1
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Fu XL, Zheng F, Xie SJ, Ji YL, Gao CJ. The mechanisms underlying Li +/Mg 2+ separation in ZIF-8 under an electric field from atomistic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22220-22229. [PMID: 39129471 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02045f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we explore the mass transfer and separation mechanism of Li+ and Mg2+ confined within the flexible nanoporous zeolite imidazolate framework ZIF-8 under the influence of an electric field, employing molecular dynamics simulation. Our results highlight that the electric field accelerates the dehydration process of ions and underscore the critical importance of ZIF-8 framework flexibility in determining the separation selectivity of the ZIF-8 membrane. The electric field is shown to diminish ion hydration in the confined space of ZIF-8, notably disrupting the orientation of water molecules in the first hydration shells of ions, leading to an asymmetrical ionic hydration structure characterized by the uniform alignment of water dipoles. Furthermore, despite the geometrical constraints imposed by the ZIF-8 framework, the electric field significantly enhances ionic mobility. Notably, the less stable hydration shell of Li+ facilitates its rapid, dehydration-induced transit through ZIF-8 nanopores, unlike Mg2+, whose stable hydration shell impedes dehydration. Further investigation into the structural characteristics of the six-ring windows traversed by Li+ and Mg2+ ions reveals distinct mechanisms of passage: for Mg2+ ions, significant window expansion is necessary, while for Li+ ions, the mechanism involves both window expansion and partial dehydration. These findings reveal the profound impact of the electric field and framework flexibility on the separation of Li+ and Mg2+, offering critical insights for the potential application of flexible nanoporous materials in the selective extraction of Li+ from salt-lake brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Fu
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Zheng
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Shi-Jie Xie
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yan-Li Ji
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Cong-Jie Gao
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
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2
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Liu W, Xu L, Yang Z, Zhang X, Lin S. Mixing due to Solution Switch Limits the Performance of Electrosorption for Desalination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13995-14004. [PMID: 39025784 PMCID: PMC11308525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Electrosorption (ES) is a research frontier in electrochemical separation, with proven potential applications in desalination, wastewater treatment, and selective resource extraction. However, due to the limited adsorption capacity of film electrodes, ES requires short circuiting or circuit reversal, accompanied by a solution switch between the feed solution and receiving solution, to sustain desalination over many charge-discharge cycles. In previously reported studies, solution switches have been commonly ignored to simplify experimental procedures, and their impacts on separation performance are thus not well understood. This study aims to provide a quantitative analysis of the impacts of mixing due to a solution switch on the performance of ES-based desalination. A numerical model of ES has been employed to evaluate the adverse effects of the solution switch on the desalination performance in three commonly used operation modes. The analysis reveals that the impacts of mixing due to solution-switch are more severe with a larger concentration difference between the desalinated water and the brine and provides insights into the effectiveness of increasing electrode loading or specific capacity in mitigating the detrimental impacts of mixing. Even with state-of-the-art systems, producing freshwater from seawater or even brackish water with medium-to-high salinity is practically challenging due to the presence of solution switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifan Liu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Longqian Xu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Zezhou Yang
- Department
of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
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3
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Tong Y, Wei Y, Song AJ, Ma Y, Yang J. Polyaniline/Tungsten Trioxide Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Anode for Aqueous Proton Batteries. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401257. [PMID: 38709195 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous proton batteries have received increasing attention due to their outstanding rate performance, stability and high capacity. However, the selection of anode materials in strongly acidic electrolytes poses a challenge in achieving high-performance aqueous proton batteries. This study optimized the proton reaction kinetics of layered metal oxide WO3 by introducing interlayer structural water and coating polyaniline (PANI) on its surface to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid material (WO3 ⋅ 2H2O@PANI). We constructed an aqueous proton battery with WO3 ⋅ 2H2O@PANI anode and MnO2@GF cathode. After 1500 cycles at a current density of 10 A g-1, the capacity retention rate can still reach 80.2 %. These results can inspire the development of new aqueous proton batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - AJing Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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4
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Yan G, Wei J, Apodaca E, Choi S, Eng PJ, Stubbs JE, Han Y, Zou S, Bera MK, Wu R, Karapetrova E, Zhou H, Chen W, Liu C. Identifying critical features of iron phosphate particle for lithium preference. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4859. [PMID: 38849339 PMCID: PMC11161493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) olivine iron phosphate (FePO4) is widely proposed for electrochemical lithium (Li) extraction from dilute water sources, however, significant variations in Li selectivity were observed for particles with different physical attributes. Understanding how particle features influence Li and sodium (Na) co-intercalation is crucial for system design and enhancing Li selectivity. Here, we investigate a series of FePO4 particles with various features and revealed the importance of harnessing kinetic and chemo-mechanical barrier difference between lithiation and sodiation to promote selectivity. The thermodynamic preference of FePO4 provides baseline of selectivity while the particle features are critical to induce different kinetic pathways and barriers, resulting in different Li to Na selectivity from 6.2 × 102 to 2.3 × 104. Importantly, we categorize the FePO4 particles into two groups based on their distinctly paired phase evolutions upon lithiation and sodiation, and generate quantitative correlation maps among Li preference, morphological features, and electrochemical properties. By selecting FePO4 particles with specific features, we demonstrate fast (636 mA/g) Li extraction from a high Li source (1: 100 Li to Na) with (96.6 ± 0.2)% purity, and high selectivity (2.3 × 104) from a low Li source (1: 1000 Li to Na) with (95.8 ± 0.3)% purity in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangbin Yan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Emory Apodaca
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Suin Choi
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Peter J Eng
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- James Frank Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Joanne E Stubbs
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Siqi Zou
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ronghui Wu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Evguenia Karapetrova
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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5
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Xia Q, Deng Z, Sun S, Zhao W, Ding J, Xi B, Gao G, Wang C. Solar-enhanced lithium extraction with self-sustaining water recycling from salt-lake brines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400159121. [PMID: 38814870 PMCID: PMC11161773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400159121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium is an emerging strategic resource for modern energy transformation toward electrification and decarbonization. However, current mainstream direct lithium extraction technology via adsorption suffers from sluggish kinetics and intensive water usage, especially in arid/semiarid and cold salt-lake regions (natural land brines). Herein, an efficient proof-of-concept integrated solar microevaporator system is developed to realize synergetic solar-enhanced lithium recovery and water footprint management from hypersaline salt-lake brines. The 98% solar energy harvesting efficiency of the solar microevaporator system, elevating its local temperature, greatly promotes the endothermic Li+ extraction process and solar steam generation. Benefiting from the photothermal effect, enhanced water flux, and enriched local Li+ supply in nanoconfined space, a double-enhanced Li+ recovery capacity was delivered (increase from 12.4 to 28.7 mg g-1) under one sun, and adsorption kinetics rate (saturated within 6 h) also reached twice of that at 280 K (salt-lake temperature). Additionally, the self-assembly rotation feature endows the microevaporator system with distinct self-cleaning desalination ability, achieving near 100% water recovery from hypersaline brines for further self-sufficient Li+ elution. Outdoor comprehensive solar-powered experiment verified the feasibility of basically stable lithium recovery ability (>8 mg g-1) directly from natural hypersaline salt-lake brines with self-sustaining water recycling for Li+ elution (440 m3 water recovery per ton Li2CO3). This work offers an integrated solution for sustainable lithium recovery with near zero water/carbon consumption toward carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Zehui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Siwei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225002, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing100012, China
| | - Guandao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
- Chongqing Innovation Research Institute of Nanjing University, Chongqing401121, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225002, China
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6
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Udoetok IA, Karoyo AH, Ubuo EE, Asuquo ED. Granulation of Lithium-Ion Sieves Using Biopolymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1520. [PMID: 38891466 PMCID: PMC11174407 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The high demand for lithium (Li) relates to clean, renewable storage devices and the advent of electric vehicles (EVs). The extraction of Li ions from aqueous media calls for efficient adsorbent materials with various characteristics, such as good adsorption capacity, good selectivity, easy isolation of the Li-loaded adsorbents, and good recovery of the adsorbed Li ions. The widespread use of metal-based adsorbent materials for Li ions extraction relates to various factors: (i) the ease of preparation via inexpensive and facile templation techniques, (ii) excellent selectivity for Li ions in a matrix, (iii) high recovery of the adsorbed ions, and (iv) good cycling performance of the adsorbents. However, the use of nano-sized metal-based Lithium-ion sieves (LISs) is limited due to challenges associated with isolating the loaded adsorbent material from the aqueous media. The adsorbent granulation process employing various binding agents (e.g., biopolymers, synthetic polymers, and inorganic materials) affords composite functional particles with modified morphological and surface properties that support easy isolation from the aqueous phase upon adsorption of Li ions. Biomaterials (e.g., chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and agar) are of particular interest because their structural diversity renders them amenable to coordination interactions with metal-based LISs to form three-dimensional bio-composite materials. The current review highlights recent progress in the use of biopolymer binding agents for the granulation of metal-based LISs, along with various crosslinking strategies employed to improve the mechanical stability of the granules. The study reviews the effects of granulation and crosslinking on adsorption capacity, selectivity, isolation, recovery, cycling performance, and the stability of the LISs. Adsorbent granulation using biopolymer binders has been reported to modify the uptake properties of the resulting composite materials to varying degrees in accordance with the surface and textural properties of the binding agent. The review further highlights the importance of granulation and crosslinking for improving the extraction process of Li ions from aqueous media. This review contributes to manifold areas related to industrial application of LISs, as follows: (1) to highlight recent progress in the granulation and crosslinking of metal-based adsorbents for Li ions recovery, (2) to highlight the advantages, challenges, and knowledge gaps of using biopolymer-based binders for granulation of LISs, and finally, (3) to catalyze further research interest into the use of biopolymer binders and various crosslinking strategies to engineer functional composite materials for application in Li extraction industry. Properly engineered extractants for Li ions are expected to offer various cost benefits in terms of capital expenditure, percent Li recovery, and reduced environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inimfon A. Udoetok
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Lithium Research Centre, Arizona Lithium, 615 W Elliot Rd, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - Abdalla H. Karoyo
- Research and Development, Nortek Data Center Cooling, 1502D Quebec Ave, Saskatoon, SK S7K 1V7, Canada
| | - Emmanuel E. Ubuo
- Department of Chemistry, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat Enin 532111, Nigeria;
| | - Edidiong D. Asuquo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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7
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Tong Y, Wei Y, Song A, Ma Y, Yang J. Organic Electrode Materials for Dual-Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301468. [PMID: 38116879 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials are widely used in various energy storage devices due to their renewable, environmental friendliness and adjustable structure. Dual-ion batteries (DIBs), which use organic materials as the electrodes, are an attractive alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries for sustainable energy storage devices owing to the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness, and high operating voltage. To date, various organic electrode materials have been applied in DIBs. In this review, we present the development of DIBs with a following brief introduction of characteristics and mechanisms of organic materials. The latest progress in the application of organic materials as anode and cathode materials for DIBs is mainly reviewed. Finally, we also discussed the challenges and prospects of organic electrode materials for DIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ajing Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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8
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Tan G, Wan S, Chen JJ, Yu HQ, Yu Y. Reduced Lattice Constant in Al-Doped LiMn 2O 4 Nanoparticles for Boosted Electrochemical Lithium Extraction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310657. [PMID: 38193844 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Extracting lithium selectively and efficiently from brine sources is crucial for addressing energy and environmental challenges. The electrochemical system employing LiMn2O4 (LMO) electrodes has been recognized as an effective method for lithium recovery. However, the lithium selectivity and stability of LMO need further enhancement for its practical applications. Herein, the Al-doped LMO with reduced lattice constant is successfully fabricated through a facile one-step solid-state sintering method, leading to enhanced lithium selectivity. The reduced lattice constant in Al-doped LMO is proved through spectroscopic analyses and theoretic calculations. Compared to the original LMO, the Al-doped LMO (LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4, LMO-Al0.05) exhibits highercapacitance, lower resistance, and improved stability. Moreover, the LMO-Al0.05 with reduced lattice constant can offer higher Li+ diffusion coefficient and lower intercalation energy revealed by cyclic voltammetry and multiscale simulations. When employed in hybrid capacitive deionization (CDI), the LMO-Al0.05 obtains a Li+ intercalation capacity of 21.7 mg g-1 and low energy consumption of 2.6 Wh mol-1 Li+. Importantly, the LMO-Al0.05 achieves a high Li+ extraction percentage (≈86%) with Li+/Na+ and Li+/Mg2+ selectivity of 1653.8 and 434.9, respectively, in synthetic brine. The results demonstrate that the Al-doped LMO with reduced lattice constant could be a sustainable solution for electrochemical lithium extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jie-Jie Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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9
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Zavahir S, Riyaz NS, Elmakki T, Tariq H, Ahmad Z, Chen Y, Park H, Ho YC, Shon HK, Han DS. Ion-imprinted membranes for lithium recovery: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141674. [PMID: 38462186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This review critically examines the effectiveness of ion-imprinted membranes (IIMs) in selectively recovering lithium (Li) from challenging sources such as seawater and brine. These membranes feature customized binding sites that specifically target Li ions, enabling selective separation from other ions, thanks to cavities shaped with crown ether or calixarene for improved selectivity. The review thoroughly investigates the application of IIMs in Li extraction, covering extensive sections on 12-crown-4 ether (a fundamental crown ether for Li), its modifications, calixarenes, and other materials for creating imprinting sites. It evaluates these systems against several criteria, including the source solution's complexity, Li+ concentration, operational pH, selectivity, and membrane's ability for regeneration and repeated use. This evaluation places IIMs as a leading-edge technology for Li extraction, surpassing traditional methods like ion-sieves, particularly in high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brines. It also highlights the developmental challenges of IIMs, focusing on optimizing adsorption, maintaining selectivity across varied ionic solutions, and enhancing permselectivity. The review reveals that while the bulk of research is still exploratory, only a limited portion has progressed to detailed lab verification, indicating that the application of IIMs in Li+ recovery is still at an embryonic stage, with no instances of pilot-scale trials reported. This thorough review elucidates the potential of IIMs in Li recovery, cataloging advancements, pinpointing challenges, and suggesting directions for forthcoming research endeavors. This informative synthesis serves as a valuable resource for both the scientific community and industry professionals navigating this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifani Zavahir
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Tasneem Elmakki
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Haseeb Tariq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Qatar University Young Scientists Center (QUYSC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dong Suk Han
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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10
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Li Y, Han N, He Q, Peng H, Wu X, Meng Z, Miao Z. Nitrogen-doped substrate material ion imprinting-capacitive deionization selective recovery of lithium ions from acidic solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:27949-27960. [PMID: 38526718 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
With the continuous development of global industry and the increasing demand for lithium resources, recycling valuable lithium from industrial solid waste is necessary for sustainable development and environmental friendliness. Herein, we employed ion imprinting and capacitive deionization to prepare a new electrode material for lithium-ion selective recovery. The material morphology and structure were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and other characterization methods, and the adsorption mechanism and water clusters were correlated using the density functional theory. The electrode material exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 36.94 mg/g at a Li+ concentration of 600 mg/L. The selective separation factors for Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Al3+ in complex solution environments were 2.07, 9.82, 1.80, and 8.45, respectively. After undergoing five regeneration cycles, the material retained 91.81% of the initial Li+ adsorption capacity. Meanwhile, the electrochemical adsorption capacity for Li+ was more than twice the corresponding conventional physical adsorption capacity because electrochemical adsorption provides the energy needed for deprotonation, enabling exposure of the cavities of the crown ether molecules to enrich the active sites. The proposed environment-friendly separation approach offers excellent selectivity for Li+ recovery and addresses the growing demand for Li+ resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiongqiong He
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haisen Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyong Miao
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, 221008, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Han Y, Ma J, Liu D, Yang Y, Zhang T, Wang M, Liang D, Wen L, Ma J, Wang W. Microenvironment-Modulating Adsorption Enables Highly Efficient Lithium Extraction under Natural pH Conditions. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9071-9081. [PMID: 38470249 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Ion-sieve adsorbents are effective materials in practical applications for extracting liquid lithium. However, it is greatly suppressed in adsorption capacity and selectivity (Li/Mg) under natural near-neutral conditions of seawater or salt lakes, due to the interference of in situ released H+ and Mg2+ impurity. This paper proposes an adsorbent with a microenvironment-modulating function as a solution. The introduction of quaternary ammonium groups into the carrier accelerates the migration of H+, while preventing the diffusion of Mg2+ by electrostatic repulsion. Besides, it can also prestore OH-, effectively consuming the generated hydrogen ions in situ. Based on the rational design, the alkali consumption of the microenvironment-modulating strategy is dramatically reduced to 1/144 of the traditional alkali-adding method. Additionally, adsorption performance is significantly promoted under natural pH conditions, with a maximum 33 times higher separation factor (selectivity) and 4 times higher adsorption capacity than commercial ion-sieve adsorbents. This development indicates the feasibility of using microenvironment modulation for effective lithium extraction and inspires the development of next-generation high-performance adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, P. R. China
| | - Daxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
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12
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Fu H, Xu W, Zhao Z, He L. Determination of lithium ions by stripping voltammetry using single-crystal LiFePO 4. Talanta 2024; 269:125499. [PMID: 38056414 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Determination of lithium ions is very important for extraction of lithium from salt lakes. Electrochemical sensor is an ideal choice, but it is not available so far. Here, a voltammetric sensor based on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) was developed. Single-crystal LiFePO4 dominated by the (010) lattice plane was synthesized using hydrothermal method; it had good selectivity for lithium ions. Lithium ions were preferentially intercalated into LiFePO4 even if molar ratio of sodium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions or calcium ions to lithium ions reached 10:1. The intercalation and deintercalation of interfering ions should be avoided because this reduced the selectivity of LiFePO4 for lithium ions. Lithium ion concentration of synthetic Uyuni Salt Lake solution was determined using the standard addition method. The measurement result was only 0.34 % higher than the theoretical value. The sensor provides a highly selective lithium ion analysis method at an extremely low cost, which was very promising to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Fu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Metallurgy and Material Processing of Rare Metals, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China.
| | - Lihua He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Metallurgy and Material Processing of Rare Metals, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
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13
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Sun K, Tebyetekerwa M, Zeng X, Wang Z, Duignan TT, Zhang X. Understanding the Electrochemical Extraction of Lithium from Ultradilute Solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3997-4007. [PMID: 38366979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical extraction of lithium (Li) from aqueous sources using electrochemical means is a promising direct Li extraction technology. However, to this date, most electrochemical Li extraction studies are confined to Li-rich brine, neglecting the practical and existing Li-lean resources, with their overall extraction behaviors currently not fully understood. More still, the effect of elevated sodium (Na) concentrations typically found in most Li-lean water sources on Li extraction is unclear. Hence, in this work, we first understand the electrochemical Li extraction behaviors from ultradilute solutions using spinel lithium manganese oxide as the model electrode. We discovered that Li extraction depends highly on the Li concentration and cell operation current density. Then, we switched our focus on low Li to Na ratio solutions, revealing that Na can dominate the electrostatic screening layer, reducing Li ion concentration. Based on these understandings, we rationally employed pulsed electrochemical operation to restructure the electrode surface and distribute the surface-adsorbed species, which efficiently achieves a high Li selectivity even in extremely low initial Li/Na concentrations of up to 1:20,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Sun
- Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mike Tebyetekerwa
- Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiangkang Zeng
- Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhuyuan Wang
- Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy T Duignan
- Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4011, Australia
| | - Xiwang Zhang
- Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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14
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Meng QW, Zhu X, Xian W, Wang S, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Dai Z, Yin H, Ma S, Sun Q. Enhancing ion selectivity by tuning solvation abilities of covalent-organic-framework membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316716121. [PMID: 38349874 PMCID: PMC10895279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316716121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular-level mechanisms involved in transmembrane ion selectivity is essential for optimizing membrane separation performance. In this study, we reveal our observations regarding the transmembrane behavior of Li+ and Mg2+ ions as a response to the changing pore solvation abilities of the covalent-organic-framework (COF) membranes. These abilities were manipulated by adjusting the lengths of the oligoether segments attached to the pore channels. Through comparative experiments, we were able to unravel the relationships between pore solvation ability and various ion transport properties, such as partitioning, conduction, and selectivity. We also emphasize the significance of the competition between Li+ and Mg2+ with the solvating segments in modulating selectivity. We found that increasing the length of the oligoether chain facilitated ion transport; however, it was the COF membrane with oligoether chains containing two ethylene oxide units that exhibited the most pronounced discrepancy in transmembrane energy barrier between Li+ and Mg2+, resulting in the highest separation factor among all the evaluated membranes. Remarkably, under electro-driven binary-salt conditions, this specific COF membrane achieved an exceptional Li+/Mg2+ selectivity of up to 1352, making it one of the most effective membranes available for Li+/Mg2+ separation. The insights gained from this study significantly contribute to advancing our understanding of selective ion transport within confined nanospaces and provide valuable design principles for developing highly selective COF membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Xincheng Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Weipeng Xian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Zhengqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin300387, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Zhifeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Hong Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX76201
| | - Qi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
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Li HN, Zhang C, Xin JH, Liu YW, Yang HC, Zhu CY, Liu C, Xu ZK. Design of Photothermal "Ion Pumps" for Achieving Energy-Efficient, Augmented, and Durable Lithium Extraction from Seawater. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2434-2445. [PMID: 38206056 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Extracting lithium from seawater has emerged as a disruptive platform to resolve the issue of an ever-growing lithium shortage. However, achieving highly efficient and durable lithium extraction from seawater in an energy-efficient manner is challenging, as imposed by the low concentration of lithium ions (Li+) and high concentration of interfering ions in seawater. Here, we report a facile and universal strategy to develop photothermal "ion pumps" (PIPs) that allow achieving energy-efficient, augmented, and durable lithium extraction from seawater under sunlight. The key design of PIPs lies in the function fusion and spatial configuration manipulation of a hydrophilic Li+-trapping nanofibrous core and a hydrophobic photothermal shell for governing gravity-driven water flow and solar-driven water evaporation. Such a synergetic effect allows PIPs to achieve spontaneous, continuous, and augmented Li+ replenishment-diffusion-enrichment, as well as circumvent the impact of concentration polarization and scaling of interfering ions. We demonstrate that our PIPs exhibit dramatic enhancement in Li+ trapping rate and outstanding Li+ separation factor yet have ultralow energy consumption. Moreover, our PIPs deliver ultrastable Li+ trapping performance without scaling even under high-concentration interfering ions for 140 h operation, as opposed to the significant decrease of nearly 55.6% in conventional photothermal configuration. The design concept and material toolkit developed in this work can also find applications in extracting high-value-added resources from seawater and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Xin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Cheng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Ye Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- The "Belt and Road" Sino-Portugal Joint Lab on Advanced Materials, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wang J, Koenig GM. Direct Lithium Extraction Using Intercalation Materials. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302776. [PMID: 37819870 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide lithium demand has surged in recent years due to increased production of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles and stationary storage. Li supply and production will need to increase such that the transition towards increased electrification in the energy sector does not become cost prohibitive. Many countries have taken policy steps such as listing Li as a critical mineral. Current commercial Li mining is mostly from dedicated mine sources, including ores, clays, and brines. The conventional ways to extract Li+ from those resources are through chemical processing and includes steps of calcination, leaching, precipitation, and purification. The environmental and economic sustainability of conventional Li processing has recently received increased scrutiny. Routes such as direct Li+ extraction may provide advantages relative to conventional Li+ extraction technologies, and one possible route to direct Li+ extraction includes leveraging intercalation materials. Intercalation material processing has recently demonstrated high selectivity towards Li+ as opposed to other cations. Reviews and reports of direct Li+ extraction with intercalation materials are limited, even as this technology has started to show promise in smaller-scale demonstrations. This paper will review selective Li+ extraction via intercalation materials, including both electrochemical and chemical methods to drive Li+ in and out, and efforts to characterize the Li+ insertion/deinsertion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 385 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4741, USA
| | - Gary M Koenig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 385 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4741, USA
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17
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Peng H, Liu X, Su Y, Li J, Zhao Q. Advanced Lithium Extraction Membranes Derived from Tagged-Modification of Polyamide Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312795. [PMID: 37796136 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient Mg2+ /Li+ separation is crucial to combating the lithium shortage worldwide, yet current nanofiltration membranes suffer from low efficacy and/or poor scalability, because desirable properties of membranes are entangled and there is a trade-off. This work reports a "tagged-modification" approach to tackle the challenge. A mixture of 3-bromo-trimethylpropan-1-aminium bromide (E1 ) and 3-aminopropyltrimethylazanium (E2 ) was designed to modify polyethylenimine - trimesoyl chloride (PEI-TMC) membranes. E1 and E2 reacted with the PEI and TMC, respectively, and thus, the membrane properties (hydrophilicity, pore sizes, charge) were untangled and intensified simultaneously. The permeance (34.3 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 ) and Mg2+ /Li+ selectivity (23.2) of the modified membranes are about 4 times and 2 times higher than the pristine membrane, and they remain stable in a 30-days test. The permeance is the highest among all analogous nanofiltration membranes. The tagged-modification method enables the preparation of large-area membranes and modules that produce high-purity lithium carbonate (Li2 CO3 ) from simulated brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Su
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
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18
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Li H, Pan J, Ping Y, Su J, Fang M, Chen T, Pan B, Lu Z. Annealed SiO 2 Protective Layer on LiMn 2O 4 for Enhanced Li-Ion Extraction from Brine. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10458-10465. [PMID: 37922401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel approach for selective Li-ion extraction from brine using an LiMn2O4 ion sieve coated with a dense silica layer, denoted as LMO@SiO2. The SiO2 layer is controllably coated onto the LMO surface, forming passivation layers and ion permeation filters. This design effectively minimizes the acidic corrosion of the LMO and enhances the Li+ adsorption capacity. Additionally, the SiO2 layer undergoes calcination at various temperatures (ranging from 300 to 700 °C) to achieve different compactness levels of the coating layer, providing further protection to the LMO crystal structures. As a result of these improvements, the optimized LMO@SiO2 adsorbent demonstrates an exceptional Li+ adsorption capacity of 18.5 mg/g for brine, and even after seven adsorption-elution cycles, it maintains a capacity of 15.3 mg/g. This outstanding performance makes our material a promising candidate for efficient Li+ extraction from brine or other low-concentration Li+ solutions in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualun Li
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiahao Pan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yitao Ping
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jialun Su
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Moling Fang
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tian Chen
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenda Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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19
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Gao X, Ding R, Huang H, Liu B, Zhao X. Constructing a carboxyl-rich angstrom-level trap in a metal-organic framework for the selective capture of lithium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13183-13186. [PMID: 37850377 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03913g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
A metal-organic-framework-based ion trap was designed via tailoring linker functionality as well as free -COOH density. The mixed-linker UiO-66-H2/H4 exhibits higher adsorption for Li+ ions than H4-free UiO-66-H2 because the H4 linker provides an additional -COOH group in the local region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Rui Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Baosheng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Xudong Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
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20
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Torres WR, Zeballos NC, Flexer V. Effect of [Na +]/[Li +] concentration ratios in brines on lithium carbonate production through membrane electrolysis. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:101-124. [PMID: 37477538 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is a fundamental raw material for the production of rechargeable batteries. The technology currently in use for lithium salts recovery from continental brines entails the evaporation of huge water volumes in desert environments. It also requires that the native brines reside for not less than a year in open air ponds, and is only applicable to selected compositions, not allowing its application to more diluted brines such as those geothermally sourced or waters produced from the oil industry. We have proposed an alternative technology based on membrane electrolysis. In three consecutive water electrolyzers, fitted alternately with anion and cation permselective membranes, we have shown, at proof-of-concept level, that it is possible to sequentially recover lithium carbonate and several by-products, including magnesium and calcium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, H2 and HCl. The big challenge is to bring this technology closer to practical implementation. Thus, the issue is how to apply relatively well-known electrochemical technology principles to large volumes and to a highly complex and saline broth. We have studied the application of this new methodology to ternary mixtures (NaCl, LiCl and KCl) with constant LiCl and KCl composition and increasing NaCl content. Results showed very similar behaviour for systems containing [Na+]/[Li+] concentration ratios ranging from 1.24 to 4.80. The voltage developed between the anode and cathode is almost the same in all systems at roughly 3.5 V when a constant current density of 50 A m-2 is applied. The three monovalent cations migrate with different rates across the cation exchange membrane, with Li+ being the most sluggish and thus crystallization of Li2CO3 only occurs close to completion of the electrolysis. The dimensionless concentration profiles are almost indistinguishable despite the changes in total salinity. The solids crystallized from different feeds showed higher Na+ and K+ contents as the initial Na+ concentration was increased. However, solids with over 99.9% purity in Li2CO3 could be obtained after a simple re-suspension treatment in hot water. The electrochemical energy consumption greatly increases with higher Na+ concentrations, and the amount of fresh water that can be recovered is diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina.
| | - Nadia C Zeballos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina.
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial (INTI) Sede Jujuy, Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina
| | - Victoria Flexer
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Materiales Avanzados y Almacenamiento de Energía de Jujuy-CIDMEJu (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Jujuy), Av. Martijena S/N, Palpalá, 4612, Argentina.
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21
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Jamoussi B, Chakroun R, Al-Mur BA, Halawani RF, Aloufi FA, Chaabani A, Aljohani NS. Design of a New Phthalocyanine-Based Ion-Imprinted Polymer for Selective Lithium Recovery from Desalination Plant Reverse Osmosis Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3847. [PMID: 37765702 PMCID: PMC10537805 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel technique is introduced that involves the combination of an ion-imprinted polymer and solid-phase extraction to selectively adsorb lithium ions from reverse osmosis brine. In the process of synthesizing ion-imprinted polymers, phthalocyanine acrylate acted as the functional monomer responsible for lithium chelation. The structural and morphological characteristics of the molecularly imprinted polymers and non-imprinted polymers were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption data for Li on an ion-imprinted polymer showed an excellent fit to the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 3.2 mg·g-1. Comprehensive chemical analyses revealed a significant Li concentration with a higher value of 45.36 mg/L. Through the implementation of a central composite design approach, the adsorption and desorption procedures were systematically optimized by varying the pH, temperature, sorbent mass, and elution volume. This systematic approach allowed the identification of the most efficient operating conditions for extracting lithium from seawater reverse osmosis brine using ion-imprinted polymer-solid-phase extraction. The optimum operating conditions for the highest efficiency of adsorbing Li+ were determined to be a pH of 8.49 and a temperature of 45.5 °C. The efficiency of ion-imprinted polymer regeneration was evaluated through a cycle of the adsorption-desorption process, which resulted in Li recoveries of up to 80%. The recovery of Li from the spiked brine sample obtained from the desalination plant reverse osmosis waste through the ion-imprinted polymer ranged from 62.8% to 71.53%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Jamoussi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Radhouane Chakroun
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Bandar A. Al-Mur
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Riyadh F. Halawani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Fahed A. Aloufi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Anis Chaabani
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naif S. Aljohani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.C.); (B.A.A.-M.); (R.F.H.); (F.A.A.); (N.S.A.)
- Saline Water Conversion Corporation, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Yang L, Tu Y, Li H, Zhan W, Hu H, Wei Y, Chen C, Liu K, Shao P, Li M, Yang G, Luo X. Fluorine-Rich Supramolecular Nano-Container Crosslinked Hydrogel for Lithium Extraction with Super-High Capacity and Extreme Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308702. [PMID: 37471502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Extraction and recovery of lithium from reserves play a critical role in the sustainable development of energy due to the explosive growth of the lithium-battery market. However, the low efficiency of extraction and recovery seriously threatens the sustainability of lithium supply. In this contribution, we fabricate a novel mechanically robust fluorine-rich hydrogel, showing highly efficient Li+ extraction from Li-containing solutions. The hydrogel was facilely fabricated by simple one-pot polymerization of supramolecular nanosheets of fluorinated monomers, acrylic acid and a small amount of chemical crosslinkers. The hydrogel exhibits a remarkable lithium adsorption capacity (Qm Li+ =122.3 mg g-1 ) and can be reused. Moreover, it can exclusively extract lithium ions from multiple co-existing metal ions. Notably, the separation of Li+ /Na+ in actual wastewater is achieved with a surprising separation factor of 153.72. The detailed characterizations as well as calculation showed that the specific coordination of Li-F plays a central role for both of the striking recovery capability and selectivity for Li+ . Furthermore, an artificial device was constructed, displaying high efficiency of extracting lithium in various complex actual lithium-containing wastewater. This work provides a new and promising avenue for the efficient extraction and recovery of lithium resource from complex lithium-containing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Yunyun Tu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wanli Zhan
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huiqin Hu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Yun Wei
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Changli Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Ketao Liu
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Penghui Shao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
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23
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Salazar-Avalos S, Soliz A, Cáceres L, Conejeros S, Brito I, Galvez E, Galleguillos Madrid FM. Metal Recovery from Natural Saline Brines with an Electrochemical Ion Pumping Method Using Hexacyanoferrate Materials as Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2557. [PMID: 37764586 PMCID: PMC10537048 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical ion pumping device is a promising alternative for the development of the industry of recovering metals from natural sources-such as seawater, geothermal water, well brine, or reverse osmosis brine-using electrochemical systems, which is considered a non-evaporative process. This technology is potentially used for metals like Li, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Sr, and others that are mostly obtained from natural brine sources through a combination of pumping, solar evaporation, and solvent extraction steps. As the future demand for metals for the electronic industry increases, new forms of marine mining processing alternatives are being implemented. Unfortunately, both land and marine mining, such as off-shore and deep sea types, have great potential for severe environmental disruption. In this context, a green alternative is the mixing entropy battery, which is a promising technique whereby the ions are captured from a saline natural source and released into a recovery solution with low ionic force using intercalation materials such as Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) to store cations inside its crystal structure. This new technique, called "electrochemical ion pumping", has been proposed for water desalination, lithium concentration, and blue energy recovery using the difference in salt concentration. The raw material for this technology is a saline solution containing ions of interest, such as seawater, natural brines, or industrial waste. In particular, six main ions of interest-Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42--are found in seawater, and they constitute 99.5% of the world's total dissolved salts. This manuscript provides relevant information about this new non-evaporative process for recovering metals from aqueous salty solutions using hexacianometals such as CuHCF, NiHCF, and CoHCF as electrodes, among others, for selective ion removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Salazar-Avalos
- Centro de Desarrollo Energético de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
| | - Alvaro Soliz
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Metalurgia, Universidad de Atacama, Av. Copayapu 485, Copiapó 1530000, Chile;
| | - Luis Cáceres
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Procesos de Minerales, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1271155, Chile;
| | - Sergio Conejeros
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 610, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile;
| | - Iván Brito
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
| | - Edelmira Galvez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Minas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Angamos 610, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile;
| | - Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid
- Centro de Desarrollo Energético de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
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Kazi OA, Chen W, Eatman JG, Gao F, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xia Z, Darling SB. Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300913. [PMID: 37000538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Population growth, urbanization, and decarbonization efforts are collectively straining the supply of limited resources that are necessary to produce batteries, electronics, chemicals, fertilizers, and other important products. Securing the supply chains of these critical resources via the development of separation technologies for their recovery represents a major global challenge to ensure stability and security. Surface water, groundwater, and wastewater are emerging as potential new sources to bolster these supply chains. Recently, a variety of material-based technologies have been developed and employed for separations and resource recovery in water. Judicious selection and design of these materials to tune their properties for targeting specific solutes is central to realizing the potential of water as a source for critical resources. Here, the materials that are developed for membranes, sorbents, catalysts, electrodes, and interfacial solar steam generators that demonstrate promise for applications in critical resource recovery are reviewed. In addition, a critical perspective is offered on the grand challenges and key research directions that need to be addressed to improve their practical viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Kazi
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wen Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jamila G Eatman
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yining Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Zijing Xia
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Seth B Darling
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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25
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Du X, Hao X, An X, Guan G, Li J, Liu Z. Cross-linked PVDF-b-PAA composite binder enhanced LiMn2O4/C film based electrode for selective extraction of lithium from brine with a high Mg/Li ratio. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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26
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Fu L, Hu Y, Lin X, Wang Q, Yang L, Xin W, Zhou S, Qian Y, Kong XY, Jiang L, Wen L. Engineering Multi-field-coupled Synergistic Ion Transport System Based on the Heterogeneous Nanofluidic Membrane for High-Efficient Lithium Extraction. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:130. [PMID: 37209189 PMCID: PMC10200000 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The global carbon neutrality strategy brings a wave of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries technique development and induces an ever-growing consumption and demand for lithium (Li). Among all the Li exploitation, extracting Li from spent LIBs would be a strategic and perspective approach, especially with the low energy consumption and eco-friendly membrane separation method. However, current membrane separation systems mainly focus on monotonous membrane design and structure optimization, and rarely further consider the coordination of inherent structure and applied external field, resulting in limited ion transport. Here, we propose a heterogeneous nanofluidic membrane as a platform for coupling multi-external fields (i.e., light-induced heat, electrical, and concentration gradient fields) to construct the multi-field-coupled synergistic ion transport system (MSITS) for Li-ion extraction from spent LIBs. The Li flux of the MSITS reaches 367.4 mmol m-2 h-1, even higher than the sum flux of those applied individual fields, reflecting synergistic enhancement for ion transport of the multi-field-coupled effect. Benefiting from the adaptation of membrane structure and multi-external fields, the proposed system exhibits ultrahigh selectivity with a Li+/Co2+ factor of 216,412, outperforming previous reports. MSITS based on nanofluidic membrane proves to be a promising ion transport strategy, as it could accelerate ion transmembrane transport and alleviate the ion concentration polarization effect. This work demonstrated a collaborative system equipped with an optimized membrane for high-efficient Li extraction, providing an expanded strategy to investigate the other membrane-based applications of their common similarities in core concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbin Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsen Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yu Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Peng H, Hu Y, Li S, Rao J, Zhao Q. Sulfonium-polyamide membranes for high flux Mg2+/Li+ separation. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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28
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Zinicovscaia I, Yushin N, Humelnicu D, Grozdov D, Ignat M, Humelnicu I. Adsorption Capacity of Silica SBA-15 and Titanosilicate ETS-10 toward Indium Ions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3201. [PMID: 37110040 PMCID: PMC10144871 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Indium is an extremely important element for industry that is distributed in the Earth's crust at very low concentrations. The recovery of indium by silica SBA-15 and titanosilicate ETS-10 was investigated at different pH levels, temperatures, times of contact and indium concentrations. A maximum removal of indium by ETS-10 was achieved at pH 3.0, while by SBA-15 it was within the pH range of 5.0-6.0. By studying kinetics, the applicability of the Elovich model for the description of indium adsorption on silica SBA-15 was shown, while its sorption on titanosilicate ETS-10 fitted well with the pseudo-first-order model. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to explain the equanimity of the sorption process. The Langmuir model showed its applicability for the explanation of the equilibrium data obtained for both sorbents, the maximum sorption capacity obtained using the model constituted 366 mg/g for titanosilicate ETS-10 at pH 3.0, temperature 22 °C and contact time 60 min, and 2036 mg/g for silica SBA-15 at pH 6.0, temperature 22 °C and contact time 60 min. Indium recovery was not dependent on the temperature and the sorption process was spontaneous in nature. The interactions between the indium sulfate structure and surfaces of adsorbents were investigated theoretically using the ORCA quantum chemistry program package. The spent SBA-15 and ETS-10 could be easily regenerated by using 0.01 M HCl and reused with up to 6 cycles of adsorption/desorption with a decrease in the removal efficiency between 4% and 10% for SBA-15 and 5% and 10% for ETS-10, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zinicovscaia
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str., 6, 1419890 Dubna, Russia
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str. MG-6, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Nikita Yushin
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str., 6, 1419890 Dubna, Russia
| | - Doina Humelnicu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dmitrii Grozdov
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str., 6, 1419890 Dubna, Russia
| | - Maria Ignat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionel Humelnicu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bld. Carol I, 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
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29
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Li Q, Liu Y, Jia Y, Ji Y, Yan F, Li J, Mohammad Y, He B. High performance Li+/Mg2+ separation membrane by grafted short chain amino-rich monomers. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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30
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Haddad AZ, Hackl L, Akuzum B, Pohlman G, Magnan JF, Kostecki R. How to make lithium extraction cleaner, faster and cheaper - in six steps. Nature 2023; 616:245-248. [PMID: 37024687 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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31
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Wu W, Luo W, Huang Y. Less is more: a perspective on thinning lithium metal towards high-energy-density rechargeable lithium batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2553-2572. [PMID: 36920421 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00606e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal, owing to its high specific capacity and low redox potential as a Li+ ion source in rechargeable lithium batteries, shows impressive prospects for electrochemical energy storage. However, engineering Li metal into thin foils has historically remained difficult, owing to its stickiness and fragility upon mechanical rolling. Consequently, using thick Li in battery systems betrays the original target for achieving higher energy density, results in material waste, and creates illusions on evaluating modification strategies for taming the highly reactive Li metal anode. Being apprehensive of this, in the tutorial review, we illustrate the argument of applying thin Li (<50 μm, preferably ≤30 μm) to achieve more realistic and advanced battery systems. A brief overview of Li is sketched first to help understand its role in batteries. Then, the reasons for pursuing thin Li are critically analyzed. Next, seminal technologies enabling the fabrication of thin Li are summarized and compared, which calls for the participation of experts from mechanical engineering, metallurgy, electrochemistry, and other fields. Subsequently, the possible applications of thin Li in batteries are presented. With the deployment of thin Li, there are new challenges and opportunities to encounter and an outlook is afforded thereof. Holy-grail Li metal anodes, combined with the subtraction operation in thickness and compatible modification strategies, would bring about a truly great leap forward in electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyan Wu
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of New Energy for Vehicles, Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal-Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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32
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Jang Y, Hou CH, Kwon K, Kang JS, Chung E. Selective recovery of lithium and ammonium from spent lithium-ion batteries using intercalation electrodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137865. [PMID: 36642144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recycling lithium-ion batteries has recently become a major concern. Ammonia leaching is commonly employed in such battery recycling methods since it has various advantages such as low toxicity and excellent selectivity toward precious metals. In this study, an electrochemical system with intercalation-type electrodes was used to investigate the selective recovery of lithium and ammonium from ammonia battery leachate. Using an activated carbon electrode as a counter electrode, the selectivity of lithium from the lithium manganese oxide (LMO) electrode and the selectivity of ammonium from the nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) electrode were examined within the system. The LMO//NiHCF system was next evaluated for lithium and ammonium recovery using a synthetic solution as well as real ammonia battery leachate. When compared to previous ammonium recovery methods, the results revealed good selectivity of lithium and ammonium from each LMO and NiHCF electrode with relatively low energy consumption for ammonium recovery (2.43 Wh g-N-1). The average recovery capacity of lithium was 1.39 mmol g-1 with a purity of up to 96.8% and the recovery capacity of ammonium was 1.09 mmol g-1 with 97.8% purity from the pre-treated leachate. This electrochemical method together with ammonia leaching can be a promising method for selective resource recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjai Jang
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chia-Hung Hou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kyungjung Kwon
- Department of Energy & Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kang
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyea Chung
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Elmakki T, Zavahir S, Hafsa U, Al-Sulaiti L, Ahmad Z, Chen Y, Park H, Shon HK, Ho YC, Han DS. Novel LiAlO 2 Material for Scalable and Facile Lithium Recovery Using Electrochemical Ion Pumping. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:895. [PMID: 36903773 PMCID: PMC10005760 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, α-LiAlO2 was investigated for the first time as a Li-capturing positive electrode material to recover Li from aqueous Li resources. The material was synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis and air annealing, which is a low-cost and low-energy fabrication process. The physical characterization showed that the material formed an α-LiAlO2 phase, and electrochemical activation revealed the presence of AlO2* as a Li deficient form that can intercalate Li+. The AlO2*/activated carbon electrode pair showed selective capture of Li+ ions when the concentrations were between 100 mM and 25 mM. In mono salt solution comprising 25 mM LiCl, the adsorption capacity was 8.25 mg g-1, and the energy consumption was 27.98 Wh mol Li-1. The system can also handle complex solutions such as first-pass seawater reverse osmosis brine, which has a slightly higher concentration of Li than seawater at 0.34 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Elmakki
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Sifani Zavahir
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Umme Hafsa
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Leena Al-Sulaiti
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Qatar University Young Scientists Center (QUYSC), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
| | - Dong Suk Han
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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34
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Zhang Q, Fan E, Lin J, Sun S, Zhang X, Chen R, Wu F, Li L. Acid-free mechanochemical process to enhance the selective recycling of spent LiFePO 4 batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130160. [PMID: 36283216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the large-scale application of LiFePO4 (LFP) in energy storage and electric vehicles, the recycling of spent lithium LFP batteries has gained more attention. However, recycling spent LFP is less economically feasible owing to the poor economic value of Fe products, which causes a problem for both the efficiency and economy. This work proposes a highly economical acid-free mechanochemical approach for the efficient and selective extraction of lithium (Li) from spent LFP battery cathode materials. The selective release of 98.9 % of Li from the LFP crystal structure is achieved at a reaction time of 5 h, a rotational speed of 500 rpm, and sodium citrate (Na3Cit) to LFP mass ratio of 10. Meanwhile, Fe is reserved in the form of FePO4 in the olivine structure. The use of Na3Cit as a co-milling agent ensures a pollution-free recovery process and efficient extraction of Li+. The chelation of Li+ with organic ligands (Cit3-) is the key to the efficient selective recovery of Li+ from the olivine LFP structure via the mechanochemical process. The economic analysis indicates that the method is feasible and ensures industrial viability. The acid-free mechanochemical (MC) process reported in this work provides a novel route to selectively recover Li from spent LFP efficiently and highly economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China.
| | - Jiao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sisheng Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China.
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35
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Liu Y, Ma B, Lü Y, Wang C, Chen Y. A review of lithium extraction from natural resources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MINERALS, METALLURGY AND MATERIALS 2023; 30:209-224. [PMCID: PMC9768727 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-022-2544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century. Because of the development trend of global electrification, the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade, and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time. Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market, lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries. This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources. Existing methods are summarized by the main resources, such as spodumene, lepidolite, and brine. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared. Finally, reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods. This review provides a reference for the research, development, optimization, and industrial application of future processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Baozhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yingwei Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
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36
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Electrochemical behaviors of porous spherical spinel H1.6Mn1.6O4 with high Li+ adsorption capacity. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xu P, Gonzales RR, Hong J, Guan K, Chiao YH, Mai Z, Li Z, Rajabzadeh S, Matsuyama H. Fabrication of highly positively charged nanofiltration membranes by novel interfacial polymerization: Accelerating Mg2+ removal and Li+ enrichment. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Improving Mg2+/Li+ separation performance of polyamide nanofiltration membrane by swelling-embedding-shrinking strategy. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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39
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Abdulazeez I, Baig N, Salhi B, Aljundi IH. Electrochemical behavior of novel electroactive LaTi4Mn3O12/polyaniline composite for Li+-ion recovery from brine with high selectivity. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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High-permeance Mg2+/Li+ separation nanofiltration membranes intensified by quadruple imidazolium salts. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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41
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Ansari SA. Graphene Quantum Dots: Novel Properties and Their Applications for Energy Storage Devices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3814. [PMID: 36364590 PMCID: PMC9656052 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Batteries and supercapacitors are the next-generation alternative energy resources that can fulfil the requirement of energy demand worldwide. In regard to the development of efficient energy storage devices, various materials have been tested as electrode materials. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a new class of carbon-based nanomaterial, have driven a great research interest due to their unique fundamental properties. High conductivity, abundant specific surface area, and sufficient solubility, in combination with quantum confinement and edge effect, have made them appropriate for a broad range of applications such as optical, catalysis, energy storage and conversion. This review article will present the latest research on the utilization of GQDs and their composites to modify the electrodes used in energy storage devices. Several major challenges have been discussed and, finally, future perspectives have been provided for the better implementation of GQDs in the energy storage research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali Ansari
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
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42
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Xu J, Jin Y, Liu K, Lyu N, Zhang Z, Sun B, Jin Q, Lu H, Tian H, Guo X, Shanmukaraj D, Wu H, Li M, Armand M, Wang G. A green and sustainable strategy toward lithium resources recycling from spent batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7948. [PMID: 36197980 PMCID: PMC9534500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recycling lithium from spent batteries is challenging because of problems with poor purity and contamination. Here, we propose a green and sustainable lithium recovery strategy for spent batteries containing LiFePO4, LiCoO2, and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 electrodes. Our proposed configuration of "lithium-rich electrode || LLZTO@LiTFSI+P3HT || LiOH" system achieves double-side and roll-to-roll recycling of lithium-containing electrode without destroying its integrity. The LiTFSI+P3HT-modified LLZTO membrane also solves the H+/Li+ exchange problem and realizes a waterproof protection of bare LLZTO in the aqueous working environment. On the basis of these advantages, our system shows high Li selectivity (97%) and excellent Faradaic efficiency (≥97%), achieving high-purity (99%) LiOH along with the production of H2. The Li extraction processes for spent LiFePO4, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, and LiCoO2 batteries is shown to be economically feasible. Therefore, this study provides a previously unexplored technology with low energy consumption as well as high economic and environmental benefits to realize sustainable lithium recycling from spent batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nawei Lyu
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qianzheng Jin
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huajun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and Systems, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Devaraj Shanmukaraj
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meicheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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43
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Soyekwo F, Wen H, Liao D, Liu C. Fouling-resistant ionic graft-polyamide nanofiltration membrane with improved permeance for lithium separation from MgCl2/LiCl mixtures. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Li Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Ji Y, Cui Z, Yan F, Li J, Younas M, He B. Mg2+/Li+ separation by electric field assisted nanofiltration:the impacts of membrane pore structure, electric property and other process parameters. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Yu Y, Yuan Z, Yu Z, Wang C, Zhong X, Wei L, Yao Y, Sui X, Han DS, Chen Y. Thermally assisted efficient electrochemical lithium extraction from simulated seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118969. [PMID: 35988333 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracting lithium electrochemically from seawater has the potential to resolve any future lithium shortage. However, electrochemical extraction only functions efficiently in high lithium concentration solutions. Herein, we discovered that lithium extraction is temperature and concentration dependent. Lithium extraction capacity (i.e., the mass of lithium extracted from the source solutions) and speed (i.e., the lithium extraction rate) in electrochemical extraction can be increased significantly in heated source solutions, especially at low lithium concentrations (e.g., < 3 mM) and high Na+/Li+ molar ratios (e.g., >1000). Comprehensive material characterization and mechanistic analyses revealed that the improved lithium extraction originates from boosted kinetics rather than thermodynamic equilibrium shifts. A higher temperature (i.e., 60 oC) mitigates the activation polarization of lithium intercalation, decreases charge transfer resistances, and improves lithium diffusion. Based on these understandings, we demonstrated that a thermally assisted electrochemical lithium extraction process could achieve rapid (36.8 mg g-1 day-1) and selective (51.79% purity) lithium extraction from simulated seawater with an ultrahigh Na+/Li+ molar ratio of 20,000. The integrated thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle can harvest thermal energy in heated source solutions, enabling a low electrical energy consumption (11.3-16.0 Wh mol-1 lithium). Furthermore, the coupled thermal-driven membrane process in the system can also produce freshwater (13.2 kg m-2 h-1) as a byproduct. Given abundant low-grade thermal energy availability, the thermally assisted electrochemical lithium extraction process has excellent potential to realize mining lithium from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ziwen Yuan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Zixun Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xia Zhong
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xiao Sui
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dong Suk Han
- Center for Advanced Materials & Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Baudino L, Santos C, Pirri CF, La Mantia F, Lamberti A. Recent Advances in the Lithium Recovery from Water Resources: From Passive to Electrochemical Methods. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201380. [PMID: 35896956 PMCID: PMC9507372 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing amount of batteries used in today's society has led to an increase in the demand of lithium in the last few decades. While mining resources of this element have been steadily exploited and are rapidly depleting, water resources constitute an interesting reservoir just out of reach of current technologies. Several techniques are being explored and novel materials engineered. While evaporation is very time-consuming and has large footprints, ion sieves and supramolecular systems can be suitably tailored and even integrated into membrane and electrochemical techniques. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the available solutions to recover lithium from water resources both by passive and electrically enhanced techniques. Accordingly, this work aims to provide in a single document a rational comparison of outstanding strategies to remove lithium from aqueous sources. To this end, practical figures of merit of both main groups of techniques are provided. An absence of a common experimental protocol and the resulting variability of data and experimental methods are identified. The need for a shared methodology and a common agreement to report performance metrics are underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Baudino
- DISAT Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torinocorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Sustainable Future TechnologiesVia Livorno 60Torino10144Italy
| | - Cleis Santos
- Energiespeicher‐ und EnergiewandlersystemeUniversität BremenBibliothekstraße 128359BremenGermany
| | - Candido F. Pirri
- DISAT Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torinocorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Sustainable Future TechnologiesVia Livorno 60Torino10144Italy
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Energiespeicher‐ und EnergiewandlersystemeUniversität BremenBibliothekstraße 128359BremenGermany
| | - Andrea Lamberti
- DISAT Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e TecnologiaPolitecnico di Torinocorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24Torino10129Italy
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Sustainable Future TechnologiesVia Livorno 60Torino10144Italy
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Yan G, Kim G, Yuan R, Hoenig E, Shi F, Chen W, Han Y, Chen Q, Zuo JM, Chen W, Liu C. The role of solid solutions in iron phosphate-based electrodes for selective electrochemical lithium extraction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4579. [PMID: 35931691 PMCID: PMC9355959 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical intercalation can enable lithium extraction from dilute water sources. However, during extraction, co-intercalation of lithium and sodium ions occurs, and the response of host materials to this process is not fully understood. This aspect limits the rational materials designs for improving lithium extraction. Here, to address this knowledge gap, we report one-dimensional (1D) olivine iron phosphate (FePO4) as a model host to investigate the co-intercalation behavior and demonstrate the control of lithium selectivity through intercalation kinetic manipulations. Via computational and experimental investigations, we show that lithium and sodium tend to phase separate in the host. Exploiting this mechanism, we increase the sodium-ion intercalation energy barrier by using partially filled 1D lithium channels via non-equilibrium solid-solution lithium seeding or remnant lithium in the solid-solution phases. The lithium selectivity enhancement after seeding shows a strong correlation with the fractions of solid-solution phases with high lithium content (i.e., LixFePO4 with 0.5 ≤ x < 1). Finally, we also demonstrate that the solid-solution formation pathway depends on the host material’s particle morphology, size and defect content. Lithium extraction from dilute sources could help solve the lithium supply security issue. Here, the authors investigate the Li- and Na- ion co-intercalation behavior in iron phosphate electrodes and demonstrate the lithium selectivity control through intercalation kinetic manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangbin Yan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - George Kim
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Renliang Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eli Hoenig
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Fengyuan Shi
- Electron Microscopy Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Wenxiang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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48
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Defining the challenges of Li extraction with olivine host: The roles of competitor and spectator ions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200751119. [PMID: 35878020 PMCID: PMC9351491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200751119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lithium supply issue mainly lies in the inability of current mining methods to access lithium sources of dilute concentrations and complex chemistry. Electrochemical intercalation has emerged as a highly selective method for lithium extraction; however, limited source compositions have been studied, which is insufficient to predict its applicability to the wide range of unconventional water sources (UWS). This work addresses the feasibility and identifies the challenges of Li extraction by electrochemical intercalation from UWS, by answering three questions: 1) Is there enough Li in UWS? 2) How would the solution compositions affect the competition of Li+ to major ions (Na+/Mg2+/K+/Ca2+)? 3) Does the complex solution composition affect the electrode stability? Using one-dimensional olivine FePO4 as the model electrode, we show the complicated roles of major ions. Na+ acts as the competitor ion for host storage sites. The competition from Na+ grants Mg2+ and Ca2+ being only the spectator ions. However, Mg2+ and Ca2+ can significantly affect the charge transfer of Li+ and Na+, therefore affecting the Li selectivity. We point to improving the selectivity of Li+ to Na+ as the key challenge for broadening the minable UWS using the olivine host.
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Wu L, Zhang C, Kim S, Hatton TA, Mo H, Waite TD. Lithium recovery using electrochemical technologies: Advances and challenges. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118822. [PMID: 35834973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the electric-vehicle revolution, a sharp increase in lithium (Li) demand as a result of the need to produce Li-ion batteries is expected in coming years. To enable a sustainable Li supply, there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods to extract Li from a variety of sources including Li-rich salt-lake brines, seawater, and wastewaters. While the prevalent lime soda evaporation method is suitable for the mass extraction of Li from brine sources with low Mg/Li ratios, it is time-consuming (>1 year) and typically exhibits low Li recovery. Electrochemically-based methods have emerged as promising processes to recover Li given their ease of management, limited requirement for additional chemicals, minimal waste production, and high selectivity towards Li. This state-of-the-art review provides a comprehensive overview of current advances in two key electrochemical Li recovery technologies (electrosorption and electrodialysis) with particular attention given to advances in understanding of mechanism, materials, operational modes, and system configurations. We highlight the most pressing challenges these technologies encounter including (i) limited electrode capacity, poor electrode stability and co-insertion of impurity cations in the electrosorption process, and (ii) limited Li selectivity of available ion exchange membranes, ion leakage and membrane scaling in the electrodialysis process. We then systematically describe potentially effective strategies to overcome these challenges and, further, provide future perspectives, particularly with respect to the translation of innovation at bench-scale to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Seoni Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing 101400, PR China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, PR China.
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ZIF-8 derived carbon with confined sub-nanometer pores for electrochemically selective separation of chloride ions. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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