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Chen J, Kuang H, Wang Y, Liu X, Peng L, Lin J. Design and optimization of a multidirectional photodetector in optoelectronic integration. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:997-1000. [PMID: 38359245 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
We have introduced and demonstrated a three-dimensional, multidirectional photodetector (PD) made of germanium for optoelectronic integration (OEI) systems. Building upon the fundamental physical principles of PDs, we focused on the design aspects of structure, dimensions, and doping. This led to the development of an integrated chip-level PD capable of discerning light from four different directions. Simulation verification confirmed that the key performance parameters of the four equivalent PDs meet the specified requirements. Importantly, we have identified the device's ability and strategy to evaluate light signals from different directions, as well as the impact of fluctuations in light intensity on the accuracy of the judgments. In-depth investigations into the effects of external bias, doping concentration, and doping region have been conducted to further optimize parameters, enhancing the performance of the proposed device. Overall, the current work will help improve the efficiency of PD and enhance the integration of future OEI chips.
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Zhao Y, Yin X, Li P, Ren Z, Gu Z, Zhang Y, Song Y. Multifunctional Perovskite Photodetectors: From Molecular-Scale Crystal Structure Design to Micro/Nano-scale Morphology Manipulation. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:187. [PMID: 37515723 PMCID: PMC10387041 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional photodetectors boost the development of traditional optical communication technology and emerging artificial intelligence fields, such as robotics and autonomous driving. However, the current implementation of multifunctional detectors is based on the physical combination of optical lenses, gratings, and multiple photodetectors, the large size and its complex structure hinder the miniaturization, lightweight, and integration of devices. In contrast, perovskite materials have achieved remarkable progress in the field of multifunctional photodetectors due to their diverse crystal structures, simple morphology manipulation, and excellent optoelectronic properties. In this review, we first overview the crystal structures and morphology manipulation techniques of perovskite materials and then summarize the working mechanism and performance parameters of multifunctional photodetectors. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies of multifunctional perovskite photodetectors and their advancements are highlighted, including polarized light detection, spectral detection, angle-sensing detection, and self-powered detection. Finally, the existing problems of multifunctional detectors and the perspectives of their future development are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yin
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiu Ren
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenkun Gu
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
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Ma S, Dahiya AS, Dahiya R. Out-of-Plane Electronics on Flexible Substrates Using Inorganic Nanowires Grown on High-Aspect-Ratio Printed Gold Micropillars. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210711. [PMID: 37178312 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Out-of-plane or 3D electronics on flexible substrates are an interesting direction that can enable novel solutions such as efficient bioelectricity generation and artificial retina. However, the development of devices with such architectures is limited by the lack of suitable fabrication techniques. Additive manufacturing (AM) can but often fail to provide high-resolution, sub-micrometer 3D architectures. Herein, the optimization of a drop-on-demand (DoD), high-resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-based jet printing method for generating 3D gold (Au) micropillars is reported. Libraries of Au micropillar electrode arrays (MEAs) reaching a maximum height of 196 µm and a maximum aspect ratio of 52 are printed. Further, by combining AM with the hydrothermal growth method, a seedless synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) on the printed Au MEAs is demonstrated. The developed hybrid approach leads to hierarchical light-sensitive NW-connected networks exhibiting favorable ultraviolet (UV) sensing as demonstrated via fabricating flexible photodetectors (PDs). The 3D PDs exhibit an excellent omnidirectional light-absorption ability and thus, maintain high photocurrents over wide light incidence angles (±90°). Lastly, the PDs are tested under both concave and convex bending at 40 mm, showing excellent mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihang Ma
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Group, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Yi L, Hou B, Zhao H, Liu X. X-ray-to-visible light-field detection through pixelated colour conversion. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-05978-w. [PMID: 37165192 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-field detection measures both the intensity of light rays and their precise direction in free space. However, current light-field detection techniques either require complex microlens arrays or are limited to the ultraviolet-visible light wavelength ranges1-4. Here we present a robust, scalable method based on lithographically patterned perovskite nanocrystal arrays that can be used to determine radiation vectors from X-rays to visible light (0.002-550 nm). With these multicolour nanocrystal arrays, light rays from specific directions can be converted into pixelated colour outputs with an angular resolution of 0.0018°. We find that three-dimensional light-field detection and spatial positioning of light sources are possible by modifying nanocrystal arrays with specific orientations. We also demonstrate three-dimensional object imaging and visible light and X-ray phase-contrast imaging by combining pixelated nanocrystal arrays with a colour charge-coupled device. The ability to detect light direction beyond optical wavelengths through colour-contrast encoding could enable new applications, for example, in three-dimensional phase-contrast imaging, robotics, virtual reality, tomographic biological imaging and satellite autonomous navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Yi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bo Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - He Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou, China.
- Center for Functional Materials, National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, China.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Transpiration-inspired Capillary for Synchronous Synthesis and Patterning of Silver Nanoparticles. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-2325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Liu D, Chen R, Liu F, Zhang J, Zhuang X, Yin Y, Wang M, Sa Z, Wang P, Sun L, Pang Z, Tan Y, Jia Z, Chen M, Yang ZX. Flexible Omnidirectional Self-Powered Photodetectors Enabled by Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional Layered PbI 2 Nanoplates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46748-46755. [PMID: 36196627 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Realizing omnidirectional self-powered photodetectors is central to advancing next-generation portable and smart photodetector systems. However, the traditional omnidirectional photodetector is typically achieved by integrating complex hemispherical microlens on multiple photodetectors, which makes the detection system cumbersome and restricts its application in the portable field. Here, facile and high-performance flexible omnidirectional self-powered photodetectors are achieved by solution-processed two-dimensional (2D) layered PbI2 nanoplates on transparent conducting substrates. Characterization of PbI2 nanoplates microstructural/compositional and their photodetection properties have been systematically characterized. Under the irradiation of a 405 nm laser, the photodetectors exhibit an impressively low dark current of 10-13 A, a high light on/off ratio up to 106, and a fast rise/decay response time of 2/3 ms. Importantly, when light irradiates the photodetector at 5°, it can still maintain high photodetection properties, realizing almost 360° omnidirectional self-powered photodetection. What is more, these self-powered photodetectors exhibit robust omnidirectional photoresponse stability of flexibility even after bending for 1200 cycles. Thus, this work broadens the applicability of 2D layered nanoplates for further extending its applications in advanced optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ruichang Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fengjing Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinming Zhuang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanxue Yin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingxu Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zixu Sa
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhiyong Pang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Tan
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhitai Jia
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zai-Xing Yang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Guo J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Conductive Materials with Elaborate Micro/Nanostructures for Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110024. [PMID: 35081264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics, an emerging field with the mutual penetration of biological systems and electronic sciences, allows the quantitative analysis of complicated biosignals together with the dynamic regulation of fateful biological functions. In this area, the development of conductive materials with elaborate micro/nanostructures has been of great significance to the improvement of high-performance bioelectronic devices. Thus, here, a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of relevant research studies on the fabrication and properties of conductive materials with micro/nanostructures and their promising applications and future opportunities in bioelectronic applications is presented. In addition, a critical analysis of the current opportunities and challenges regarding the future developments of conductive materials with elaborate micro/nanostructures for bioelectronic applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Jiang X, Jiang L. Superhydrophobic-Substrate-Assisted Construction of Free-Standing Microcavity-Patterned Conducting Polymer Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100949. [PMID: 34245121 PMCID: PMC8425917 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterned conducting polymer films with unique structures have promising prospects for application in various fields, such as actuation, water purification, sensing, and bioelectronics. However, their practical application is hindered because of the limitations of existing construction methods. Herein, a strategy is proposed for the superhydrophobic-substrate-assisted construction of free-standing 3D microcavity-patterned conducting polymer films (McPCPFs) at micrometer resolution. Easy-peeling and nondestructive transfer properties are achieved through electrochemical polymerization along the solid/liquid/gas triphase interface on micropillar-structured substrates. The effects of the wettability and geometrical parameters of the substrates on the construction of McPCPFs are systematically investigated in addition to the evolution of the epitaxial growth along the triphase interface at different polymerization times. The McPCPFs can be easily peeled from superhydrophobic surfaces using ethanol because of weak adhesion and nondestructively transferred to various substrates taking advantage of the capillarity. Furthermore, sensitive light-driven McPCPF locomotion on organic liquid surfaces is demonstrated. Ultimately, a facile strategy for the construction of free-standing 3D microstructure-patterned conducting polymer films is proposed, which can improve productivity and applicability of the films in different fields and expand the application scope of superwettable interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of ChemistryBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101407China
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Abstract
Smart materials are a kind of functional materials which can sense and response to environmental conditions or stimuli from optical, electrical, magnetic mechanical, thermal, and chemical signals, etc. Patterning of smart materials is the key to achieving large-scale arrays of functional devices. Over the last decades, printing methods including inkjet printing, template-assisted printing, and 3D printing are extensively investigated and utilized in fabricating intelligent micro/nano devices, as printing strategies allow for constructing multidimensional and multimaterial architectures. Great strides in printable smart materials are opening new possibilities for functional devices to better serve human beings, such as wearable sensors, integrated optoelectronics, artificial neurons, and so on. However, there are still many challenges and drawbacks that need to be overcome in order to achieve the controllable modulation between smart materials and device performance. In this review, we give an overview on printable smart materials, printing strategies, and applications of printed functional devices. In addition, the advantages in actual practices of printing smart materials-based devices are discussed, and the current limitations and future opportunities are proposed. This review aims to summarize the recent progress and provide reference for novel smart materials and printing strategies as well as applications of intelligent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road no.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road no.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
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Su M, Sun Y, Chen B, Zhang Z, Yang X, Chen S, Pan Q, Zuev D, Belov P, Song Y. A fluid-guided printing strategy for patterning high refractive index photonic microarrays. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:250-256. [PMID: 36654330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
High refractive index (HRI, n > 1.8) photonic structures offer strong light confinement and refractive efficiencies, cover the entire visible spectrum and can be tuned by designing geometric arrayed features. However, its practical applications are still hindered by the applicability and material limitation of lithography-based micro/nano fabrication approaches. Herein, we demonstrate a fluid-guided printing process for preparing HRI selenium microarrays. The microstructured flexible template is replicated from the diced silicon wafer without any lithography-based methods. When heated above the glass transition temperature, the flow characteristics of selenium endows the structure downsizing and orientation patterning between the target substrate and the template. Near 10 times narrowing selenium microarrays (1.9 μm width) are patterned from the non-lithography template (18 μm width). HRI selenium microarrays offer high refractive efficiencies and strong optical confinement abilities, which achieve angle-dependent structurally coloration and polarization. Meanwhile, the color difference can be recognized under the one degree distinction of the angle between incident and refracted light. This printing platform will facilitate HRI optical metasurfaces in a variety of applications, ranging from photonic sensor, polarization modulation to light manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yali Sun
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Bingda Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Pavel Belov
- Department of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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