of 100%, and a high gauge factor of 433.6, giving 254-folds enhancement in sensitivity. Additionally, these fiber sensors are soft and lightweight, enabling them to be attached onto skin or woven into clothes for recording physiological signals, e.g. pulse wave velocity has been effectively obtained by them. As a demonstration, a fiber sensor-based wearable smart healthcare system is designed to monitor and transmit health status for timely intervention. This work presents an effective strategy for developing high-performance fiber strain sensors as well as other stretchable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhui Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Changxian Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Disaster Forecast and Control in Engineering, School of Mechanics and Construction Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangheng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yongzhong Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Huifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Institute of Fiber Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shaowu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Zhu D, Duan S, Liu J, Diao S, Hong J, Xiang S, Wei X, Xiao P, Xia J, Lei W, Wang B, Shi Q, Wu J. A double-crack structure for bionic wearable strain sensors with ultra-high sensitivity and a wide sensing range. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5409-5420. [PMID: 38380994 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are crucial in fully monitoring human motion, and they should have a wide sensing range and ultra-high sensitivity. Herein, inspired by lyriform organs, a flexible strain sensor based on the double-crack structure is designed. An MXene layer and an Au layer with cracks are constructed on both sides of the insulated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, forming an equivalent parallel circuit that guarantees the integrity of the conductive path under a large strain. The rapid disconnection of the crack junctions causes a significant change in the resistance value. Due to the effect of cracks on the conductive path, the sensitivity of the sensor is largely improved. Benefiting from the double-crack structure, the as-obtained sensor shows ultra-high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor of up to 14 373.6), a wide working range (up to 21%), a fast response time (183 ms) and excellent dynamical stability (almost no performance loss after 1000 stretching cycles and different frequency cycles). In practical applications, the sensor is applied to different parts of the human body to sense the deformation of the skin, demonstrating its great potential application value in human physiological detection and the human-machine interaction. This study can provide new ideas for preparing high-performance flexible strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Shengshun Duan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Shanyan Diao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Jianlong Hong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Shengxin Xiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Xiao Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Peng Xiao
- State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd, Research Institute, Nanjing, 211103, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Xia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Wei Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Baoping Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, China.
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6
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Gong T, Guo JX, Shao HQ, Jia J, Ke K, Bao RY, Yang W. Linear Strain Sensors via a Spatial Heteromodulus Tricontinuous Structure Design for High-Resolution Recording of Snoring Breath. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56337-56346. [PMID: 37975857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Porous conductive elastomer composites are very attractive for designing flexible and air-permeable mechanical sensors for healthcare, while it is challenging to achieve a linear and sensitive electromechanical response over a wide strain range for high-resolution recording of physiological activities and body motions. Here, a scalable strategy is developed to construct porous elastomer composites with a bamboo-shaped heteromodulus microstructure in the pores for the fabrication of linear stretchable strain sensors. Such a spatial heteromodulus microstructure is fabricated via phase separation and selective location of high-modulus phase during melt compounding of elastomers and thermoplastics, together with green etching of the water-soluble plastic in the tricontinuous elastomer composites. The bamboo-shaped heteromodulus microstructure is constructed on the pore struts via the fracture of a high-modulus polymer self-assembled on the pore surface and relaxation recovery of the elastomer matrix after prestretching, which blocks the propagation of cut-through microcracks upon stretching. The composites with super low resistance after in situ growth of silver nanoparticles sustain up to 110% tensile strain with a linear and sensitive electromechanical response, demonstrating potential applications in discriminating respiration status and monitoring snoring breath. This work unveils a new approach to fabricate high-performance air-permeable strain sensors in a simple and scalable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Xing Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - He-Qing Shao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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Li X, Gao X, Yao D, Chen J, Lu C, Pang X. Flexible Sensors with a Multilayer Interlaced Tunnel Architecture for Distinguishing Different Strains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38044869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of body joints and the complexity of joint motions cause flexible strain sensors to undergo complex strains such as stretching, compression, bending, and extrusion, which results in sensors that do not recognize different strains, facing great challenges in detecting the true motion characteristics of joints. Here, the monitoring of body joints' real motion characteristics has been realized by the sensor that can output response signals with different resistance trends for different strains. The sensor prepared by the sacrificial template method is characterized by a multilayered interlaced tunnel architecture and carbon black embedded in the inner wall of the tunnel. Stretching, compressive, and bending strains result in increasing, decreasing, and increasing resistance, followed by a decrease in resistance of the sensor, respectively. The sensor can still output distinguishable response signals, even in the presence of complex strains induced by squeezing. Low strain detection limits (0.03%) and wide detection ranges (>600%) are achieved due to the localized strain enhancement caused by the unique structure. The sensor can detect the motion characteristics of different joints in flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation, which, in turn, can be used for real-time monitoring of complex joint motions involved in limb rehabilitation. In addition, the sensor recognizes the 26 letters of the alphabet represented by sign language gestures. The above studies demonstrate the potential application of our prepared sensors in flexible, wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Xiping Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Dahu Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Chang Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
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Zhu T, Wu K, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Sun J. Highly stable and strain-insensitive metal film conductors via manipulating strain distribution. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5920-5930. [PMID: 37873924 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal film-based stretchable conductors are essential elements of flexible electronics for wearable, biomedical, and robotic applications, which require strain-insensitive high conductivity over a wide strain range and excellent cyclic stability. However, they suffer from serious electrical failure under monotonic and cyclic tensile loading at a small strain due to the uncontrolled film cracking behavior. Here, we propose a novel in-plane crack control strategy of engineering hierarchical microstructures to achieve outstanding electromechanical performance via harnessing the strain distribution in metal films. The wrinkles delay the crack initiation at undercuts which should be the most vulnerable sites during the stretching process. The surface protrusions/grooves/undercuts inhibit the crack propagation because of the effective strain redistribution. In addition, hierarchical microstructures significantly improve cyclic stability due to the strong interfacial adhesion and stable crack patterns. The metal film-based conductors exhibit ultrahigh strain-insensitive conductivity (1.7 × 107 S m-1), negligible resistance change (ΔR/R0 = 0.007) over an ultra-wide strain range (>200%), and excellent cyclic strain durability (>15 000 cycles at 100% strain). A range of metal films was explored to establish the universality of this strategy, including ductile copper and silver, as well as brittle molybdenum and high entropy alloy. We demonstrate the strain-insensitive electrical functionality of a metal film-based conductor in a flexible light-emitting diode circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
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9
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Hu T, Pan T, Guo D, Xiao Y, Li F, Gao M, Huang Z, Zhu J, Cheng T, Lin Y. Omnidirectional Configuration of Stretchable Strain Sensor Enabled by the Strain Engineering with Chiral Auxetic Metamaterial. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22035-22045. [PMID: 37844133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
An electromechanical interface plays a pivotal role in determining the performance of a stretchable strain sensor. The intrinsic mechanical property of the elastomer substrate prevents the efficient modulation of the electromechanical interface, which limits the further evolution of a stretchable strain sensor. In this study, a chiral auxetic metamaterial (CAM) is incorporated into the elastomer substrate of a stretchable strain sensor to override the deformation behavior of the pristine device and regulate the device performance. The tunable isotropic Poisson's ratio (from 0.37 to -0.25) achieved by the combination of CAM and elastomer substrate endows the stretchable strain sensor with significantly enhanced sensitivity (53-fold improvement) and excellent omnidirectional sensing ability. The regulation mechanism associated with crack propagation on the deformed substrate is also revealed with finite element simulations and experiments. The demonstration of on-body monitoring of human physiological signals and a smart training assistant for trampoline gymnastics with the CAM-incorporated strain sensor further illustrates the benefits of omnidirectionally enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiqi Hu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre for Information Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengji Guo
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlong Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre for Information Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, People's Republic of China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tiedong Cheng
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
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10
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Ahmad Ruzaidi DA, Maurya MR, Yempally S, Abdul Gafoor S, Geetha M, Che Roslan N, Cabibihan JJ, Kumar Sadasivuni K, Mahat MM. Revealing the improved sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS/PVA thin films through secondary doping and their strain sensors application. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8202-8219. [PMID: 36922951 PMCID: PMC10009655 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00584d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of strain sensing involves the ability to measure an electrical response that corresponds to a strain. The integration of synthetic and conducting polymers can create a flexible strain sensor with a wide range of applications, including soft robotics, sport performance monitoring, gaming and virtual reality, and healthcare and biomedical engineering. However, the use of insulating synthetic polymers can impede the semiconducting properties of sensors, which may reduce sensor sensitivity. Previous research has shown that the doping process can significantly enhance the electrical performance and ionic conduction of conducting polymers, thereby strengthening their potential for use in electronic devices. However the full effects of secondary doping on the crystallinity, stretchability, conductivity, and sensitivity of conducting polymer blends have not been studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of secondary doping on the properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PEDOT:PSS/PVA) polymer blend thin films and their potential use as strain sensors. The thin films were prepared using a facile drop-casting method. Morphology analysis using profilometry and atomic force microscopy confirmed the occurrence of phase segregation and revealed surface roughness values. This evidence provided a comprehensive understanding of the chemical interactions and physical properties of the thin films, and the effects of doping on these properties. The best films were selected and applied as sensitive strain sensors. EG-PEDOT:PSS/PVA thin films showing a significant increase of conductivity values from the addition of 1 vol% to 12 vol% addition, with conductivity values of 8.51 × 10-5 to 9.42 × 10-3 S cm-1. Our 12% EG-PEDOT:PSS/PVA sensors had the highest GF value of 2000 too. We compared our results with previous studies on polymeric sensors, and it was found that our sensors quantitatively had better GF values. Illustration that demonstrates the DMSO and EG dopant effects on PEDOT:PSS structure through bonding interaction, crystallinity, thermal stability, surface roughness, conductivity and stretchability was also provided. This study suggests a new aspect of doping interaction that can enhance the conductivity and sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Adila Ahmad Ruzaidi
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam 40450 Malaysia
| | - Muni Raj Maurya
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | - Swathi Yempally
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | | | - Mithra Geetha
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | - Nazreen Che Roslan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam 40450 Malaysia
| | - John-John Cabibihan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University P. O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | | | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam 40450 Malaysia
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11
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Ismail SNA, Nayan NA, Mohammad Haniff MAS, Jaafar R, May Z. Wearable Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Flexible Sensors for Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:852. [PMID: 36903730 PMCID: PMC10005058 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP). Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received considerable attention in the fabrication of flexible sensors due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, cost effectiveness, flexibility, and light weight. This review discusses the transduction mechanisms, namely, piezoelectric, capacitive, piezoresistive, and triboelectric, of flexible sensors. Several 2D nanomaterials used as sensing elements for flexible BP sensors are reviewed in terms of their mechanisms, materials, and sensing performance. Previous works on wearable BP sensors are presented, including epidermal patches, electronic tattoos, and commercialized BP patches. Finally, the challenges and future outlook of this emerging technology are addressed for non-invasive and continuous BP monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Ashikin Ismail
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazrul Anuar Nayan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute Islam Hadhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Rosmina Jaafar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zazilah May
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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12
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Wu D, Liu L, Ma Q, Dong Q, Han Y, Liu L, Zhao S, Zhang R, Wang M. Biomimetic supramolecular polyurethane with sliding polyrotaxane and disulfide bonds for strain sensors with wide sensing range and self-healing capability. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:909-920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Li G, Ma X, Xu Z, Shen Y, Yuan M, Huang J, Cole T, Wei J, Liu S, Han F, Li H, Bayinqiaoge, Xu Z, Tang SY, Liu Z. A crack compensation strategy for highly stretchable conductors based on liquid metal inclusions. iScience 2022; 25:105495. [PMID: 36419853 PMCID: PMC9676391 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Crack control strategies have been proven very useful for enhancing the stretchability of metal film-based stretchable conductors. However, existing strategies often suffer from the drawbacks of complicated preparation and predefined effective directions. Here, we propose a crack compensation strategy for preparing conductors featured with high stretchability by using liquid metal microparticles (LMMPs)-embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate with a thin film of gold (Au) sputtered on the surface. LMMPs can be elongated to connect the cracked Au film upon stretching, which can form a conductive "island-tunnel" (IT) architecture to compensate for the cracks and maintain the conductivity. The high performance of the stretchable conductor is demonstrated by using it as electrodes to record surface electromyography of human brachioradialis and monitor electrocorticography signals of a rat in normal and epileptic states. The developed strategy shows the potential to provide a new perspective for the fabrication of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Li
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zirong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yifeng Shen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Man Yuan
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tim Cole
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sanhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fei Han
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hanfei Li
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bayinqiaoge
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zhiwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Research Center for Neural Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author
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14
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Yan D, Feng Q, Yang J, Li X, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Li J. Boosting the terahertz absorption spectroscopy based on the stretchable metasurface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 25:612-616. [PMID: 36484316 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) absorption spectroscopy is widely used for molecular label-free fingerprinting detection, but it is not capable of efficiently analyzing trace-amount sample materials. For improving the efficiency of terahertz absorptance spectroscopy detection, we propose a sensing strategy by treating the geometry sweeping spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSP) of the stretchable metasurface. For the first time, the geometry sweeping can be realized by dynamically stretching the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flexible substrate, leading to the resonant frequency variation of the unit cell. This design provides a significant absorption enhancement factor about 270 times for a 0.1 μm lactose film in a broad terahertz band, enabling the unambiguous identification of different trace-amount samples. The designed method exhibits a novel solution for the enhancement of broad-band terahertz absorption spectroscopy and great application potential in the field of detecting trace-amount samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexian Yan
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Qinyin Feng
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jining Li
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, Tianjin, China
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15
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Jia J, Peng Y, Zha XJ, Ke K, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Yang MB, Yang W. Janus and Heteromodulus Elastomeric Fiber Mats Feature Regulable Stress Redistribution for Boosted Strain Sensing Performance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16806-16815. [PMID: 36194701 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors have huge potential for applications in healthcare, human-machine interfacing, and augmented reality systems. However, the nonlinear response of the resistance signal to strain has caused considerable difficulty and complexity in data processing and signal transformation, thus impeding their practical applications severely. Herein, we propose a simple way to achieve linear and reproducible resistive signals responding to strain in a relatively wide strain range for flexible strain sensors, which is achieved via the fabrication of Janus and heteromodulus elastomeric fiber mats with micropatterns using microimprinting second processing technology. In detail, both isotropic and anisotropic fiber mats can turn into Janus fiber mats with periodical and heteromodulus micropatterns via controlling the fiber fusion and the diffusion of local macromolecular chains of thermoplastic elastomers. The Janus heterogeneous microstructure allows for stress redistribution upon stretching, thus leading to lower strain hysteresis and improved linearity of resistive signal. Moreover, tunable sensing performance can be achieved by tailoring the size of the micropatterns on the fiber mat surface and the fiber anisotropy. The Janus mat strain sensors with high signal linearity and good reproducibility have a very low strain detection limit, enabling potential applications in human-machine interfacing and intelligent control fields if combined with a wireless communication module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Zha
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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16
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Zhilyaeva MA, Asiyanbola OA, Lomakin MV, Mironov DM, Voloskov BS, Mikladal B, Tsetserukou DO, Fedorov FS, Vershinina AI, Shandakov SD, Nasibulin AG. Tunable force sensor based on carbon nanotube fiber for fine mechanical and acoustic technologies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:485501. [PMID: 35985239 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac8b18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Design of new smart prosthetics or robotic grippers gives a major impetus to low-cost manufacturing and rapid prototyping of force sensing devices. In this paper, we examine piezoresistive force sensors based on carbon nanotube fibers fabricated by a novel wet pulling technique. The developed sensor is characterized by an adjustable force range coupled with high sensitivity to enable the detection of a wide range of forces and displacements limited by the experimental setup only. We have demonstrated the applicability of the developed unit in tactile sensing, displacement sensing, and nanophone vibration monitoring system and evaluated its force sensing characteristics, i.e. displacement/force input and resistance/mechanical response. In the experiments it measures 0-115 N force range within 2.5 mm displacement. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates good linearity, low hysteresis, and stability when tested over 10 000 cycles. The developed sensor suits multiple applications in the field of soft and transparent sensors, nanophones, actuators, and other robotics devices for both regular and extreme environments, e.g. deep underwater and radioactive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zhilyaeva
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel St., 3, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Oyedamola A Asiyanbola
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel St., 3, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Maksim V Lomakin
- Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya str. 6, Kemerovo 650000, Russia
| | - Dima M Mironov
- Robotics Research Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel St., 3, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Boris S Voloskov
- Center for Design, Manufacturing and Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bjørn Mikladal
- Canatu ltd, Tiilenlyöjänkuja 9 A, FI-01720 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Dzmitry O Tsetserukou
- Robotics Research Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel St., 3, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Fedor S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel St., 3, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Anna I Vershinina
- Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya str. 6, Kemerovo 650000, Russia
| | - Sergey D Shandakov
- Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya str. 6, Kemerovo 650000, Russia
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Center for Photonic Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel St., 3, Moscow 121205, Russia
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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17
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Zhao D, Nie B, Qi G, Li S, Zhu Q, Qiu J, Hsu Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhang Q, Wei Z. A flexible metal nano-mesh strain sensor with the characteristic of spontaneous functional recovery after fracture damage. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12409-12417. [PMID: 35971990 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02493d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing flexible sensors with high sensitivity, a wide sensing range, and good stability is a challenge. By replicating the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) hole structure, we proposed new strain sensors with Pt nano-mesh films embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. The nano-mesh strain sensor exhibited high sensitivity (a gauge factor of 4500) and a sensing range as high as 90%. The resistance remained almost completely unchanged after 1500 loading/unloading cycles of 15% strain, demonstrating the high repeatability and stability of the sensor. In addition, even if the nano-mesh experienced an open circuit by overstraining, the sensor can still measure strain within 45% after recovery. The capability of spontaneous functional recovery after fractural damage considerably extends its service life. Finally, the nano-mesh strain sensors were worn on the wrist and neck to monitor wrist movement and throat vibration, respectively. Signals corresponding to swallowing, throat clearing, and letter pronunciation were clearly distinguished from the peak value and signal patterns. These results indicate that the metal nano-mesh strain sensors have great potential for applications in wearable devices, electronic skin, and flexible robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhao
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Bangbang Nie
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guochen Qi
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shijiao Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qichen Zhu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jingjiang Qiu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Sensing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yenya Hsu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yudong Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zonhan Wei
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Sensing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Cyber Science and Engineering & Hanwei Institute of Internet of Things, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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18
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Zhu T, Wu K, Xia Y, Yang C, Chen J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Pu X, Liu G, Sun J. Topological Gradients for Metal Film-Based Strain Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6637-6646. [PMID: 35931465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal film-based stretchable strain sensors hold great promise for applications in various domains, which require superior sensitivity-stretchability-cyclic stability synergy. However, the sensitivity-stretchability trade-off has been a long-standing dilemma and the metal film-based strain sensors usually suffer from weak cyclic durability, both of which significantly limit their practical applications. Here, we propose an extremely facile, low-cost and spontaneous strategy that incorporates topological gradients in metal film-based strain sensors, composed of intrinsic (grain size and interface) and extrinsic (film thickness and wrinkle) microstructures. The topological gradient strain sensor exhibits an ultrawide stretchability of 100% while simultaneously maintaining a high sensitivity at an optimal topological gradient of 4.5, due to the topological gradients-induced multistage film cracking. Additionally, it possesses a decent cyclic stability for >10 000 cycles between 0 and 40% strain enabled by the gradient-mixed metal/elastomer interfaces. It can monitor the full-range human activities from subtle pulse signals to vigorous joint movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, P.R. China
| | - Jiaorui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Pu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
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19
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Li Q, Liu Z, Zheng S, Li W, Ren Y, Li L, Yan F. Three-Dimensional Printable, Highly Conductive Ionic Elastomers for High-Sensitivity Iontronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26068-26076. [PMID: 35638096 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of hydrogels and ionic gels for applications in fields such as soft electronics and wearable sensors is limited by liquid evaporation or leakage. Ionic conductors without volatile liquids are better choices for flexible and transparent devices. Here, a liquid polymer electrolyte (LPE) is prepared from a mixture of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) above the melting point of PEG. A three-dimensional (3D) printable solvent-free ionic elastomer (IE) is introduced by photopolymerization of ethyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl acrylate in the prepared LPE. The conductivity is significantly improved by the presence of a high content of the lithium salt. Dynamic cross-linking networks improve the stretchability and resilience of the elastomer. The pattern design capability of the IE is provided by light-curing 3D printing. These features demonstrate that the IE has broad application prospects in flexible sensors, ion skins, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingning Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sijie Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongyuan Ren
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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20
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Zhang J, Xie Y, Xu H, Zhou T. Efficient and Simple Fabrication of High-Strength and High-Conductivity Metallization Patterns on Flexible Polymer Films. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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21
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Mao L, Pan T, Ke Y, Yan Z, Huang S, Guo D, Gao N, Huang W, Yao G, Gao M, Lin Y. Configurable direction sensitivity of skin-mounted microfluidic strain sensor with auxetic metamaterial. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1630-1639. [PMID: 35348159 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electromechanical coupling plays a key role in determining the performance of stretchable strain sensor. Current regulation of the electromechanical coupling in stretchable strain sensor is largely restricted by the intrinsic mechanical properties of the device. In this study, a microfluidic strain sensor based on the core-shell package design with the auxetic metamaterial (AM) is presented. By overriding the mechanical properties of the device, the AM in the package effectively tunes the deformation of the microfluidic channel with the applied strain and configures the directional strain sensitivity with a large modulation range. The gauge factor (GF) of the strain sensor in the radial direction of the channel can be gradually shifted from the intrinsically negative value to a positive one by adopting the AMs with different designs. By simply replacing the AM in the package, the microfluidic strain sensor with the core-shell package can be configurated as an omnidirectional or directional stretchable strain sensor. With the directional sensitivity brought by the rational AM design, the application of the AM-integrated strain sensor in the skin-mounted tactile detection is demonstrated with high tolerance to unintended wrist movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Mao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Ke
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Zhuocheng Yan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Sirong Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Dengji Guo
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Neng Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Wen Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
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22
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Reconfigurable, Stretchable Strain Sensor with the Localized Controlling of Substrate Modulus by Two-Phase Liquid Metal Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050882. [PMID: 35269370 PMCID: PMC8912465 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Strain modulation based on the heterogeneous design of soft substrates is an effective method to improve the sensitivity of stretchable resistive strain sensors. In this study, a novel design for reconfigurable strain modulation in the soft substrate with two-phase liquid cells is proposed. The modulatory strain distribution induced by the reversible phase transition of the liquid metal provides reconfigurable strain sensing capabilities with multiple combinations of operating range and sensitivity. The effectiveness of our strategy is validated by theoretical simulations and experiments on a hybrid carbonous film-based resistive strain sensor. The strain sensor can be gradually switched between a highly sensitive one and a wide-range one by selectively controlling the phases of liquid metal in the cell array with a external heating source. The relative change of sensitivity and operating range reaches a maximum of 59% and 44%, respectively. This reversible heterogeneous design shows great potential to facilitate the fabrication of strain sensors and might play a promising role in the future applications of stretchable strain sensors.
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23
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Nie B, Liu S, Qu Q, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Liu J. Bio-inspired flexible electronics for smart E-skin. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:280-295. [PMID: 34157454 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
"Learning from nature" provides endless inspiration for scientists to invent new materials and devices. Here, we review state-of-the-art technologies in flexible electronics, with a focus on bio-inspired smart skins. This review focuses on the development of E-skin for sensing a variety of parameters such as mechanical loads, temperature, light, and biochemical cues, with a trend of increased integration of multiple functions. It highlights the most recent advances in flexible electronics inspired by animals such as chameleons, squids, and octopi whose bodies have remarkable camouflage, mimicry, or self-healing attributes. Implantable devices, being overlapped with smart E-skin in a broad sense, are included in this review. This review outlines the remaining challenges in flexible electronics and the prospects for future development for biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article reviews the state-of-the-art technologies of bio-inspired smart electronic skin (E-skin) developed in a "learning-mimicking-creating" (LMC) cycle. We emphasize the most recent innovations in the development of E-skin for sensing physical changes and biochemical cues, and for integrating multiple sensing modalities. We discuss the achievements in implantable materials, wireless communication, and device design pertaining to implantable flexible electronics. This review will provide prospective insights integrating material, electronics, and mechanical engineering viewpoints to foster new ideas for next-generation smart E-skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Nie
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Sidi Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qing Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yiqiu Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mengying Zhao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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24
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Tan XC, Xu JD, Jian JM, Dun GH, Cui TR, Yang Y, Ren TL. Programmable Sensitivity Screening of Strain Sensors by Local Electrical and Mechanical Properties Coupling. ACS NANO 2021; 15:20590-20599. [PMID: 34859997 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the canonical trade-off between the gauge factor and the working range, there is an emergent need for strain sensors with customizable sensitivity for various applications of different deformation ranges. However, current optimization strategies typically allow possessing either, not both, high-sensing performance or customizable sensing performance. Here, a laser-programmed heterogeneous strain sensor featured locally coupled electrical and mechanical properties (named an LCoup sensor) is developed to access customized sensor performance. Coupled electromechanical properties enable the applied strain to be mainly experienced by the higher sensitivity regions when stretched. By optimizing the parameters of laser processes, the gauge factor can systematically screen within 2 orders of magnitude (from 7.8 to 266.6) while maintaining good stretchability (50%). To prove the potential in human-machine interaction, the real-time monitoring and recognition of set hand gestures (left-click, right-click, and double-click) are demonstrated, representing the traditional input patterns of the computer mouse. Multiscale programming of material properties can further achieve excellent and tailored device performances, offering more opportunities for the design of a broad range of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chao Tan
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Dong Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Ming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guan-Hua Dun
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Rui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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25
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Li S, Xiao P, Zhou W, Liang Y, Kuo SW, Chen T. Bioinspired Nanostructured Superwetting Thin-Films in a Self-supported form Enabled "Miniature Umbrella" for Weather Monitoring and Water Rescue. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:32. [PMID: 34902086 PMCID: PMC8669048 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An elastic, superhydrophobic and conductive thin film inspired by the natural self-supported superhydrophobic butterfly wings enabled by a controllable composite of assembled carbon nanotube and elastomer is fabricated. Through the adjustment of hydrophobic elastomeric coating, the surface wettability can be effectively controlled and still maintain superhydrophobic characteristics under the applied strain of 60%. The achieved film can function as a self-supported smart umbrella to sensitively monitor the day weather and perform water rescue. ABSTRACT Two-dimensional (2D) soft materials, especially in their self-supported forms, demonstrate attractive properties to realize biomimetic morphing and ultrasensitive sensing. Although extensive efforts on design of self-supported functional membranes and integrated systems have been devoted, there still remains an unexplored regime of the combination of mechanical, electrical and surface wetting properties for specific functions. Here, we report a self-supported film featured with elastic, thin, conductive and superhydrophobic characteristics. Through a well-defined surface modification strategy, the surface wettability and mechanical sensing can be effectively balanced. The resulted film can function as a smart umbrella to achieve real-time simulated raining with diverse frequencies and intensity. In addition, the integrated umbrella can even response sensitively to the sunlight and demonstrate a positively correlation of current signals with the intensity of sun illumination. Moreover, the superhydrophobic umbrella can be further employed to realize water rescue, which can take the underwater object onto water surface, load and rapidly transport the considerable weight. More importantly, the whole process of loaded objects and water flow velocity can be precisely detected. The self-supported smart umbrella can effectively monitor the weather and realize a smart water rescue, demonstrating significant potentials in multifunctional sensing and directional actuation in the presence of water. [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40820-021-00775-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Material and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Wang C, Lv Z, Mohan MP, Cui Z, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Li J, Wang C, Pan S, Karim MF, Liu AQ, Chen X. Pangolin-Inspired Stretchable, Microwave-Invisible Metascale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102131. [PMID: 34431137 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-invisible devices are emerging as a valuable technology in various applications, including soft robotics, shape-morphing structures, and textural camouflages, especially in electronic countermeasures. Unfortunately, conventional microwave-absorbing metastructures and bulk absorbers are stretching confined, limiting their application in deformable or special-shaped targets. To overcome such limitations, a conceptually novel soft-rigid-connection strategy, inspired by the pangolin, is proposed. Pangolin-inspired metascale (PIMS), which is a kind of stretchable metamaterial consisting of an electromagnetic dissipative scale (EMD-scale) and elastomer, is rationally designed. Such a device exhibits robust microwave-absorbing capacity under the interference of 50% stretching. Besides, profiting from the covering effect and size-confined effect of EMD-scale, the out-of-plane indentation failure force of PIMS is at least 5 times larger than conventional device. As a proof of concept, the proposed device is conformally pasted on nondevelopable surfaces. For a spherical dome surface, the maximum radar cross-section (RCS) reduction of PIMS is 6.3 dB larger than that of a conventional device, while for a saddle surface, the bandwidth of 10 dB RCS reduction exhibits an increase of 83%. In short, this work provides a conceptually novel platform to develop stretchable, nondevelopable surface conformable functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxian Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Manoj Prabhakar Mohan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zequn Cui
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaofu Li
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Cong Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaowu Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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27
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Nguyen T, Dinh T, Phan HP, Pham TA, Dau VT, Nguyen NT, Dao DV. Advances in ultrasensitive piezoresistive sensors: from conventional to flexible and stretchable applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2123-2150. [PMID: 34846421 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The piezoresistive effect has been a dominant mechanical sensing principle that has been widely employed in a range of sensing applications. This transducing concept still receives great attention because of the huge demand for developing small, low-cost, and high-performance sensing devices. Many researchers have extensively explored new methods to enhance the piezoresistive effect and to make sensors more and more sensitive. Many interesting phenomena and mechanisms to enhance the sensitivity have been discovered. Numerous review papers on the piezoresistive effect have been published; however, there is no comprehensive review article that thoroughly analyses methods and approaches to enhance the piezoresistive effect. This paper comprehensively reviews and presents all the advanced enhancement methods ranging from the quantum physical effect and new materials to nanoscopic and macroscopic structures, and from conventional rigid to flexible, stretchable and wearable applications. In addition, the paper summarises results recently achieved on applying the above-mentioned innovative sensing enhancement techniques in making extremely sensitive piezoresistive transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Australia.
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28
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Wang H, Zhou R, Li D, Zhang L, Ren G, Wang L, Liu J, Wang D, Tang Z, Lu G, Sun G, Yu HD, Huang W. High-Performance Foam-Shaped Strain Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Ti 3C 2T x MXene for the Monitoring of Human Activities. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9690-9700. [PMID: 34086439 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The flexible strain sensor is of significant importance in wearable electronics, since it can help monitor the physical signals from the human body. Among various strain sensors, the foam-shaped ones have received widespread attention owing to their light weight and gas permeability. However, the working range of these sensors is still not large enough, and the sensitivity needs to be further improved. In this work, we develop a high-performance foam-shaped strain sensor composed of Ti3C2Tx MXene, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). MXene sheets are adsorbed on the surface of a composite foam of MWCNTs and TPU (referred to as TPU/MWCNTs foam), which is prefabricated by using a salt-templating method. The obtained TPU/MWCNTs@MXene foam works effectively as a lightweight, easily processable, and sensitive strain sensor. The TPU/MWCNTs@MXene device can deliver a wide working strain range of ∼100% and an outstanding sensitivity as high as 363 simultaneously, superior to the state-of-the-art foam-shaped strain sensors. Moreover, the composite foam shows an excellent gas permeability and suitable elastic modulus close to those of skin, indicating its being highly comfortable as a wearable sensor. Owing to these advantages, the sensor works effectively in detecting both subtle and large human movements, such as joint motion, finger motion, and vocal cord vibration. In addition, the sensor can be used for gesture recognition, demonstrating its perspective in human-machine interaction. Because of the high sensitivity, wide working range, gas permeability, and suitable modulus, our foam-shaped composite strain sensor may have great potential in the field of flexible and wearable electronics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ruicong Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Donghai Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Linrong Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guozhang Ren
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Deyang Wang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie Road, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Gang Lu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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29
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Wang M, Luo Y, Wang T, Wan C, Pan L, Pan S, He K, Neo A, Chen X. Artificial Skin Perception. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003014. [PMID: 32930454 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ, with the functionalities of protection, regulation, and sensation. The emulation of human skin via flexible and stretchable electronics gives rise to electronic skin (e-skin), which has realized artificial sensation and other functions that cannot be achieved by conventional electronics. To date, tremendous progress has been made in data acquisition and transmission for e-skin systems, while the implementation of perception within systems, that is, sensory data processing, is still in its infancy. Integrating the perception functionality into a flexible and stretchable sensing system, namely artificial skin perception, is critical to endow current e-skin systems with higher intelligence. Here, recent progress in the design and fabrication of artificial skin perception devices and systems is summarized, and challenges and prospects are discussed. The strategies for implementing artificial skin perception utilize either conventional silicon-based circuits or novel flexible computing devices such as memristive devices and synaptic transistors, which enable artificial skin to surpass human skin, with a distributed, low-latency, and energy-efficient information-processing ability. In future, artificial skin perception would be a new enabling technology to construct next-generation intelligent electronic devices and systems for advanced applications, such as robotic surgery, rehabilitation, and prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yifei Luo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaowu Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Aden Neo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices, Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Gao H, Xu J, Liu S, Song Z, Zhou M, Liu S, Li F, Li F, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang Q. Stretchable, self-healable integrated conductor based on mechanical reinforced graphene/polyurethane composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 597:393-400. [PMID: 33892422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductors are susceptible to wear through repeated deformation over time. Stretchable conductors with self-healing properties can increase longevity and reduce safety hazards. However, most current self-healing conductors can only repair either the conductive layer or the insulating layer. Meantime, high mechanical robustness and self-healing efficiency are exclusive especially at ambient conditions. Realizing a stretchable conductor with integral self-healing and ultra-high mechanical strength is challenging, because this requires good interfacial compatibility and adaptability of the conductive and insulating layers. We adapt a biphasic dynamic network strategy to add toughness to self-healing materials. The DOU (dimethylglyoxime-urethane polyurethane) dynamic bonds and hydrogen bonds in the soft phase enable high self-healing efficiency, while the graphene as a hard phase supports the material's superior mechanical properties. We have prepared an overall self-healing stretchable conductor through the soft phase as a self-encapsulating insulating layer. This all-solid (Tg = -49.5 °C) graphene/dimethylglyoxime-urethane polyurethane (Gr/DOU-PU) composites characteristic of both high mechanical strength (~6 MPa, ~1000%, ~48 MJ m-3), self-healing conductivity (~90%, 10 min, 25 °C) and conductivity (R□=47.8 Ω □-1, d = 0.4 mm). The conductor has excellent stability for flexible electronics and for building stress sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Jianan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Zhongqian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Fenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Qixian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, PR China.
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Yu Y, Zheng G, Dai K, Zhai W, Zhou K, Jia Y, Zheng G, Zhang Z, Liu C, Shen C. Hollow-porous fibers for intrinsically thermally insulating textiles and wearable electronics with ultrahigh working sensitivity. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1037-1046. [PMID: 34821334 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01818j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable smart devices should be flexible and functional to imitate the warmth and sensing functions of human skin or animal fur. Despite the recent great progress in wearable smart devices, it is still challenging to achieve the required multi-functionality. Here, stretchable hollow-porous fibers with self-warming ability are designed, and the properties of electrical heating, strain sensing, temperature sensing and pressure sensing are achieved. The hollow-porous TPU fiber possesses an ultra-high stretchability (1468%), and the textiles woven from the fibers present a splendid thermal insulation property (the absolute value difference in temperature |ΔT| = 68.5 and 44 °C at extreme temperatures of 115 and -40.0 °C). Importantly, after conductive filler decoration, the fiber-based strain sensor exhibits one of the highest reported gauge factor (2.3 × 106) towards 100% strain in 7200 working stretch-release cycles. A low detection limit of 0.5% strain is also achieved. Besides, the fibers can be heated to 40 °C in 18 s at a small voltage of 2 V as an electrical heater. The assembled thermal sensors can monitor the temperature from 30 to 90 °C in real time, and the fiber-based capacitive type pressure sensor exhibits good sensing performance under force from 1 to 25 N. The hollow-porous fiber based all-in-one integrated wearable systems illustrate promising prospects for next generation electronic skins to detect human motions and body temperature with thermal therapy and inherent self-warming ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China.
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Qi D, Zhang K, Tian G, Jiang B, Huang Y. Stretchable Electronics Based on PDMS Substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003155. [PMID: 32830370 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics, which can retain their functions under stretching, have attracted great interest in recent decades. Elastic substrates, which bear the applied strain and regulate the strain distribution in circuits, are indispensable components in stretchable electronics. Moreover, the self-healing property of the substrate is a premise to endow stretchable electronics with the same characteristics, so the device may recover from failure resulting from large and frequent deformations. Therefore, the properties of the elastic substrate are crucial to the overall performance of stretchable devices. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is widely used as the substrate material for stretchable electronics, not only because of its advantages, which include stable chemical properties, good thermal stability, transparency, and biological compatibility, but also because of its capability of attaining designer functionalities via surface modification and bulk property tailoring. Herein, the strategies for fabricating stretchable electronics on PDMS substrates are summarized, and the influence of the physical and chemical properties of PDMS, including surface chemical status, physical modulus, geometric structures, and self-healing properties, on the performance of stretchable electronics is discussed. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of stretchable electronics based on PDMS substrates are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianpeng Qi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kuiyuan Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Gongwei Tian
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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Wu C, Wang H, Li Y, Kim T, Kwon SJ, Park B, He Z, Lee SB, Um MK, Byun JH, Chou TW. Sensitivity Improvement of Stretchable Strain Sensors by the Internal and External Structural Designs for Strain Redistribution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50803-50811. [PMID: 33135419 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fiber strain sensors that are directly woven into smart textiles play an important role in wearable systems. These sensors require a high sensitivity to detect the subtle strain in practical applications. However, traditional fiber strain sensors with constant diameters undergo homogeneous strain distribution in the axial direction, thereby limiting the sensitivity improvement. Herein, a novel strategy of internal or external structural design is proposed to significantly improve the sensitivity of fiber strain sensors. The fibers are produced with directional increases in diameter (internal design) or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microbeads attached to surfaces (external design) by combining hollow glass tubes used as templates with PDMS drops. The structural modification of the fiber significantly impacts the sensing performance. After optimizing structural parameters, the highest gauge factor reaches 123.1 in the internal-external structure design at 25% strain. A comprehensive analysis reveals that the desirable scheme is the internal structural design, which features a high sensitivity of 110 with a 100% improvement at ∼5-20% strain. Because of the sufficiently robust interface, even at the 800th cycle, fiber sensors still possessed an excellent stable performance. The morphology evolution mechanism indicates that the resistance increase is closely related with the increased peak width and distance, and the appearance of gaps. Based on the finite element modeling simulation, the quantified effective contributions of different strategies positively correlate with the improved sensitivity. The proposed fiber strain sensors, which are woven into the two-dimensional network structure, exhibit an excellent capability for displacement monitoring and facilitate the traffic control of crossroads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjin Wu
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Huai Wang
- Materials Processing Innovation Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Ying Li
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Suk Jin Kwon
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Byeongjin Park
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Zuoli He
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Sang-Bok Lee
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kwang Um
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Joon-Hyung Byun
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, South Korea
| | - Tsu-Wei Chou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Wang YF, Sekine T, Takeda Y, Hong J, Yoshida A, Matsui H, Kumaki D, Nishikawa T, Shiba T, Sunaga T, Tokito S. Printed Strain Sensor with High Sensitivity and Wide Working Range Using a Novel Brittle-Stretchable Conductive Network. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35282-35290. [PMID: 32649823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are few reports on resistive strain sensors that exhibit both high sensitivity and a wide working range under stretching. We have newly developed a high-performance strain sensor based on a brittle-stretchable conductive network that consists of both brittle and stretchable conductive layers and is fabricated on a stretchable substrate using the screen-printing method. Adding strain usually generates structural cracks in brittle conductive layers leading to a significant increase in resistance, while a stretchable conductive layer bridges these cracks to maintain the conductive pathways under high-strain conditions. This novel conductive network endows superior electrical-mechanical performance to the strain sensors, which possess high sensitivity (gauge factor > 870) over the entire working range (∼100%). Additionally, the developed sensors showed unique anisotropic bend-sensing characteristics, which could be used to detect the bending directions. This high degree of comprehensive performance results in a strain sensor with the capability for full-range human motion detection and robotic motion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Wang
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sekine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takeda
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jinseo Hong
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kumaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takao Nishikawa
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takeo Shiba
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sunaga
- R&D Center, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., 1-5-2, Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-7122, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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He K, Liu Z, Wan C, Jiang Y, Wang T, Wang M, Zhang F, Liu Y, Pan L, Xiao M, Yang H, Chen X. An On-Skin Electrode with Anti-Epidermal-Surface-Lipid Function Based on a Zwitterionic Polymer Brush. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001130. [PMID: 32374473 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On-skin flexible devices provide a noninvasive approach for continuous and real-time acquisition of biological signals from the skin, which is essential for future chronic disease diagnosis and smart health monitoring. Great progress has been achieved in flexible devices to resolve the mechanical mismatching between conventional rigid devices and human skin. However, common materials used for flexible devices including silicon-based elastomers and various metals exhibit no resistance to epidermal surface lipids (skin oil and grease), which restricts the long-term and household usability. Herein, an on-skin electrode with anti-epidermal-surface-lipid function is reported, which is based on the grafting of a zwitterionic poly(2-methacryl-oyloxyethyl, methacryloyl-oxyethyl, or meth-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) brush on top of gold-coated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (Au/PDMS). Such an electrode allows the skin-lipids-fouled surface to be cleaned by simple water rinsing owing to the superhydrophilic zwitterionic groups. As a proof-of-concept, the PMPC-Au/PDMS electrodes are employed for both electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) recording. The electrodes are able to maintain stable skin-electrode impedance and good signal-to noise ratio (SNR) by water rinsing alone. This work provides a material-based solution to improve the long-term reusability of on-skin electronics and offers a unique prospective on developing next generation wearable healthcare devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Feilong Zhang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liang Pan
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Meng Xiao
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Yang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Dinh T, Nguyen T, Phan HP, Nguyen TK, Dau VT, Nguyen NT, Dao DV. Advances in Rational Design and Materials of High-Performance Stretchable Electromechanical Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905707. [PMID: 32101372 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and wearable sensor technology has attracted significant interests and created high technological impact on portable healthcare and smart human-machine interfaces. Wearable electromechanical systems are an important part of this technology that has recently witnessed tremendous progress toward high-performance devices for commercialization. Over the past few years, great attention has been paid to simultaneously enhance the sensitivity and stretchability of the electromechanical sensors toward high sensitivity, ultra-stretchability, low power consumption or self-power functionalities, miniaturisation as well as simplicity in design and fabrication. This work presents state-of-the-art advanced materials and rational designs of electromechanical sensors for wearable applications. Advances in various sensing concepts and structural designs for intrinsic stretchable conductive materials as well as advanced rational platforms are discussed. In addition, the practical applications and challenges in the development of stretchable electromechanical sensors are briefly mentioned and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Dinh
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane, 4300, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Van Thanh Dau
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4125, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dzung Viet Dao
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane, 4300, Queensland, Australia
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Wang T, Wang M, Yang L, Li Z, Loh XJ, Chen X. Cyber-Physiochemical Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905522. [PMID: 31944425 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Living things rely on various physical, chemical, and biological interfaces, e.g., somatosensation, olfactory/gustatory perception, and nervous system response. They help organisms to perceive the world, adapt to their surroundings, and maintain internal and external balance. Interfacial information exchanges are complicated but efficient, delicate but precise, and multimodal but unisonous, which has driven researchers to study the science of such interfaces and develop techniques with potential applications in health monitoring, smart robotics, future wearable devices, and cyber physical/human systems. To understand better the issues in these interfaces, a cyber-physiochemical interface (CPI) that is capable of extracting biophysical and biochemical signals, and closely relating them to electronic, communication, and computing technology, to provide the core for aforementioned applications, is proposed. The scientific and technical progress in CPI is summarized, and the challenges to and strategies for building stable interfaces, including materials, sensor development, system integration, and data processing techniques are discussed. It is hoped that this will result in an unprecedented multi-disciplinary network of scientific collaboration in CPI to explore much uncharted territory for progress, providing technical inspiration-to the development of the next-generation personal healthcare technology, smart sports-technology, adaptive prosthetics and augmentation of human capability, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhuyun Li
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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