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Li A, Wang Y, Li Y, Yang X, Nan P, Liu K, Ge B, Fu C, Zhu T. High performance magnesium-based plastic semiconductors for flexible thermoelectrics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5108. [PMID: 38876994 PMCID: PMC11178910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-cost thermoelectric materials with simultaneous high performance and superior plasticity at room temperature are urgently demanded due to the lack of ever-lasting power supply for flexible electronics. However, the inherent brittleness in conventional thermoelectric semiconductors and the inferior thermoelectric performance in plastic organics/inorganics severely limit such applications. Here, we report low-cost inorganic polycrystalline Mg3Sb0.5Bi1.498Te0.002, which demonstrates a remarkable combination of large strain (~ 43%) and high figure of merit zT (~ 0.72) at room temperature, surpassing both brittle Bi2(Te,Se)3 (strain ≤ 5%) and plastic Ag2(Te,Se,S) and organics (zT ≤ 0.4). By revealing the inherent high plasticity in Mg3Sb2 and Mg3Bi2, capable of sustaining over 30% compressive strain in polycrystalline form, and the remarkable deformability of single-crystalline Mg3Bi2 under bending, cutting, and twisting, we optimize the Bi contents in Mg3Sb2-xBix (x = 0 to 1) to simultaneously boost its room-temperature thermoelectric performance and plasticity. The exceptional plasticity of Mg3Sb2-xBix is further revealed to be brought by the presence of a dense dislocation network and the persistent Mg-Sb/Bi bonds during slipping. Leveraging its high plasticity and strength, polycrystalline Mg3Sb2-xBix can be easily processed into micro-scale dimensions. As a result, we successfully fabricate both in-plane and out-of-plane flexible Mg3Sb2-xBix thermoelectric modules, demonstrating promising power density. The inherent remarkable plasticity and high thermoelectric performance of Mg3Sb2-xBix hold the potential for significant advancements in flexible electronics and also inspire further exploration of plastic inorganic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuechu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Xinlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Nan
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binghui Ge
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chenguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tiejun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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2
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Wu W, Zhang X, Xu W, He T, Zhang T, Hao J. Lithium-Ion-Doped Eutectogel for Surface-Capacitive Sensing Touch Panel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29248-29256. [PMID: 38776480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Touch panels are deemed as a critical platform for the future of human--computer interaction. Recently, flexible touch panels have attracted much attention due to their superior adhesivity and integratability to the human body. However, hydrogel- or organogel-based devices suffer from instability due to liquid evaporation or low-conductivity substrates. It demands an alternative functional touch panel featuring temperature tolerance, high conductivity, and stretchability. Here, we introduce an eutectogel by immobilizing a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) within 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) covalently cross-linked polymer scaffolds. In this DES (ethylene carbonate(EC)-LiTFSI), the C═O group of EC is unique as an electron donor exhibiting strong coordination interactions with Li+, promoting the dissociation of Li+ from LiTFSI to achieve excellent conductivity. Benefiting from their traits, eutectogel presents high conductivity, transmittance, antifreezing, and mechanical strength. In addition, using the surface-capacitive sensing mechanism, the eutectogel can be designed as a 1D strip and 2D rectangular touch panel which can achieve high-resolution touching tracks, even in a low-temperature environment and pressure-then-recovered state. This eutectogel strategy is envisioned to facilitate the development of next-generation intelligent devices, especially in extreme stretching and low-temperature application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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3
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Chen C, Xu JL, Wang Q, Li XL, Xu FQ, Gao YC, Zhu YB, Wu HA, Liu JW. Biomimetic Multimodal Receptors for Comprehensive Artificial Human Somatosensory System. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313228. [PMID: 38330391 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) capable of acquiring environmental and physiological information has attracted interest for healthcare, robotics, and human-machine interaction. However, traditional 2D e-skin only allows for in-plane force sensing, which limits access to comprehensive stimulus feedback due to the lack of out-of-plane signal detection caused by its 3D structure. Here, a dimension-switchable bioinspired receptor is reported to achieve multimodal perception by exploiting film kirigami. It offers the detection of in-plane (pressure and bending) and out-of-plane (force and airflow) signals by dynamically inducing the opening and reclosing of sensing unit. The receptor's hygroscopic and thermoelectric properties enable the sensing of humidity and temperature. Meanwhile, the thermoelectric receptor can differentiate mechanical stimuli from temperature by the voltage. The development enables a wide range of sensory capabilities of traditional e-skin and expands the applications in real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jie-Long Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xin-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Feng-Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yin-Bo Zhu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Heng-An Wu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Hwang S, Jang D, Kim H, Kwak J, Chung S. 3D-Printed Soft Temperature Sensors Based on Thermoelectric Effects for Fast Mapping of Localized Temperature Distributions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38691640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel design of thermoelectric (TE) effect-based soft temperature sensors for directly monitoring localized subtle temperature stimuli. This design integrates rheology-engineered three-dimensional (3D) printing of high-performance carbon-based TE materials and polymer-based viscoelastic materials with low thermal conductivity. Rheological engineering of carbon nanotube (CNT) TE inks ensures the 3D printing of highly sensitive TE sensing units on directly written 3D soft platforms. Additionally, we pre-dope CNT inks with p- and n-type organic dopants to achieve high sensitivity and a fast response to temperature changes. The introduced 3D soft platforms with low thermal conductivity lead to an efficient thermal gradient on TE sensing units in the out-of-plane direction. Furthermore, encapsulating the temperature sensor array with the same polymer-based materials as the 3D soft platforms facilitates independent detection of localized temperature stimuli by minimizing thermal interaction between sensing units, resulting in precise temperature mapping by localized detection. Our 3D-printed soft temperature sensors exhibit high sensitivity to relatively small temperature changes, with a minimum sensing resolution of 0.1 K within tens of milliseconds. Moreover, the temperature sensor array not only detects localized temperature stimuli by imaging the temperature distribution but also demonstrates remarkable mechanical reliability against repetitive deformation with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkwon Hwang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Doojoon Jang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesuk Kim
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center and Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Chung
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Ding S, Zhao D, Chen Y, Dai Z, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Zhong J, Luo J, Zhou B. Single Channel Based Interference-Free and Self-Powered Human-Machine Interactive Interface Using Eigenfrequency-Dominant Mechanism. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302782. [PMID: 38287891 PMCID: PMC10987133 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The recent development of wearable devices is revolutionizing the way of human-machine interaction (HMI). Nowadays, an interactive interface that carries more embedded information is desired to fulfill the increasing demand in era of Internet of Things. However, present approach normally relies on sensor arrays for memory expansion, which inevitably brings the concern of wiring complexity, signal differentiation, power consumption, and miniaturization. Herein, a one-channel based self-powered HMI interface, which uses the eigenfrequency of magnetized micropillar (MMP) as identification mechanism, is reported. When manually vibrated, the inherent recovery of the MMP causes a damped oscillation that generates current signals because of Faraday's Law of induction. The time-to-frequency conversion explores the MMP-related eigenfrequency, which provides a specific solution to allocate diverse commands in an interference-free behavior even with one electric channel. A cylindrical cantilever model is built to regulate the MMP eigenfrequencies via precisely designing the dimensional parameters and material properties. It is shown that using one device and two electrodes, high-capacity HMI interface can be realized when the magnetic micropillars (MMPs) with different eigenfrequencies have been integrated. This study provides the reference value to design the future HMI system especially for situations that require a more intuitive and intelligent communication experience with high-memory demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Ding
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da Universidade, TaipaMacau999078China
| | - Dazhe Zhao
- Department of Electromechanical EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da Universidade, TaipaMacau999078China
| | - Yongyao Chen
- Research Center of Flexible Sensing Materials and DevicesSchool of Applied Physics and MaterialsWuyi UniversityJiangmen529020China
| | - Ziyi Dai
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da Universidade, TaipaMacau999078China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da Universidade, TaipaMacau999078China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Shenzhen Shineway Technology CorporationShenzhenGuangdong518000China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da Universidade, TaipaMacau999078China
| | - Jianyi Luo
- Research Center of Flexible Sensing Materials and DevicesSchool of Applied Physics and MaterialsWuyi UniversityJiangmen529020China
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Applied Physics and Materials EngineeringUniversity of MacauAvenida da Universidade, TaipaMacau999078China
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Liu J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Bian B, Shang J, Li R. Recent Progress in Wearable Near-Sensor and In-Sensor Intelligent Perception Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2180. [PMID: 38610389 PMCID: PMC11014300 DOI: 10.3390/s24072180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
As the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes more widespread, wearable smart systems will begin to be used in a variety of applications in people's daily lives, not only requiring the devices to have excellent flexibility and biocompatibility, but also taking into account redundant data and communication delays due to the use of a large number of sensors. Fortunately, the emerging paradigms of near-sensor and in-sensor computing, together with the proposal of flexible neuromorphic devices, provides a viable solution for the application of intelligent low-power wearable devices. Therefore, wearable smart systems based on new computing paradigms are of great research value. This review discusses the research status of a flexible five-sense sensing system based on near-sensor and in-sensor architectures, considering material design, structural design and circuit design. Furthermore, we summarize challenging problems that need to be solved and provide an outlook on the potential applications of intelligent wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, China Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (B.B.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, China Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, China Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (B.B.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, China Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (B.B.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoru Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, China Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (B.B.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, China Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (B.B.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Materials and Optoelectronics Research Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, China Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (B.B.)
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Materials and Optoelectronics Research Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Guo X, Lu X, Jiang P, Bao X. Touchless Thermosensation Enabled by Flexible Infrared Photothermoelectric Detector for Temperature Prewarning Function of Electronic Skin. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313911. [PMID: 38424290 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Artificial skin, endowed with the capability to perceive thermal stimuli without physical contact, will bring innovative interactive experiences into smart robotics and augmented reality. The implementation of touchless thermosensation, responding to both hot and cold stimuli, relies on the construction of a flexible infrared detector operating in the long-wavelength infrared range to capture the spontaneous thermal radiation. This imposes rigorous requirements on the photodetection performance and mechanical flexibility of the detector. Herein, a flexible and wearable infrared detector is presented, on basis of the photothermoelectric coupling of the tellurium-based thermoelectric multilayer film and the infrared-absorbing polyimide substrate. By suppressing the optical reflection loss and aligning the destructive interference position with the absorption peak of polyimide, the fabricated thermopile detector exhibits high sensitivity to the thermal radiation over a broad source temperature range from -50 to 110 °C, even capable of resolving 0.05 °C temperature change. Spatially resolved radiation distribution sensing is also achieved by constructing an integrated thermopile array. Furthermore, an established temperature prewarning system is demonstrated for soft robotic gripper, enabling the identification of noxious thermal stimuli in a contactless manner. A feasible strategy is offered here to integrate the infrared detection technique into the sensory modality of electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
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Sayyad PW, Park SJ, Ha TJ. Bioinspired nanoplatforms for human-machine interfaces: Recent progress in materials and device applications. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108297. [PMID: 38061687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The panoramic characteristics of human-machine interfaces (HMIs) have prompted the needs to update the biotechnology community with the recent trends, developments, and future research direction toward next-generation bioelectronics. Bioinspired materials are promising for integrating various bioelectronic devices to realize HMIs. With the advancement of scientific biotechnology, state-of-the-art bioelectronic applications have been extensively investigated to improve the quality of life by developing and integrating bioinspired nanoplatforms in HMIs. This review highlights recent trends and developments in the field of biotechnology based on bioinspired nanoplatforms by demonstrating recently explored materials and cutting-edge device applications. Section 1 introduces the recent trends and developments of bioinspired nanomaterials for HMIs. Section 2 reviews various flexible, wearable, biocompatible, and biodegradable nanoplatforms for bioinspired applications. Section 3 furnishes recently explored substrates as carriers for advanced nanomaterials in developing HMIs. Section 4 addresses recently invented biomimetic neuroelectronic, nanointerfaces, biointerfaces, and nano/microfluidic wearable bioelectronic devices for various HMI applications, such as healthcare, biopotential monitoring, and body fluid monitoring. Section 5 outlines designing and engineering of bioinspired sensors for HMIs. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for next-generation bioinspired nanoplatforms in extending the potential on HMIs are discussed for a near-future scenario. We believe this review can stimulate the integration of bioinspired nanoplatforms into the HMIs in addition to wearable electronic skin and health-monitoring devices while addressing prevailing and future healthcare and material-related problems in biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha W Sayyad
- Dept. of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Park
- Dept. of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jun Ha
- Dept. of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea.
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Gu H, Kang S, Fu Y, Tan L, Gao C, Zheng Z, Lin C. High Seebeck Coefficient Inorganic Ge 15Ga 10Te 75 Core/Polymer Cladding Fibers for Respiration and Body Temperature Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59768-59775. [PMID: 38085539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable thermal sensors based on thermoelectric (TE) materials with high sensitivity and temperature resolution are extensively used in medical diagnosis, human-machine interfaces, and advanced artificial intelligence. However, their development is greatly limited by the lack of materials with both a high Seebeck coefficient and superior anticrystallization ability. Here, a new inorganic amorphous TE material, Ge15Ga10Te75, with a high Seebeck coefficient of 1109 μV/K is reported. Owing to the large difference between the glass-transition temperature and initial crystallization temperature, Ge15Ga10Te75 strongly inhibits crystallization during fiber fabrication by thermally codrawing a precast rod comprising a Ge15Ga10Te75 core and PP polymer cladding. The temperature difference can be effectively transduced into electrical signals to achieve TE fiber thermal sensing with an accurate temperature resolution of 0.03 K and a fast response time of 4 s. It is important to note that after the 1.5 and 5.5 K temperatures changed repeatedly, the TE properties of the fiber demonstrated high stability. Based on the Seebeck effect and superior flexibility of the fibers, they can be integrated into a mask and wearable fabric for human respiration and body temperature monitoring. The superior thermal sensing performance of the TE fibers together with their natural flexibility and scalable fabrication endow them with promising applications in health-monitoring and intelligent medical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shiliang Kang
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Fu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Linling Tan
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Chengwei Gao
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhuanghao Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Changgui Lin
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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10
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Zhao T, Xiao X, Wu Y, Ma J, Li Y, Lu C, Shokoohi C, Xu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ge G, Zhang G, Chen J, Zeng Y. Tracing the Flu Symptom Progression via a Smart Face Mask. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8960-8969. [PMID: 37750614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Respiration and body temperature are largely influenced by the highly contagious influenza virus, which poses persistent global public health challenges. Here, we present a wireless all-in-one sensory face mask (WISE mask) made of ultrasensitive fibrous temperature sensors. The WISE mask shows exceptional thermosensitivity, excellent breathability, and wearing comfort. It offers highly sensitive body temperature monitoring and respiratory detection capabilities. Capitalizing on the advances in the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, the WISE mask is further demonstrated by customized flexible circuitry, deep learning algorithms, and a user-friendly interface to continuously recognize the abnormalities of both the respiration and body temperature. The WISE mask represents a compelling approach to tracing flu symptom progression in a cost-effective and convenient manner, serving as a powerful solution for personalized health monitoring and point-of-care systems in the face of ongoing influenza-related public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tienan Zhao
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yuchen Wu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chengyue Lu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cyrus Shokoohi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yuanqiang Xu
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuze Zhang
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Ge
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore,117583, Singapore
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongchun Zeng
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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11
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Xu R, She M, Liu J, Zhao S, Zhao J, Zhang X, Qu L, Tian M. Skin-Friendly and Wearable Iontronic Touch Panel for Virtual-Real Handwriting Interaction. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8293-8302. [PMID: 37074102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Touch panels are deemed as a critical platform for the future of human-computer interaction and metaverse. Recently, stretchable iontronic touch panels have attracted attention due to their superior adhesivity to the human body. However, such adhesion can not be named "real wearable", leading to discomfort for the wearer, such as rashes or itching with long-time wearing. Herein, a skin-friendly and wearable iontronic textile-based touch panel with highly touch-sensing resolution and deformation insensitivity is designed based on an in-suit growing strategy. This textile-based touch panel endows excellent interfacial hydrophilic and biocompatibility with human skin by overcoming the bottlenecks of the hydrogel-based uncomfortable sticky touch interface and low mechanical behavior. The developed touch panel enables handwriting interaction with good mechanical capacity (114 MPa), nearly 4145 times higher than pure hydrogel. More importantly, our touch panel possesses intrinsic insensitivity to wide external loading from the silver fiber (<0.003 g) to even heavy metal block (>10 kg). As proof of concept, the textile-based iontronic touch panel is applied to handwriting interaction, such as a flexible keyboard and wearable sketchpad. This iontronic touch panel with skin-friendly and wearable qualitities is helpful for next-generation wearable interaction electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Xu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Minghua She
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Jiaxu Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Shikang Zhao
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Jisheng Zhao
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, PR China
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12
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Chen J, Zhu G, Wang J, Chang X, Zhu Y. Multifunctional Iontronic Sensor Based on Liquid Metal-Filled Ho llow Ionogel Fibers in Detecting Pressure, Temperature, and Proximity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7485-7495. [PMID: 36696682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based pressure/temperature sensors are highly desired in wearable electronics because of their natural advantages of good breathability and easy integrability. However, it is still a great challenge to fabricate reliable and highly sensitive fiber-based pressure/temperature sensors via a scalable and facile strategy. Herein, a novel fiber-based iontronic sensor with excellent pressure- and temperature-sensing capabilities is designed by assembling two crossed hollow and porous ionogel fibers filled with liquid metal. Serving as a pressure sensor, a high detection resolution (1.16 Pa), a high sensitivity of 13.30 kPa-1 (0-2 kPa), and a wide detection range (∼207 kPa) are realized owing to its novel hierarchical structure and the selection of deformable liquid electrodes. As a temperature sensor, it exhibits a high temperature sensitivity of 25.99% °C-1 (35-40 °C), high resolution of 0.02 °C, and good repeatability and reliability. On the basis of these excellent sensing capabilities, the as-prepared sensor can detect not only pressure signals varied from weak pulse to large joint movements but also the proximity of different objects. Furthermore, a large-area fiber array can be easily woven for acquiring the pressure mapping to intuitively distinguish the location, magnitude, and shape of the loaded object. This work provides a universal strategy to design fiber-shaped iontronic sensors for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxuan Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wang Y, Li W, Xu Y, Han C, Meng P, Yan C, Qi DC, Xu J. Large-Scale Silver Sulfide Nanomesh Membranes with Ultrahigh Flexibility. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9883-9890. [PMID: 36472408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of flexible semiconductor thin films and membranes is highly desirable for the fabrication of next-generation wearable devices. In this work, we have developed a one-step, surface tension-driven method for facile and scalable growth of silver sulfide (Ag2S) membranes with a nanomesh structure. The nanomesh membrane can in principle reach infinite size but only limited by the reactor size, while the thickness is self-limited to ca. 50 nm. In particular, the membrane can be continuously regenerated at the water surface after being transferred for mechanical and electronic tests. The free-standing membrane demonstrates exceptional flexibility and strength, resulting from the nanomesh structure and the intrinsic plasticity of the Ag2S ligaments, as revealed by robust manipulation, nanoindentation tests and a pseudo-in situ tensile test under scanning electron microscope. Bendable electronic resistance-switching devices are fabricated based on the nanomesh membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Yanan Xu
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Chenhui Han
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Peng Meng
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Cheng Yan
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Dong-Chen Qi
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Jingsan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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14
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Wang X, Tan J, Ouyang J, Zhang H, Wang J, Wang Y, Deringer VL, Zhou J, Zhang W, Ma E. Designing Inorganic Semiconductors with Cold-Rolling Processability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203776. [PMID: 35981888 PMCID: PMC9596854 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While metals can be readily processed and reshaped by cold rolling, most bulk inorganic semiconductors are brittle materials that tend to fracture when plastically deformed. Manufacturing thin sheets and foils of inorganic semiconductors is therefore a bottleneck problem, severely restricting their use in flexible electronic applications. It is recently reported that a few single-crystalline 2D van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors, such as InSe, are deformable under compressive stress. Here it is demonstrated that intralayer fracture toughness can be tailored via compositional design to make inorganic semiconductors processable by cold rolling. Systematic ab initio calculations covering a range of van der Waals semiconductors homologous to InSe are reported, leading to material-property maps that forecast trends in both the susceptibility to interlayer slip and the intralayer fracture toughness against cracking. GaSe is predicted, and experimentally confirmed, to be practically amenable to being rolled to large (three quarters) thickness reduction and length extension by a factor of three. The fracture toughness and cleavage energy are predicted to be 0.25 MPa m0.5 and 15 meV Å-2 , respectively. The findings open a new realm of possibility for alloy selection and design toward processing-friendly group-III chalcogenides for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Dong Wang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Jieling Tan
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Hang‐Ming Zhang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Jiang‐Jing Wang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Yuecun Wang
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP‐Nano) and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Volker L. Deringer
- Department of ChemistryInorganic Chemistry LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - En Ma
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID)State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
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15
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Neto J, Chirila R, Dahiya AS, Christou A, Shakthivel D, Dahiya R. Skin-Inspired Thermoreceptors-Based Electronic Skin for Biomimicking Thermal Pain Reflexes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201525. [PMID: 35876394 PMCID: PMC9507360 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electronic systems possessing skin-like morphology and functionalities (electronic skins [e-skins]) have attracted considerable attention in recent years to provide sensory or haptic feedback in growing areas such as robotics, prosthetics, and interactive systems. However, the main focus thus far has been on the distributed pressure or force sensors. Herein a thermoreceptive e-skin with biological systems like functionality is presented. The soft, distributed, and highly sensitive miniaturized (≈700 µm2 ) artificial thermoreceptors (ATRs) in the e-skin are developed using an innovative fabrication route that involves dielectrophoretic assembly of oriented vanadium pentoxide nanowires at defined locations and high-resolution electrohydrodynamic printing. Inspired from the skin morphology, the ATRs are embedded in a thermally insulating soft nanosilica/epoxy polymeric layer and yet they exhibit excellent thermal sensitivity (-1.1 ± 0.3% °C-1 ), fast response (≈1s), exceptional stability (negligible hysteresis for >5 h operation), and mechanical durability (up to 10 000 bending and twisting loading cycles). Finally, the developed e-skin is integrated on the fingertip of a robotic hand and a biological system like reflex is demonstrated in response to temperature stimuli via localized learning at the hardware level.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Neto
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Radu Chirila
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Abhishek Singh Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Adamos Christou
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Dhayalan Shakthivel
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Ravinder Dahiya
- Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) GroupUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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