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Lv R, Luo C, Liu B, Hu K, Wang K, Zheng L, Guo Y, Du J, Li L, Wu F, Chen R. Unveiling Confinement Engineering for Achieving High-Performance Rechargeable Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400508. [PMID: 38452342 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The confinement effect, restricting materials within nano/sub-nano spaces, has emerged as an innovative approach for fundamental research in diverse application fields, including chemical engineering, membrane separation, and catalysis. This confinement principle recently presents fresh perspectives on addressing critical challenges in rechargeable batteries. Within spatial confinement, novel microstructures and physiochemical properties have been raised to promote the battery performance. Nevertheless, few clear definitions and specific reviews are available to offer a comprehensive understanding and guide for utilizing the confinement effect in batteries. This review aims to fill this gap by primarily summarizing the categorization of confinement effects across various scales and dimensions within battery systems. Subsequently, the strategic design of confinement environments is proposed to address existing challenges in rechargeable batteries. These solutions involve the manipulation of the physicochemical properties of electrolytes, the regulation of electrochemical activity, and stability of electrodes, and insights into ion transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, specific perspectives are provided to deepen the foundational understanding of the confinement effect for achieving high-performance rechargeable batteries. Overall, this review emphasizes the transformative potential of confinement effects in tailoring the microstructure and physiochemical properties of electrode materials, highlighting their crucial role in designing novel energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
| | - Bingran Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kaikai Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Longhong Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yafei Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiahao Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
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Sun L, Pan X, Xie YN, Zheng J, Xu S, Li L, Zhao G. Accelerated Dynamic Reconstruction in Metal-Organic Frameworks with Ligand Defects for Selective Electrooxidation of Amines to Azos Coupling with Hydrogen Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402176. [PMID: 38470010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis coupled hydrogen production (ESHP) mostly involves catalyst reconstruction in aqueous phase, but accurately identifying and controlling the process is still a challenge. Herein, we modulated the electronic structure and exposed unsaturated sites of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) via ligand defect to promote the reconstruction of catalyst for azo electrosynthesis (ESA) coupled with hydrogen production overall reaction. The monolayer Ni-MOFs achieved 89.8 % Faraday efficiency and 90.8 % selectivity for the electrooxidation of 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-amine (Pyr-NH2) to azo, and an 18.5-fold increase in H2 production compared to overall water splitting. Operando X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy (XAFS) and various in situ spectroscopy confirm that the ligand defect promotes the potential dependent dynamic reconstruction of Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH, and the reabsorption of ligand significantly lowers the energy barrier of rate-determining step (*Pyr-NH to *Pyr-N). This work provides theoretical guidance for modulation of electrocatalyst reconstruction to achieve highly selective ESHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Sun
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xun Pan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Xie
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jingui Zheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shaohan Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
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Xu S, Feng S, Yu Y, Xue D, Liu M, Wang C, Zhao K, Xu B, Zhang JN. Dual-site segmentally synergistic catalysis mechanism: boosting CoFeS x nanocluster for sustainable water oxidation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1720. [PMID: 38409270 PMCID: PMC10897303 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts are essential for sustainable clean energy conversion. However, catalytic materials followed the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) with the inherent scaling relationship between key oxygen intermediates *OOH and *OH, or the lattice-oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM) with the possible lattice oxygen migration and structural reconstruction, which are not favorable to the balance between high activity and stability. Herein, we propose an unconventional Co-Fe dual-site segmentally synergistic mechanism (DSSM) for single-domain ferromagnetic catalyst CoFeSx nanoclusters on carbon nanotubes (CNT) (CFS-ACs/CNT), which can effectively break the scaling relationship without sacrificing stability. Co3+ (L.S, t2g6eg0) supplies the strongest OH* adsorption energy, while Fe3+ (M.S, t2g4eg1) exposes strong O* adsorption. These dual-sites synergistically produce of Co-O-O-Fe intermediates, thereby accelerating the release of triplet-state oxygen ( ↑ O = O ↑ ). As predicted, the prepared CFS-ACs/CNT catalyst exhibits less overpotential than that of commercial IrO2, as well as approximately 633 h of stability without significant potential loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Catalytic and Functional Materials Preparation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Sihua Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Catalytic and Functional Materials Preparation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Dongping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Catalytic and Functional Materials Preparation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Catalytic and Functional Materials Preparation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Catalytic and Functional Materials Preparation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Chen S, Zhou Y, Ma X. Homogeneous-like photocatalysis: covalent immobilization of an iridium(III) complex onto polystyrene brushes grafted on SiO 2 nanoparticles as a mass/charge transfer-enhanced platform. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2731-2740. [PMID: 38226726 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Current heterogeneous photocatalysis faces the major bottlenecks of limited mass transfer, charge recombination and tedious immobilization of expensive photocatalysts. In this work, fac-Ir(ppy)3 is directly anchored at a low cost via covalent linkage to poly(4-vinyl benzyl chloride) (PVBC) brushes grafted on SiO2 nanoparticles (PVBC@SiO2 NPs) via Friedel-Crafts alkylation, affording PVBC@SiO2 NP-supported fac-Ir(ppy)3 with high luminous efficacies such as emission lifetime and quantum yield. In the reductive cross-coupling of benzaldehydes/acetophenones with 1,4-dicyanobenzene (1,4-DCB), the as-fabricated photocatalyst affords benzhydrols in the same yields as homogeneous fac-Ir(ppy)3, except for o-substituted benzaldehydes/acetophenones. In terms of the same yields as homogeneous fac-Ir(ppy)3, a new catalytic model, named homogeneous-like photocatalysis, is proposed. In this catalytic model, the open stretching of PVBC brushes in DMSO enables the anchored fac-Ir(ppy)3 to catalyse the reaction in a similar manner as homogeneous fac-Ir(ppy)3, effectively avoiding charge recombination and mass transfer limitation. Furthermore, no significant decrease in yield (<5%) is observed over eight catalytic cycles, due to the good chemical and mechanical stabilities of PVBC@SiO2 NP-supported fac-Ir(ppy)3. Overall, the immobilization of fac-Ir(ppy)3 onto the PVBC brushes grafted on SiO2 NPs provides a mass/charge transfer-enhanced platform for supported photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Xuebing Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Han D, Hao L, Wang Y, Gao Y, Yan J, Zhang Y. Design of iron oxyhydroxide nanosheets coated on Co species embedded in nanoporous carbon for oxygen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1148-1155. [PMID: 37657215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
There is still a tremendous challenge in designing environmentally friendly oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts that are inexpensive and high-performing for practical applications. Herein, the self-sacrificing template zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) was pyrolyzed under N2 atmosphere to generate Co species embedded in nanoporous carbon (Co-NC). Then, iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) was wrapped onto the Co-NC surface via electrodeposition to shape the Co-NC@FeOOH composites. Benefiting from the core-shell structure, high conductivity, and distributed active sites, Co-NC@FeOOH presents distinguished OER performance with a low overpotential (336 mV) at 10 mA cm-2 and small Tafel slope (49.46 mV dec-1). This work furnishes a rosy passage for receiving cost-effective electrocatalysts with high efficiency for OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China
| | - Lin Hao
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, PR China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China
| | - Yongjun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China.
| | - Jingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China.
| | - Yufan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China.
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Akbari N, Najafpour MM. Decoding Natural Strategy: Oxygen-Evolution Reaction on the Surface of Nickel Oxyhydroxide at Extremely Low Overpotential. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19107-19114. [PMID: 37922710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Although nickel (hydr)oxides in the absence of other metal ions are conventionally deemed inefficient catalysts for the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline conditions, this study reveals that nickel oxyhydroxide displays an OER activity at the associated peak for Ni(II) to Ni(III) oxidation postcharge accumulation. This occurs with only 90-120 mV overpotentials (at a low current density) and a Tafel slope of 297 mV/decade in a 0.10 M KOH solution. In the initial seconds, the Faraday efficiency lingers at a relatively low 20%, which can be attributed to charge storage. Nonetheless, as the duration extends to reach the 200 s mark, the efficiency notably escalates, exceeding 80%. Additionally, a mechanism for the OER in this low-overpotential zone is proposed, grounded in our investigation of the Ni(II) to Ni(III) peak and the OER region through in situ Raman spectroscopy. Taking into account the quantity of oxygen generated and the concentrations of redox-active Ni ions in the region of the redox peak, a turnover frequency of at a potential of 4.3 × 10-4 s-1 at 1.37 V was calculated. The documented reduction in overpotential during the OER may be ascribed to the complex interplay between the process of the OER and charge accumulation. The convergence of these reciprocally influencing factors facilitates a notably low overpotential in the OER. Our findings bear substantial implications for developing highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts for the OER in water-splitting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Akbari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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Malek A, Xue Y, Lu X. Dynamically Restructuring Ni x Cr y O Electrocatalyst for Stable Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Real Seawater. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309854. [PMID: 37578684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of long-term stability for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in seawater, retaining the intrinsic catalytic activity is essential but has remained challenging. Herein, we developed a Nix Cry O electrocatalyst that manifested exceptional OER stability in alkaline condition while improving the activity over time by dynamic self-restructuring. In 1 M KOH, Nix Cry O required overpotentials of only 270 and 320 mV to achieve current densities of 100 and 500 mA cm-2 , respectively, with excellent long-term stability exceeding 475 h at 100 mA cm-2 and 280 h at 500 mA cm-2 . The combination of electrochemical measurements and in situ studies revealed that leaching and redistribution of Cr during the prolonged electrolysis resulted in increased electrochemically active surface area. This eventually enhanced the catalyst porosity and improved OER activity. Nix Cry O was further applied in real seawater from the Red Sea (without purification, 1 M KOH added), envisaging that the dynamically evolving porosity can offset the adverse active site-blocking effect posed by the seawater impurities. Remarkably, Nix Cry O exhibited stable operation for 2000, 275 and 100 h in seawater at 10, 100 and 500 mA cm-2 , respectively. The proposed catalyst and the mechanistic insights represented a step towards realization of non-noble metal-based direct seawater splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Malek
- CCRC, Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 (Kingdom of, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), PSE, KAUST (Kingdom of, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yanrong Xue
- CCRC, Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 (Kingdom of, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), PSE, KAUST (Kingdom of, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xu Lu
- CCRC, Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 (Kingdom of, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), PSE, KAUST (Kingdom of, Saudi Arabia
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Du M, Zhang Y, Kang S, Xu C, Ma Y, Cai L, Zhu Y, Chai Y, Qiu B. Electrochemical Production of Glycolate Fuelled By Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastics with Improved Techno-Economics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303693. [PMID: 37231558 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical valorization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste streams into commodity chemicals offers a potentially sustainable route for creating a circular plastic economy. However, PET wastes upcycling into valuable C2 product remains a huge challenge by the lack of an electrocatalyst that can steer the oxidation economically and selectively. Here, it is reported a catalyst comprising Pt nanoparticles hybridized with γ-NiOOH nanosheets supported on Ni foam (Pt/γ-NiOOH/NF) that favors electrochemical transformation of real-word PET hydrolysate into glycolate with high Faradaic efficiency (> 90%) and selectivity (> 90%) across wide reactant (ethylene glycol, EG) concentration ranges under a marginal applied voltage of 0.55 V, which can be paired with cathodic hydrogen production. Computational studies combined with experimental characterizations elucidate that the Pt/γ-NiOOH interface with substantial charge accumulation gives rise to an optimized adsorption energy of EG and a decreased energy barrier of potential determining step. A techno-economic analysis demonstrates that, with the nearly same amount of resource investment, the electroreforming strategy towards glycolate production can raise revenue by up to 2.2 times relative to conventional chemical process. This work may thus serve as a framework for PET wastes valorization process with net-zero carbon footprint and high economic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Sailei Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingxin Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lejuan Cai
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Guangdong, 523000, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Bocheng Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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