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Ren Y, Zhou Y, Feng L, He X, Wang Y, Liu S. High-quality integratable microlasers from scalable perovskite heterostructures enabled by solution-phase processing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20823-20832. [PMID: 38859453 DOI: 10.1364/oe.525559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
High-performance transferable and integratable microlasers hold great promise to construct the integrated photonics and optoelectronics. However, the qualified candidates are still being pursued. Herein, a mass-production of low-threshold and wavelength-tunable microlasers that is readily integratable with the optical fiber platform is realized by a two-step solution-phase approach. The demonstration is enabled by the formation of a novel semiconductor heterostructure from halide perovskites featuring the quasi-free-standing and highly emissive properties. Corroborated by the in-situ optical characterization, we reveal that the lateral perovskite heterostructures are constructed through a sequential reaction driven by the surface energy contrast. These perovskite heterostructures exhibit low-threshold and broadband tunable lasing action thanks to the efficient spatial light conversion nature and the facile composition tunability. Taking the merits together, the heterostructure microlasers can be the competitive applicants for photonic integration as demonstrated by the laser-on-fiber configuration.
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2
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Witt J, Mischok A, Tenopala Carmona F, Hillebrandt S, Butscher JF, Gather MC. High-Brightness Blue Polariton Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1844-1850. [PMID: 38766499 PMCID: PMC11100280 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Polariton organic light-emitting diodes (POLEDs) use strong light-matter coupling as an additional degree of freedom to tailor device characteristics, thus making them ideal candidates for many applications, such as room temperature laser diodes and high-color purity displays. However, achieving efficient formation of and emission from exciton-polaritons in an electrically driven device remains challenging due to the need for strong absorption, which often induces significant nonradiative recombination. Here, we investigate a novel POLED architecture to achieve polariton formation and high-brightness light emission. We utilize the blue-fluorescent emitter material 4,4'-Bis(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)styryl)biphenyl (BSBCz), which exhibits strong absorption and a highly horizontal transition-dipole orientation as well as a high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, even at high doping concentrations. We achieve a peak luminance of over 20,000 cd/m2 and external quantum efficiencies of more than 2%. To the best of our knowledge, these values represent the highest reported so far for electrically driven polariton emission from an organic semiconductor emitting in the blue region of the spectrum. Our work therefore paves the way for a new generation of efficient and powerful optoelectronic devices based on POLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Witt
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Mischok
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Francisco Tenopala Carmona
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabina Hillebrandt
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian F. Butscher
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United
Kingdom
| | - Malte C. Gather
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United
Kingdom
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3
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Huang S, Shen Z, Liao Y, Liu Z, Hu Z, Li Q, Zhang Z, Dong S, Luo J, Du J, Tang J, Leng Y. Water-Resistant Subwavelength Perovskite Lasing from Transparent Silica-Based Nanocavity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306102. [PMID: 37669761 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Great research efforts are devoted to exploring the miniaturization of chip-scale coherent light sources possessing excellent lasing performance. Despite the indispensable role in Si photonics, SiO2 is generally considered not contributing to the starting up and operation of integrated lasers. Here, this work demonstrates an extraordinary-performance subwavelength-scale perovskite vertical cavity laser with all-transparent SiO2 cavity, whose cavity is ultra-simple and composed of only two parallel SiO2 plates. By introducing a ligand-assisted thermally co-evaporation strategy, highly luminescent perovskite film with high reproducibility and excellent optical gain is grown directly on SiO2 . Benefitting from their high-refractive-index contrast, low-threshold, high-quality factor, and single-mode lasing is achieved in subwavelength range of ≈120 nm, and verified by long-range coherence distance (115.6 µm) and high linear polarization degree (82%). More importantly, the subwavelength perovskite laser device could operate in water for 20 days without any observable degradation, exhibiting ultra-stable water-resistant performance. These findings would provide a simple but robust and reliable strategy for the miniaturized on-chip lasers compatible with Si photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zixi Shen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Qian Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Siyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiang Tang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuxin Leng
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Kim HS, Khan AA, Park JY, Lee S, Ahn YH. Mechanical Control of Polaritonic States in Lead Halide Perovskite Phonons Strongly Coupled in THz Microcavity. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10318-10327. [PMID: 37943739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation and control of polaritonic states in perovskite phonon polaritons, which are strongly coupled in the middle of a flexible Fabry-Perot cavity. We fabricated flexible perovskite films on a microporous substrate coated with graphene oxide, which led to a virtually free-standing film incorporated into the microcavity. Rabi splitting was observed when the cavity resonance was in tune with that of the phonons. The Rabi splitting energy increased as the film thickness increased, reaching 1.9 meV, which is 2.4-fold higher than the criterion for the strong coupling regime. We obtained dispersion curves for various perovskite film thicknesses exhibiting two polariton branches; clear beats between the two polaritonic branches were observed in the time domain. Flexible cavity devices with perovskite phonons enable macroscopic control over the polaritonic energy states through bending processes, which add an additional degree of freedom in the manipulation of polaritonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - A A Khan
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - J-Y Park
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Y H Ahn
- Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Zhang B, Shuai Z. Quantum Dynamical Approach to Predicting the Optical Pumping Threshold for Lasing in Organic Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8590-8598. [PMID: 37726254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The quantum dynamic (QD) study of organic lasing (OL) is a challenging issue in organic optoelectronics. Previously, the phenomenological method has achieved success in describing experimental observation. However, it cannot directly bridge the laser threshold (LT) with microscopic parameters, which is the advantage of the QD method. In this paper, we propose a microscopic OL model and apply time-dependent wave packet diffusion to reveal the microscopic QD process of optically pumped lasing. LT is obtained from the onset of output as a function of optical input pumping. We predict that the LT has an optimal value as a function of the cavity volume and depends linearly on the intracavity photon leakage rate. The calculated structure-property relationships between molecular parameters and the LT are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results, confirming the reliability of our approach. This work is beneficial for understanding the OL mechanism and optimizing the design of organic laser materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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6
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Palo E, Papachatzakis MA, Abdelmagid A, Qureshi H, Kumar M, Salomäki M, Daskalakis KS. Developing Solution-Processed Distributed Bragg Reflectors for Microcavity Polariton Applications. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:14255-14262. [PMID: 37529668 PMCID: PMC10388359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Improving the performance of organic optoelectronics has been under vigorous research for decades. Recently, polaritonics has been introduced as a technology that has the potential to improve the optical, electrical, and chemical properties of materials and devices. However, polaritons have been mainly studied in optical microcavities that are made by vacuum deposition processes, which are costly, unavailable to many, and incompatible with printed optoelectronics methods. Efforts toward the fabrication of polariton microcavities with solution-processed techniques have been utterly absent. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time strong light-matter coupling and polariton photoluminescence in an organic microcavity consisting of an aluminum mirror and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) made by sequential dip coating of titanium hydroxide/poly(vinyl alcohol) (TiOH/PVA) and Nafion films. To fabricate and develop the solution-processed DBRs and microcavities, we automatized a dip-coating device that allowed us to produce sub-100 nm films consistently over many dip-coating cycles. Owning to the solution-based nature of our DBRs, our results pave the way to the realization of polariton optoelectronic devices beyond physical deposition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Palo
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Michael A. Papachatzakis
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ahmed Abdelmagid
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Hassan Qureshi
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Salomäki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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7
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Abstract
The coherent exchange of energy between materials and optical fields leads to strong light-matter interactions and so-called polaritonic states with intriguing properties, halfway between light and matter. Two decades ago, research on these strong light-matter interactions, using optical cavity (vacuum) fields, remained for the most part the province of the physicist, with a focus on inorganic materials requiring cryogenic temperatures and carefully fabricated, high-quality optical cavities for their study. This review explores the history and recent acceleration of interest in the application of polaritonic states to molecular properties and processes. The enormous collective oscillator strength of dense films of organic molecules, aggregates, and materials allows cavity vacuum field strong coupling to be achieved at room temperature, even in rapidly fabricated, highly lossy metallic optical cavities. This has put polaritonic states and their associated coherent phenomena at the fingertips of laboratory chemists, materials scientists, and even biochemists as a potentially new tool to control molecular chemistry. The exciting phenomena that have emerged suggest that polaritonic states are of genuine relevance within the molecular and material energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - James A Hutchison
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Masson Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
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8
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Kottilil D, Gupta M, Lu S, Babusenan A, Ji W. Triple Threshold Transitions and Strong Polariton Interaction in 2D Layered Metal-Organic Framework Microplates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209094. [PMID: 36623260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature interaction between light-matter hybrid particles such as exciton-polaritons under extremely low-pump plays a crucial role in future coherent quantum light sources. However, the practical and scalable realization of coherent quantum light sources operating under low-pump remains a challenge because of the insufficient polariton interaction strength. Here, at room temperature, a very large polariton interaction strength is demonstrated, g ≈ 128 ± 21 µeV µm2 realized in a 2D nanolayered metal-organic framework (MOF). As a result, a polariton lasing at an extremely low pump fluence of P1 ≈ 0.01 ± 0.0015 µJ cm-2 (first threshold) is observed. Interestingly, as pump fluence increases to P2 ≈ 0.031 ± 0.003 µJ cm-2 (second threshold), a spontaneous transition to a polariton breakdown region occurs, which has not been reported before. Finally, an ordinary photon lasing occurs at P3 ≈ 0.11 ± 0.077 µJ cm-2 (third threshold), or above. These experiments and the theoretical model reveal new insights into the transition mechanisms characterized by three distinct optical regions. This work introduces MOF as a new type of quantum material, with naturally formed polariton cavities, that is a cost-effective and scalable solution to build microscale coherent quantum light sources and polaritonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kottilil
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Shunbin Lu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Anu Babusenan
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
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9
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Pandya R, Ashoka A, Georgiou K, Sung J, Jayaprakash R, Renken S, Gai L, Shen Z, Rao A, Musser AJ. Tuning the Coherent Propagation of Organic Exciton-Polaritons through Dark State Delocalization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105569. [PMID: 35474309 PMCID: PMC9218652 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While there have been numerous reports of long-range polariton transport at room-temperature in organic cavities, the spatiotemporal evolution of the propagation is scarcely reported, particularly in the initial coherent sub-ps regime, where photon and exciton wavefunctions are inextricably mixed. Hence the detailed process of coherent organic exciton-polariton transport and, in particular, the role of dark states has remained poorly understood. Here, femtosecond transient absorption microscopy is used to directly image coherent polariton motion in microcavities of varying quality factor. The transport is found to be well-described by a model of band-like propagation of an initially Gaussian distribution of exciton-polaritons in real space. The velocity of the polaritons reaches values of ≈ 0.65 × 106 m s-1 , substantially lower than expected from the polariton dispersion. Further, it is found that the velocity is proportional to the quality factor of the microcavity. This unexpected link between the quality-factor and polariton velocity is suggested to be a result of varying admixing between delocalized dark and polariton states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Pandya
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Laboratoire Kastler BrosselÉcole Normale Superiéure‐Université PSLCNRSSorbonne UniversitéCollege de FranceParis75005France
| | - Arjun Ashoka
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of CyprusP. O. Box 20537Nicosia1678Cyprus
| | - Jooyoung Sung
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Scott Renken
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lizhi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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Zerulla B, Krstić M, Beutel D, Holzer C, Wöll C, Rockstuhl C, Fernandez-Corbaton I. A Multi-Scale Approach for Modeling the Optical Response of Molecular Materials Inside Cavities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200350. [PMID: 35384088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent fabrication advances in nanoscience and molecular materials point toward a new era where material properties are tailored in silico for target applications. To fully realize this potential, accurate and computationally efficient theoretical models are needed for: a) the computer-aided design and optimization of new materials before their fabrication; and b) the accurate interpretation of experiments. The development of such theoretical models is a challenging multi-disciplinary problem where physics, chemistry, and material science are intertwined across spatial scales ranging from the molecular to the device level, that is, from ångströms to millimeters. In photonic applications, molecular materials are often placed inside optical cavities. Together with the sought-after enhancement of light-molecule interactions, the cavities bring additional complexity to the modeling of such devices. Here, a multi-scale approach that, starting from ab initio quantum mechanical molecular simulations, can compute the electromagnetic response of macroscopic devices such as cavities containing molecular materials is presented. Molecular time-dependent density-functional theory calculations are combined with the efficient transition matrix based solution of Maxwell's equations. Some of the capabilities of the approach are demonstrated by simulating surface metal-organic frameworks -in-cavity and J-aggregates-in-cavity systems that have been recently investigated experimentally, and providing a refined understanding of the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Zerulla
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominik Beutel
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Rockstuhl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ivan Fernandez-Corbaton
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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