A Transparent, Skin-Inspired Composite Film with Outstanding Tear Resistance Based on Flat Silk Cocoon

Advances in meniscus tissue engineering: Towards bridging the gaps from bench to bedside

Meniscus is vital for maintaining the anatomical and functional integrity of knee. Injuries to meniscus, commonly caused by trauma or degenerative processes, can result in knee joint dysfunction and secondary osteoarthritis, while current conservative and surgical interventions for meniscus injuries bear suboptimal outcomes. In the past decade, there has been a significant focus on advancing meniscus tissue engineering, encompassing isolated scaffold strategies, biological augmentation, physical stimulus, and meniscus organoids, to improve the prognosis of meniscus injuries. Despite noteworthy promising preclinical results, translational gaps and inconsistencies in the therapeutic efficiency between preclinical and clinical studies exist. This review comprehensively outlines the developments in meniscus tissue engineering over the past decade (Scheme 1). Reasons for the discordant results between preclinical and clinical trials, as well as potential strategies to expedite the translation of bench-to-bedside approaches are analyzed and discussed.

A Soft, Fatigue-free, and Self-healable Ionic Elastomer via the Synergy of Skin-like Assembly and Bouligand Structure

Soft ionic elastomers that are self-healable, fatigue-free, and environment-tolerant are ideal structural and sensing materials for artificial prosthetics, soft electronics, and robotics to survive unpredictable service conditions. However, most synthetic strategies failed to unite rapid healing, fatigue resistance, and environmental robustness, limited by their singular compositional/structural designs. Here, we present a soft, tough, fatigue-resistant, and self-healable ionic elastomer (STFSI elastomer), which fuses skin-like binary assembly and Bouligand helicoidal structure into a composite of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibers and a supramolecular ionic biopolymer. The interlocked binary assembly enables skin-like softness, high stretchability, and strain-adaptive stiffening through a matrix-to-scaffold stress transfer. The Bouligand structure contributes to superhigh fracture toughness (101.6 kJ m-2) and fatigue resistance (4937 J m-2) via mechanical toughening by interlayer slipping and twisted crack propagation path. Besides, the STFSI elastomer is self-healable through a "bridging" method and environment-tolerant (-20 °C, strong acid/alkali, saltwater). To demonstrate the versatile structural and sensing applications, we showcase a safety cushion with efficient damping and suppressed rebounding, and a robotic sensor with excellent fatigue crack tolerance and instant sensation recovery upon cutting-off damage. Our presented synthetic strategy is generalizable to other fiber-reinforced tough polymers for applications involving demanding mechanical/environmental conditions.

Bio-derived Schiff base vitrimer with outstanding flame retardancy, toughness, antibacterial, dielectric and recycling properties

Thermosetting resins are widely used in high-tech applications for excellent mechanical robustness and chemical resistance. With increasing attention to the environmental and usage safety issues, it is necessary to develop bio-derived, recyclable, tough, and fire-retardant thermosetting resins. Herein, a high-performance, vanillin-based vitrimer (CIP1.0) was prepared. The CIP1.0 with 1.0 wt% phosphorus passes vertical burning (UL-94) V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27.2%. The phosphorus-containing and Schiff base groups act synergistically in gas and condensed phases during combustion, endowing CIP1.0 with outstanding fire retardancy. The CIP1.0 shows excellent toughness with high elongation at break of 45.0% due to the π-π stacking of numerous rigid aromatic groups and appropriate cross-linking density. The highly symmetrical structure and low polarizability of CIP1.0 result in a low dielectric constant. The CIP1.0 exhibits superior antimicrobial properties. The CIP1.0 can be reprocessed by hot-pressing at 140 °C for 10 min. The non-destructive, closed-loop recycling of carbon fibers in the carbon fiber-reinforced CIP1.0 composite can be achieved under mild conditions due to the degradable Schiff base groups of CIP1.0. In this work, a bio-derived, tough, fire-retardant, low dielectric, and antimicrobial vitrimer is prepared to provide a rational strategy for the design of advanced environmentally friendly thermosetting resins.

Flat silk cocoons: A candidate material for fabricating lightweight and impact-resistant composites

The utilization of silk cocoons in the production of lightweight and tough composites has been gaining increasing attention. However, the limited applications of normal silk cocoons (NSC) are attributed to their small size and irregular shape. To overcome this deficiency, flat silk cocoons (FSC) with a similar structure and controllable size were prepared. Next, we systematically characterized and compared the microstructures, morphologies, compositions, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of FSC with NSC. Subsequently, FSC was successfully utilized to fabricate a novel silk fibroin fiber reinforced sericin matrix composite (HPFSC) using a hot pressing method, followed by the analysis of its microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, failure modes, and theoretical modeling. This composite has outstanding mechanical properties including hardness, modulus, and strength. HPFSC has a relatively low density of ~1.3 g/cm3, whose absorbed impact energy can reach a maximum value of 11.1 J/mm, exceeding that of most engineering materials, such as aluminum alloy, ceramics, glass, and carbon fiber composites. The exceptional performance of HPFSC can be attributed to the reduced porosity, enhanced bonding between silk fibroin fibers facilitated by sericin, and their structural transformation. This study offers valuable guidance for the fabrication of lightweight and impact-resistant composites using flat silk cocoons.

Ultrastrong, Ductile, Tear- and Folding-Resistant Polyimide Film Doubly Reinforced by an Aminated Rigid-Rod Macromolecule and Graphene Oxide

As a high-performance polymer with exceptional mechanical, thermal, and insulating properties, polyimide (PI) has been widely used as flexible circuit substrates for microelectronics, portable electronics, and wearable devices. Due to the growing demand for further thinning and lightweighting of electronic products, PI films need to have further enhanced mechanical properties. Traditional nanofiller-reinforced PI films often exhibit reduced ductility and limited improvements in strength. Therefore, it remains a challenge to simultaneously improve the strength and toughness of PI films while preserving their ductility. In this study, we report an exceptionally strong and ductile PI doubly reinforced by one-dimensional rigid-rod para-aramid, poly(p-aminophenylene aminoterephthalamide ((NH2)2-PPTA), and two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. The amino side groups of (NH2)2-PPTA react with the anhydride end groups of PI, forming covalent bonds. At a (NH2)2-PPTA content of only 0.4 wt %, the (NH2)2-PPTA/PI film displays significantly enhanced mechanical properties. When 0.4 wt % of GO is added together with (NH2)2-PPTA, the tensile strength, tensile toughness, and strain at break reach 284.8 ± 5.3 MPa, 277.9 ± 7.6 MJ/m3, and 132.6 ± 3.8%, which are ∼178, ∼312, and ∼51% higher, respectively, than those of pure PI. Moreover, the doubly reinforced PI film also exhibits a 206% increase in tear strength and significantly enhanced folding resistance. The dual reinforcement of PI with (NH2)2-PPTA and GO improves the mechanical properties more efficiently than any single reinforcing agents previously reported and overcomes the disadvantage of most inorganic nanofillers that reduce ductility.

Mode III Tear Resistance of Bombyx mori Silk Cocoons

This paper concerns the tear properties and behavior of Bombyx mori (B. Mori) silk cocoons. The tear resistance of cocoon layers is found to increase progressively from the innermost layer to the outermost layer. Importantly, the increase in tear strength correlates with increased porosity, which itself affects fiber mobility. We propose a microstructural mechanism for tear failure, which begins with fiber stretching and sliding, leading to fiber piling, and eventuating in fiber fracture. The direction of fracture is then deemed to be a function of the orientation of piled fibers, which is influenced by the presence of junctions where fibers cross at different angles and which may then act as nucleating sites for fiber piling. The interfaces between cocoon wall layers in B. mori cocoon walls account for 38% of the total wall tear strength. When comparing the tear energies and densities of B. mori cocoon walls against other materials, we find that the B. mori cocoon walls exhibit a balanced trade-off between tear resistance and lightweightness.

Ultrafast Bi-Directional Bending Moisture-Responsive Soft Actuators through Superfine Silk Rod Modified Bio-Mimicking Hierarchical Layered Structure

Development of stimulus-responsive materials is crucial for novel soft actuators. Among these actuators, the moisture-responsive actuators are known for their accessibility, eco-friendliness, and robust regenerative attributes. A major challenge of moisture-responsive soft actuators (MRSAs) is achieving significant bending curvature within short response times. Many plants naturally perform large deformation through a layered hierarchical structure in response to moisture stimuli. Drawing inspiration from the bionic structure of Delosperma nakurense (D. nakurense) seed capsule, here the fabrication of an ultrafast bi-directional bending MRSAs is reported. Combining a superfine silk fibroin rod (SFR) modified graphene oxide (GO) moisture-responsive layer with a moisture-inert layer of reduced graphene oxide (RGO), this actuator demonstrated large bi-directional bending deformation (-4.06 ± 0.09 to 10.44 ± 0.00 cm-1) and ultrafast bending rates (7.06 cm-1 s-1). The high deformation rate is achieved by incorporating the SFR into the moisture-responsive layers, facilitating rapid water transmission within the interlayer structure. The complex yet predictable deformations of this actuator are demonstrated that can be utilized in smart switch, robotic arms, and walking device. The proposed SFR modification method is simple and versatile, enhancing the functionality of hierarchical layered actuators. It holds the potential to advance intelligent soft robots for application in confined environments.

Highly strong and tough silk by feeding silkworms with rare earth ion-modified diets

Nature-derived silk fibers possess excellent biocompatibility, sustainability, and mechanical properties, yet producing strong and tough silk fibers in a facile and large-scale manner remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a simple method for preparing strong and tough silk fibers by feeding silkworms rare earth ion-modified diets. The resulting silk fibers exhibit significantly increased tensile strength and toughness, with average values of 0.85 ± 0.07 GPa and 156 ± 13 MJ m-3, respectively, and maximum values of 0.97 ± 0.04 GPa and 188 ± 19 MJ m-3, approaching those of spider dragline silk. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of rare earth ions (La3+ or Eu3+) into the silk fibers contributes to this enhancement. Structure analysis reveals a reduction in content and an improvement in orientation of β-sheet nanocrystals in silk fibers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms the chemical interaction between rare earth ions with β-sheet nanocrystals. The structural evolution and chemical interactions lead to the simultaneous enhancement in both strength and toughness. This work presents a simple, scalable, and effective strategy for producing ultra-strong and tough silk fibers with potential applications in areas requiring super structural materials, such as personal protection and aerospace.

Recyclable Thin-Film Soft Electronics for Smart Packaging and E-Skins

Despite advances in soft, sticker-like electronics, few efforts have dealt with the challenge of electronic waste. Here, this is addressed by introducing an eco-friendly conductive ink for thin-film circuitry composed of silver flakes and a water-based polyurethane dispersion. This ink uniquely combines high electrical conductivity (1.6 × 105 S m-1 ), high resolution digital printability, robust adhesion for microchip integration, mechanical resilience, and recyclability.  Recycling is achieved with an ecologically-friendly processing method to decompose the circuits into constituent elements and recover the conductive ink with a decrease of only 2.4% in conductivity. Moreover, adding liquid metal enables stretchability of up to 200% strain, although this introduces the need for more complex recycling steps. Finally, on-skin electrophysiological monitoring biostickers along with a recyclable smart package with integrated sensors for monitoring safe storage of perishable foods are demonstrated.

Extremely Strong and Tough Biodegradable Poly(urethane) Elastomers with Unprecedented Crack Tolerance via Hierarchical Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions

The elastomers with the combination of high strength and high toughness have always been intensively pursued due to their diverse applications. Biomedical applications frequently require elastomers with biodegradability and biocompatibility properties. It remains a great challenge to prepare the biodegradable elastomers with extremely robust mechanical properties for in vivo use. In this report, we present a polyurethane elastomer with unprecedented mechanical properties for the in vivo application as hernia patches, which was obtained by the solvent-free reaction of polycaprolactone (PCL) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)oxamide (BHO) as the chain extender. Abundant and hierarchical hydrogen-bonding interactions inside the elastomers hinder the crystallization of PCL segments and facilitate the formation of uniformly distributed hard phase microdomains, which miraculously realize the extremely high strength and toughness with the fracture strength of 92.2 MPa and true stress of 1.9 GPa, while maintaining the elongation-at-break of ≈1900% and ultrahigh toughness of 480.2 MJ m^-3 with the unprecedented fracture energy of 322.2 kJ m^-2 . Hernia patches made from the elastomer via 3D printing technology exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The robust and biodegradable elastomers demonstrate considerable potentials for in vivo applications.

Flat Silk Cocoon-Based Dressing: Daylight-Driven Rechargeable Antibacterial Membranes Accelerate Infected Wound Healing

One of the leading causes of death globally, especially in underdeveloped countries, is bacterial infection. Recently, the prevalence of infections from antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been increasing, which makes the need for innovative antibacterial wound dressings urgent. It is reported that g-C₃ N₄ -based flat silk cocoons (FSCs) with rechargeable antibacterial activity can efficiently generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under daylight irradiation. The photoactive FSCs store the ROS and then release them in the dark. The engineered FSCs exhibit integrated properties of good biocompatibility, strong mechanical characteristics, robust photoactivity with photostorability, and excellent bactericidal efficiency (99.9% contact killing). In a rat model of infected wounds, the photoactive FSCs induce faster healing and reduce bacterial infections. The successful application of these FSC materials as wound dressings may provide a versatile platform for exploring the use of green photoactive antibacterial materials for accelerated wound healing and prevention of infections.

Hybrid membrane of flat silk cocoon and carboxymethyl chitosan formed through hot pressing promotes wound healing and repair in a rat model

Clinical wound management is always a relatively urgent problem. Moreover, wounds, especially severe wounds with excessive tension or excessive movement are prone to tissue infection, necrosis, and other negative effects during healing. Therefore, research has aimed to develop low-cost complementary treatments to address the urgent need for an innovative low-cost dressing that can adapt to high mechanical requirements and complex wound conditions. At present, tissue engineering to produce artificial skin with a structure similar to that of normal skin is one effective method to solve this challenge in the regeneration and repair of serious wounds. The present study hot pressed flat silk cocoons (FSC) with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) to generate a cross-linked binding without enzymes or cross-linking agents that simulated the 3D structural composites of the skin cuticle. This hybrid membrane showed potential to reduce inflammatory cells and promote neovascularization in skin wound repair. After hot pressing at 130°C and 20 Mpa, the FSC/CMCS composite material was denser than FSC, showed strong light transmission, and could be arbitrarily cut. Simulating the normal skin tissue structure, the hybrid membrane overcame the poor mechanical properties of traditional support materials. Moreover, the combination of protein and polysaccharide simulated the extracellular matrix, thus providing better biocompatibility. The results of this study also demonstrated the excellent mechanical properties of the FSC/CMCS composite support material, which also provided a low-cost and environmentally friendly process for making dressings. In addition, the results of this study preliminarily reveal the mechanism by which the scaffolds promoted the healing of full-thickness skin defects on the back of SD rats. In vivo experiments using a full-thickness skin defect model showed that the FSC/CMCS membranes significantly promoted the rate of wound healing and also showed good effects on blood vessel formation and reduced inflammatory reactions. This bionic support structure, with excellent repair efficacy on deep skin defect wounds, showed potential to further improve the available biomaterial systems, such as skin and other soft tissues.

Mechanically robust bamboo node and its hierarchically fibrous structural design

Although short bamboo nodes function in mechanical support and fluid exchange for bamboo survival, their structures are not fully understood compared to unidirectional fibrous internodes. Here, we identify the spatial heterostructure of the bamboo node via multiscale imaging strategies and investigate its mechanical properties by multimodal mechanical tests. We find three kinds of hierarchical fiber reinforcement schemes that originate from the bamboo node, including spatially tightened interlocking, triaxial interconnected scaffolding and isotropic intertwining. These reinforcement schemes, built on porous vascular bundles, microfibers and more-refined twist-aligned nanofibers, govern the structural stability of the bamboo via hierarchical toughening. In addition, the spatial liquid transport associated with these multiscale fibers within the bamboo node is experimentally verified, which gives perceptible evidence for life-indispensable multidirectional fluid exchange. The functional integration of mechanical reinforcement and liquid transport reflects the fact that the bamboo node has opted for elaborate structural optimization rather than ingredient richness. This study will advance our understanding of biological materials and provide insight into the design of fiber-reinforced structures and biomass utilization.

Bioinspired Ultra Tear-Resistant Elastomer with a Slidable Double-Network Structure

Tear resistance is of vital importance in the fabrication and application of synthetic soft materials. However, the paradox of simultaneously improving the tearing energy and elasticity remains a huge challenge for conventional approaches. Here, inspired by the skin, we successfully constructed an extraordinary tear-resistant, superelastic elastomer by the introduction of nanosized polycyclodextrin into the elastomer network to form a slidable interpenetrate double network structure. The tearing energy of the SDEP elastomer is up to 274 KJ/m², which is comparable to metals and alloys and increased more than 100 times compared with the chemically cross-linked elastomer. The fracture strain exceeded 3300%, which is hardly achieved by other materials with high tearing energy. This comprehensive improvement of antitearing and super elasticity property was achieved by (i) a slide ring effect to dissipate energy and blunt a crack tip; (ii) straightening and reorientation of the slidable double network to deflect the advancing of a crack tip; (iii) a double network sharing the load. These results provide a novel strategy to fabricate elastic, tear-resistant soft material, which may contribute to the practical application as tear-resistant flexible electronics and irregular-shaped stretchable devices.

High-Performance Crack-Resistant Elastomer with Tunable "J-Shaped" Stress-Strain Behavior Inspired by the Brown Pelican

The gular sac tissue of brown pelican featured by the curvy pattern of fibers has an excellent combination of strain-stiffening behavior and fracture resistance. We develop an embroidery-reinforcement and solvent-welding strategy to fabricate a biomimetic elastomer with similar structure to that of the gular sac tissue. The embroidery reinforcement enables a well-designed biomimetic pattern of aramid fibers, and the solvent welding induces strong interfacial interaction between the aramid fibers and polyurethane matrix. This strategy endows the composite with excellent strain-stiffening behavior, fracture resistance, mechanical strength, and toughness, which are even better than the living prototype. Finite elements analysis reveals that the curvy pattern and strong interfacial interaction are crucial for both the J-shape behavior and the mechanical properties. The facile and robust strategy can be extended to other fibers reinforced polymers and should be promising for development of strong and tough soft materials with "J-shape" behavior.

A sustainable single-component "Silk nacre"

Synthetic composite materials constructed by hybridizing multiple components are typically unsustainable due to inadequate recyclability and incomplete degradation. In contrast, biological materials like silk and bamboo assemble pure polymeric components into sophisticated multiscale architectures, achieving both excellent performance and full degradability. Learning from these natural examples of bio-based "single-component" composites will stimulate the development of sustainable materials. Here, we report a single-component "Silk nacre," where nacre's typical "brick-and-mortar" structure has been replicated with silk fibroin only and by a facile procedure combining bidirectional freezing, water vapor annealing, and densification. The biomimetic design endows the Silk nacre with mechanical properties superior to those of homogeneous silk material, as well as to many frequently used polymers. In addition, the Silk nacre shows controllable plasticity and complete biodegradability, representing an alternative substitute to conventional composite materials.

Mechanically Reinforced Silkworm Silk Fiber by Hot Stretching

Silkworm silk, which is obtained from domesticated Bombyx mori (B. mori), can be produced in a large scale. However, the mechanical properties of silkworm silk are inferior to its counterpart, spider dragline silk. Therefore, researchers are continuously exploring approaches to reinforce silkworm silk. Herein, we report a facile and scalable hot stretching process to reinforce natural silk fibers obtained from silkworm cocoons. Experimental results show that the obtained hot-stretched silk fibers (HSSFs) retain the chemical components of the original silk fibers while being endowed with increased β-sheet nanocrystal content and crystalline orientation, leading to enhanced mechanical properties. Significantly, the average modulus of the HSSFs reaches 21.6 ± 2.8 GPa, which is about twice that of pristine silkworm silk fibers (11.0 ± 1.7 GPa). Besides, the tensile strength of the HSSFs reaches 0.77 ± 0.13 GPa, which is also obviously higher than that of the pristine silk (0.56 ± 0.08 GPa). The results show that the hot stretching treatment is effective and efficient for producing superstiff, strong, and tough silkworm silk fibers. We anticipate this approach may be also effective for reinforcing other natural or artificial polymer fibers or films containing abundant hydrogen bonds.

Silk-based bioinspired structural and functional materials

Natural biological materials provide a rich source of inspiration for building high-performance materials with extensive applications. By mimicking their chemical compositions and hierarchical architectures, the past decades have witnessed the rapid development of bioinspired materials. As a very promising biosourced raw material, silk is drawing increasing attention due to excellent mechanical properties, favorable versatility, and good biocompatibility. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in silk-based bioinspired structural and functional materials. We first give a brief introduction of silk, covering its sources, features, extraction, and forms. We then summarize the preparation and application of silk-based materials mimicking four typical biological materials including bone, nacre, skin, and polar bear hair. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects of this field.

Highly Transparent Nanofibrous Membranes Used as Transparent Masks for Efficient PM0.3 Removal

Currently, the quest for highly transparent and flexible fibrous membranes with robust mechanical characteristics, high breathability, and good filtration performance is rapidly rising because of their potential use in the fields of electronics, energy, environment, medical, and health. However, it is still an extremely challenging task to realize transparent fibrous membranes due to serious surface light reflection and internal light scattering. Here, we report the design and development of a simple and effective topological structure to create porous, breathable, and high visible light transmitting fibrous membranes (HLTFMs). The resultant HLTFMs exhibit good optical performance (up to 90% transmittance) and high porosities (>80%). The formation of such useful structure with high light transmittance has been revealed by electric field simulation, and the mechanism of fibrous membrane structure to achieve high light transmittance has been proposed. Moreover, transparent masks have been prepared to evaluate the filtration performance and analyze their feasibility to meet requirement of facial recognition systems. The prepared masks display high transparency (>80%), low pressure drop (<100 Pa) and high filtration efficiency (>90%). Furthermore, the person wearing this mask can be successfully identified by facial recognition systems. Therefore, this work provides an idea for the development of transparent, breathable, and high-performance fibrous membranes.

New Silk Road: From Mesoscopic Reconstruction/Functionalization to Flexible Meso-Electronics/Photonics Based on Cocoon Silk Materials

Two of the key questions to be addressed are whether and how one can turn cocoon silk into fascinating materials with different electronic and optical functions so as to fabricate the flexible devices. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the unique strategy of mesoscopic functionalization starting from silk fibroin (SF) materials to the fabrication of various meso flexible SF devices is presented. Notably, SF materials with novel and enhanced properties can be achieved by mesoscopically reconstructing the hierarchical structures of SF materials. This is based on rerouting the refolding process of SF molecules by meso-nucleation templating. As-acquired functionalized SF materials can be applied to fabricate bio-compatible/degradable flexible/implantable meso-optical/electronic devices of various types. Consequently, functionalized SF can be fabricated into optical elements, that is, nonlinear photonic and fluorescent components, and make it possible to construct silk meso-electronics with high-performance. These advances enable the applications of SF-material based devices in the areas of physical and biochemical sensing, meso-memristors, transistors, brain electrodes, and energy generation/storage, applicable to on-skin long-term monitoring of human physiological conditions, and in-body sensing, information processing, and storage.

Non-mulberry silk fiber-based scaffolds reinforced by PLLA porous microspheres for auricular cartilage: An in vitro study

Designing clinical applicable polymeric composite scaffolds for auricular cartilage tissue engineering requires appropriate mechanical strength and biological characteristics. In this study, silk fiber-based scaffolds co-reinforced with poly-L-lactic acid porous microspheres (PLLA PMs) combined with either Bombyx mori (Bm) or Antheraea pernyi (Ap) silk fibers were fabricated as inspired by the "steel bars reinforced concrete" structure in architecture and their chondrogenic functions were also investigated. We found that the Ap silk fiber-based scaffolds reinforced by PLLA PMs (MAF) exhibited superior physical properties (the mechanical properties in particular) as compared to the Bm silk fiber-based scaffolds reinforced by PLLA PMs (MBF). Furthermore, in vitro evaluation of chondrogenic potential showed that the MAF provided better cell adhesion, viability, proliferation and GAG secretion than the MBF. Therefore, the MAF are promising in auricular cartilage tissue engineering and relevant plastic surgery-related applications.

Emerging Silk Material Trends: Repurposing, Phase Separation and Solution-Based Designs

Silk continues to amaze. This review unravels the most recent progress in silk science, spanning from fundamental insights to medical silks. Key advances in silk flow are examined, with specific reference to the role of metal ions in switching silk from a storage to a spinning state. Orthogonal thermoplastic silk molding is described, as is the transfer of silk flow principles for the triggering of flow-induced crystallization in other non-silk polymers. Other exciting new developments include silk-inspired liquid-liquid phase separation for non-canonical fiber formation and the creation of "silk organelles" in live cells. This review closes by examining the role of silk fabrics in fashioning facemasks in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.