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Yang H, Edberg J, Say MG, Erlandsson J, Gueskine V, Wågberg L, Berggren M, Engquist I. Study on the Rectification of Ionic Diode Based on Cross-Linked Nanocellulose Bipolar Membranes. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1933-1941. [PMID: 38324476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose-based membranes have attracted intense attention in bioelectronic devices due to their low cost, flexibility, biocompatibility, degradability, and sustainability. Herein, we demonstrate a flexible ionic diode using a cross-linked bipolar membrane fabricated from positively and negatively charged cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). The rectified current originates from the asymmetric charge distribution, which can selectively determine the direction of ion transport inside the bipolar membrane. The mechanism of rectification was demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with voltage biases. The rectifying behavior of this kind of ionic diode was studied by using linear sweep voltammetry to obtain current-voltage characteristics and the time dependence of the current. In addition, the performance of cross-linked CNF diodes was investigated while changing parameters such as the thickness of the bipolar membranes, the scanning voltage range, and the scanning rate. A good long-term stability due to the high density cross-linking of the diode was shown in both current-voltage characteristics and the time dependence of current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio-, Organic and Printed Electronics, Norrköping 60233, Sweden
| | - Mehmet Girayhan Say
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Johan Erlandsson
- Division of Fibre Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Division of Fibre Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-601 74, Sweden
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Chang Y, Huang YH, Lin PS, Hong SH, Tung SH, Liu CL. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Stretchable Thermoelectric Generators Formed by Doped Semiconducting Polymer/Elastomer Blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3764-3777. [PMID: 38226590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent research efforts have concentrated on the development of flexible and stretchable thermoelectric (TE) materials. However, significant challenges have emerged, including increased resistance and reduced electrical conductivity when subjected to strain. To address these issues, rigid semiconducting polymers and elastic insulating polymers have been incorporated and nanoconfinement effects have been exploited to enhance the charge mobility. Herein, a feasible approach is presented for fabricating stretchable TE materials by using a doped semiconducting polymer blend consisting of either poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or poly(3,6-dithiophen-2-yl-2,5-di(2-decyltetradecyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-alt-thienylenevinylene-2,5-yl) (PDVT-10) as the rigid polymer with styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) as the elastic polymer. In particular, the blend composition is optimized to achieve a continuous network structure with SEBS, thereby improving the stretchability. The optimized polymer films exhibit well-ordered microstructural aggregates, indicative of good miscibility with FeCl3 and enhanced doping efficiency. Notably, a lower activation energy and higher charge-carrier concentration contribute to an improved electrical conductivity under high tensile strain, with a maximum output power of 1.39 nW at a ΔT of 22.4 K. These findings offer valuable insights and serve as guidelines for the development of stretchable p-n junction thermoelectric generators based on doped semiconducting polymer blends with potential applications in wearable electronics and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shen Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Huan Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Carlotti M, Losi T, De Boni F, Vivaldi FM, Araya-Hermosilla E, Prato M, Pucci A, Caironi M, Mattoli V. Preparation of different conjugated polymers characterized by complementary electronic properties from an identical precursor. Polym Chem 2023; 14:4465-4473. [PMID: 38013925 PMCID: PMC10548785 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00868a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of generating regions with different electronic properties within the same organic semiconductor thin film could offer novel opportunities for designing and fabricating organic electronic devices and circuits. This study introduces a new approach based on a novel type of highly processable polymer precursor that can yield two different conjugated polymers characterized by complementary electronic properties, i.e. promoting electron or hole transport, from the same starting material. In particular, these multipotent precursors comprise functionalized dihydroanthracene units that can offer several functionalization opportunities to improve the solubility or insert specific functionalities. This strategy also allows for the preparation of high-molecular-weight conjugated polymers comprising diethynylanthracene and anthraquinone units without the need for solubilizing side chains. Thin films of the polymer precursor can be used, after solid-state transformations, to prepare single organic layers comprising regions characterized by different chemical nature and electronic properties. Here, we present a detailed characterization of the chemical and electronic properties of the precursor and the obtained conjugated polymers, showing how it is possible to harvest their characteristics for potential applications such as electrochromic surfaces and organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
- Centro per la Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa Lungarno Pacinotti 43/44 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via R. Rubattino 81 20134 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco De Boni
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Esteban Araya-Hermosilla
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Centro per la Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa Lungarno Pacinotti 43/44 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via R. Rubattino 81 20134 Milano Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
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Yuan D, Liu W, Zhu X. Efficient and air-stable n-type doping in organic semiconductors. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183967 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) enables feasible tuning of carrier concentration, charge mobility, and energy levels, which is critical for the applications of OSCs in organic electronic devices. However, in comparison with p-type doping, n-type doping has lagged far behind. The achievement of efficient and air-stable n-type doping in OSCs would help to significantly improve electron transport and device performance, and endow new functionalities, which are, therefore, gaining increasing attention currently. In this review, the issue of doping efficiency and doping air stability in n-type doped OSCs was carefully addressed. We first clarified the main factors that influenced chemical doping efficiency in n-type OSCs and then explain the origin of instability in n-type doped films under ambient conditions. Doping microstructure, charge transfer, and dissociation efficiency were found to determine the overall doping efficiency, which could be precisely tuned by molecular design and post treatments. To further enhance the air stability of n-doped OSCs, design strategies such as tuning the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, charge delocalization, intermolecular stacking, in situ n-doping, and self-encapsulations are discussed. Moreover, the applications of n-type doping in advanced organic electronics, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics are being introduced. Finally, an outlook is provided on novel doping ways and material systems that are aimed at stable and efficient n-type doped OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wuyue Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Deng L, Cho Y, Lee J, Shibayama N, Zhang Z, Wang C, Hu Z, Wang J, Wu F, Chen L, Du Y, Ren F, Yang C, Gao P. Revealing the Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Controllably Doped Donor-Acceptor Copolymer: The Impact of Regioregularity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206233. [PMID: 36592416 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Albeit considerable attention to the fast-developing organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials due to their flexibility and non-toxic features, it is still challenging to design an OTE polymer with superior thermoelectric properties. In this work, two "isomorphic" donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are studied as the semiconductor in OTE devices, revealing for the first time the internal mechanism of regioregularity on thermoelectric performances in D-A type polymers. A higher molecular structure regularity can lead to higher crystalline order and mobility, higher doping efficiency, order of energy state, and thermoelectric (TE) performance. As a result, the regioregular P2F exhibits a maximum power factor (PF) of up to 113.27 µW m-1 K-2 , more than three times that of the regiorandom PRF (35.35 µW m-1 K-2 ). However, the regular backbone also implies lower miscibility with a dopant, negatively affecting TE performance. Therefore, the trade-off between doping efficiency and miscibility plays a vital role in OTE materials, and this work sheds light on the molecular design strategy of OTE polymers with state-of-the-art performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Longhui Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yongjoon Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, 44919, Ulsan, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jungho Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, 44919, Ulsan, South Korea
- Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co, Ltd., 150, Maeyeong-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16674, Republic of Korea
| | - Naoyuki Shibayama
- Naoyuki Shibayama, Department of Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, 1614 Kurogane-cho, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 225-8503, Japan
| | - Zilong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Can Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, 330031, Nanchang, China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, 330031, Nanchang, China
| | - Lie Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, 330031, Nanchang, China
| | - Yitian Du
- Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Fangbin Ren
- Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Changduk Yang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, 44919, Ulsan, South Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, 44919, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Peng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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