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Cheng R, Wang S. Cell-mediated nanoparticle delivery systems: towards precision nanomedicine. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:3032-3054. [PMID: 38615157 PMCID: PMC11445310 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Cell-mediated nanoparticle delivery systems (CMNDDs) utilize cells as carriers to deliver the drug-loaded nanoparticles. Unlike the traditional nanoparticle drug delivery approaches, CMNDDs take the advantages of cell characteristics, such as the homing capabilities of stem cells, inflammatory chemotaxis of neutrophils, prolonged blood circulation of red blood cells, and internalization of macrophages. Subsequently, CMNDDs can easily prolong the blood circulation, cross biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier and the bone marrow-blood barrier, and rapidly arrive at the diseased areas. Such advantageous properties make CMNDDs promising delivery candidates for precision targeting. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in CMNDDs fabrication and biomedical applications. Specifically, ligand-receptor interactions, non-covalent interactions, covalent interactions, and internalization are commonly applied in constructing CMNDDs in vitro. By hitchhiking cells, such as macrophages, red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets, nanoparticles can be internalized or attached to cells to construct CMNDDs in vivo. Then we highlight the recent application of CMNDDs in treating different diseases, such as cancer, central nervous system disorders, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, with a brief discussion about challenges and future perspectives in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Cheng
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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2
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Zhang X, Yue L, Cao L, Liu K, Yang S, Liang S, Liu L, Zhao C, Wu D, Wang Z, Tian R, Rao L. Tumor microenvironment-responsive macrophage-mediated immunotherapeutic drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2024; 186:369-382. [PMID: 39097127 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, as a promising treatment strategy for cancer, has been widely employed in clinics, while its efficiency is limited by the immunosuppression of tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associate macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells infiltrating the TME and play a crucial role in immune regulation. Herein, a M0-type macrophage-mediated drug delivery system (PR-M) was designed for carrying Toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonist-loaded nanoparticles. When TLR agonist R848 was released by responding to the TME, the PR-Ms were polarized from M0-type to M1-type and TAMs were also stimulated from M2-type to M1-type, which eventually reversed the immunosuppressive states of TME. By synergizing with the released R848 agonists, the PR-M significantly activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME and turned the 'cold' tumor into 'hot' tumor by regulating the secretion of cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-12, thus ultimately promoting the activation of antitumor immunity. In a colorectal cancer mouse model, the PR-M treatment effectively accumulated at the tumor site, with a 5.47-fold increase in M1-type and a 65.08 % decrease in M2-type, resulting in an 85.25 % inhibition of tumor growth and a 87.55 % reduction of tumor volume compared with the non-treatment group. Our work suggests that immune cell-mediated drug delivery systems can effectively increase drug accumulation at the tumor site and reduce toxic side effects, resulting in a strong immune system for tumor immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The formation of TME and the activation of TAMs create an immunosuppressive network that allows tumor to escape the immune system and promotes its growth and spread. In this study, we designed an M0-type macrophage-mediated drug delivery system (PR-M). It leverages the synergistic effect of macrophages and agonists to improve the tumor immunosuppressive micro-environment by increasing M1-type macrophages and decreasing M2-type macrophages. As part of the treatment, the drug-loaded macrophages endowed the system with excellent tumor targeting. Furthermore, loading R848 into TME-responsive nanoparticles could protect macrophages and reduce the potential toxicity of agonists. Further investigations demonstrated that the designed PR-M could be a feasible strategy with high efficacy in tumor targeting, drug loading, autoimmunity activation, and lower side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Zhang
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Ludan Yue
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Shengren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lujie Liu
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | | | - Dudu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Lang Rao
- The Research and Application Center of Precision Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450014, China; Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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3
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Yang Z, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Huang L, Wang K, Sun J, Chen N, Yin W, Chen S, Zhi H, Xue L, An L, Li R, Dong H, Xu J, Li Y, Li Y. Nano-mechanical Immunoengineering: Nanoparticle Elasticity Reprograms Tumor-Associated Macrophages via Piezo1. ACS NANO 2024; 18:21221-21235. [PMID: 39079080 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of nanoparticles play a crucial role in regulating nanobiointeractions, influencing processes such as blood circulation, tumor accumulation/penetration, and internalization into cancer cells. Consequently, they have a significant impact on drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. However, it remains unclear whether and how macrophages alter their biological function in response to nanoparticle elasticity. Here, we report on the nano-mechanical biological effects resulting from the interactions between elastic silica nanoparticles (SNs) and macrophages. The SNs with variational elasticity Young's moduli ranging from 81 to 837 MPa were synthesized, and it was demonstrated that M2 [tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)] could be repolarized to M1 by the soft SNs. Additionally, our findings revealed that cell endocytosis, membrane tension, the curvature protein Baiap2, and the cytoskeleton were all influenced by the elasticity of SNs. Moreover, the mechanically sensitive protein Piezo1 on the cell membrane was activated, leading to calcium ion influx, activation of the NF-κB pathway, and the initiation of an inflammatory response. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the softest 81 MPa SNs enhanced tumor penetration and accumulation and repolarized TAMs in intratumoral hypoxic regions, ultimately resulting in a significant inhibition of tumor growth. Taken together, this study has established a cellular feedback mechanism in response to nanoparticle elasticity, which induces plasma membrane deformation and subsequent activation of mechanosensitive signals. This provides a distinctive "nano-mechanical immunoengineering" strategy for reprogramming TAMs to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Yang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuge Zhao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Huang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiuyuan Sun
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Nana Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weimin Yin
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liangyi Xue
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lulu An
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongjie Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jinfu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Jiang Q, He J, Zhang H, Chi H, Shi Y, Xu X. Recent advances in the development of tumor microenvironment-activatable nanomotors for deep tumor penetration. Mater Today Bio 2024; 27:101119. [PMID: 38966042 PMCID: PMC11222818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents a significant threat to human health, with the use of traditional chemotherapy drugs being limited by their harsh side effects. Tumor-targeted nanocarriers have emerged as a promising solution to this problem, as they can deliver drugs directly to the tumor site, improving drug effectiveness and reducing adverse effects. However, the efficacy of most nanomedicines is hindered by poor penetration into solid tumors. Nanomotors, capable of converting various forms of energy into mechanical energy for self-propelled movement, offer a potential solution for enhancing drug delivery to deep tumor regions. External force-driven nanomotors, such as those powered by magnetic fields or ultrasound, provide precise control but often necessitate bulky and costly external equipment. Bio-driven nanomotors, propelled by sperm, macrophages, or bacteria, utilize biological molecules for self-propulsion and are well-suited to the physiological environment. However, they are constrained by limited lifespan, inadequate speed, and potential immune responses. To address these issues, nanomotors have been engineered to propel themselves forward by catalyzing intrinsic "fuel" in the tumor microenvironment. This mechanism facilitates their penetration through biological barriers, allowing them to reach deep tumor regions for targeted drug delivery. In this regard, this article provides a review of tumor microenvironment-activatable nanomotors (fueled by hydrogen peroxide, urea, arginine), and discusses their prospects and challenges in clinical translation, aiming to offer new insights for safe, efficient, and precise treatment in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiahuan He
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hairui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Haorui Chi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Wang J, Liu J, Sümbelli Y, Shao J, Shi X, van Hest JCM. Nanogel-based nitric oxide-driven nanomotor for deep tissue penetration and enhanced tumor therapy. J Control Release 2024; 372:59-68. [PMID: 38866242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Antitumor agents often lack effective penetration and accumulation to achieve high therapeutic efficacy in treating solid tumors. Nanomotor-based nanomaterials offer a potential solution to address this obstacle. Among them, nitric oxide (NO) based nanomotors have garnered attention for their potential applications in nanomedicine. However, there widespread clinical adoption has been hindered by their complex preparation processes. To address this limitation, we have developed a NO-driven nanomotor utilizing a convenient and scalable nanogel preparation procedure. These nanomotors, loaded with the fluorescent probe / sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), were specifically engineered for sonodynamic therapy. Through comprehensive in vitro investigations using both 2D and 3D cell models, as well as in vivo analysis of Ce6 fluorescent signal distribution in solid tumor models, we observed that the self-propulsion of these nanomotors significantly enhances cellular uptake and tumor penetration, particularly in solid tumors. This phenomenon enables efficient access to challenging tumor regions and, in some cases, results in complete tumor coverage. Notably, our nanomotors have demonstrated long-term in vivo biosafety. This study presents an effective approach to enhancing drug penetration and improving therapeutic efficacy in tumor treatment, with potential clinical relevance for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Wang
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Junjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Donghua University, 201620 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yiǧitcan Sümbelli
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Donghua University, 201620 Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Guo Q, Qian ZM. Macrophage based drug delivery: Key challenges and strategies. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:55-72. [PMID: 38699242 PMCID: PMC11061709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As a natural immune cell and antigen presenting cell, macrophages have been studied and engineered to treat human diseases. Macrophages are well-suited for use as drug carriers because of their biological characteristics, such as excellent biocompatibility, long circulation, intrinsic inflammatory homing and phagocytosis. Meanwhile, macrophages' uniquely high plasticity and easy re-education polarization facilitates their use as part of efficacious therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases or tumors. Although recent studies have demonstrated promising advances in macrophage-based drug delivery, several challenges currently hinder further improvement of therapeutic effect and clinical application. This article focuses on the main challenges of utilizing macrophage-based drug delivery, from the selection of macrophage sources, drug loading, and maintenance of macrophage phenotypes, to drug migration and release at target sites. In addition, corresponding strategies and insights related to these challenges are described. Finally, we also provide perspective on shortcomings on the road to clinical translation and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qi Xiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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7
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Luo R, Liu J, Cheng Q, Shionoya M, Gao C, Wang R. Oral microsphere formulation of M2 macrophage-mimetic Janus nanomotor for targeted therapy of ulcerative colitis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado6798. [PMID: 38941458 PMCID: PMC11212727 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado6798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Oral medication for ulcerative colitis (UC) is often hindered by challenges such as inadequate accumulation, limited penetration of mucus barriers, and the intricate task of mitigating excessive ROS and inflammatory cytokines. Here, we present a strategy involving sodium alginate microspheres (SAMs) incorporating M2 macrophage membrane (M2M)-coated Janus nanomotors (denominated as Motor@M2M) for targeted treatment of UC. SAM provides a protective barrier, ensuring that Motor@M2M withstands the harsh gastric milieu and exhibits controlled release. M2M enhances the targeting precision of nanomotors to inflammatory tissues and acts as a decoy for the neutralization of inflammatory cytokines. Catalytic decomposition of H2O2 by MnO2 in the oxidative microenvironment generates O2 bubbles, propelling Motor@M2M across the mucus barrier into inflamed colon tissues. Upon oral administration, Motor@M2M@SAM notably ameliorated UC severity, including inflammation mitigation, ROS scavenging, macrophage reprogramming, and restoration of the intestinal barrier and microbiota. Consequently, our investigation introduces a promising oral microsphere formulation of macrophage-biomimetic nanorobots, providing a promising approach for UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
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Ji W, Zhang Y, Shao W, Kankala RK, Chen A. β-Cyclodextrin-based nanoassemblies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae071. [PMID: 38966400 PMCID: PMC11223813 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and lipids within artery walls, remains a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases globally. Despite considerable advancements in drug therapeutic strategies aimed at managing atherosclerosis, more effective treatment options for atherosclerosis are still warranted. In this pursuit, the emergence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a promising therapeutic agent offers a novel therapeutic approach to drug delivery targeting atherosclerosis. The hydrophobic cavity of β-CD facilitates its role as a carrier, enabling the encapsulation and delivery of various therapeutic compounds to affected sites within the vasculature. Notably, β-CD-based nanoassemblies possess the ability to reduce cholesterol levels, mitigate inflammation, solubilize hydrophobic drugs and deliver drugs to affected tissues, making these nanocomponents promising candidates for atherosclerosis management. This review focuses on three major classes of β-CD-based nanoassemblies, including β-CD derivatives-based, β-CD/polymer conjugates-based and polymer β-CD-based nanoassemblies, highlighting a variety of formulations and assembly methods to improve drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. These β-CD-based nanoassemblies exhibit a variety of therapeutic mechanisms for atherosclerosis and offer systematic strategies for overcoming barriers to drug delivery. Finally, we discuss the present obstacles and potential opportunities in the development and application of β-CD-based nanoassemblies as novel therapeutics for managing atherosclerosis and addressing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Ji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- The Institute of Forensic Science, Xiamen Public Security Bureau, Xiamen, Fujian 361104, PR China
| | - Weichen Shao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
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Ye J, Fan Y, She Y, Shi J, Yang Y, Yuan X, Li R, Han J, Liu L, Kang Y, Ji X. Biomimetic Self-Propelled Asymmetric Nanomotors for Cascade-Targeted Treatment of Neurological Inflammation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310211. [PMID: 38460166 PMCID: PMC11165487 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The precise targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to deep regions of the brain is crucial for the effective treatment of various neurological diseases. However, achieving this goal is challenging due to the presence of the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) and the complex anatomy of the brain. Here, a biomimetic self-propelled nanomotor with cascade targeting capacity is developed for the treatment of neurological inflammatory diseases. The self-propelled nanomotors are designed with biomimetic asymmetric structures with a mesoporous SiO2 head and multiple MnO2 tentacles. Macrophage membrane biomimetic modification endows nanomotors with inflammatory targeting and BBB penetration abilities The MnO2 agents catalyze the degradation of H2O2 into O2, not only by reducing brain inflammation but also by providing the driving force for deep brain penetration. Additionally, the mesoporous SiO2 head is loaded with curcumin, which actively regulates macrophage polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. All in vitro cell, organoid model, and in vivo animal experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the biomimetic self-propelled nanomotors in precise targeting, deep brain penetration, anti-inflammatory, and nervous system function maintenance. Therefore, this study introduces a platform of biomimetic self-propelled nanomotors with inflammation targeting ability and active deep penetration for the treatment of neurological inflammation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Ye
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yueyue Fan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yaoguang She
- Department of General Surgerythe First Medical CenterChinese People's Liberation Army General HospitalBeijing100853China
| | - Jiacheng Shi
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Xue Yuan
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Jingwen Han
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Luntao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear MedicineInstitute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin100730China
| | - Yong Kang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ji
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational MedicineMedical CollegeTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
- Medical CollegeLinyi UniversityLinyi276000China
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10
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Huang Z, Li X, Yu D, Wang H, Chun C, Zhao Y. Efferocytosis-Inspired Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Targeted Acute Lung Injury Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304304. [PMID: 38306647 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious inflammatory disease that causes impairment of pulmonary function. Phenotypic modulation of macrophage in the lung using fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) may be a potential strategy to alleviate lung inflammation. Consequently, achieving specific delivery of FGF21 to the inflamed lung and subsequent efficient FGF21 internalization by macrophages within the lung becomes critical for effective ALI treatment. Here, an apoptotic cell membrane-coated zirconium-based metal-organic framework UiO-66 is reported for precise pulmonary delivery of FGF21 (ACM@U-FGF21) whose design is inspired by the process of efferocytosis. ACM@U-FGF21 with apoptotic signals is recognized and internalized by phagocytes in the blood and macrophages in the lung, and then the intracellular ACM@U-FGF21 can inhibit the excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by these cells to relieve the inflammation. Utilizing the homologous targeting properties inherited from the source cells and the spontaneous recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites, ACM@U-FGF21 can accumulate preferentially in the lung after injection. The results prove that ACM@U-FGF21 effectively reduces inflammatory damage to the lung by modulating lung macrophage polarization and suppressing the excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activated immune cells. This study demonstrates the usefulness of efferocytosis-inspired ACM@U-FGF21 in the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinze Li
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Dedong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hengcai Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Changju Chun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
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11
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Zhu Y, Jia H, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Duan Q, Xu K, Shan B, Liu X, Chen X, Wu F. A red blood cell-derived bionic microrobot capable of hierarchically adapting to five critical stages in systemic drug delivery. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230105. [PMID: 38855612 PMCID: PMC11022606 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The tumour-targeting efficiency of systemically delivered chemodrugs largely dictates the therapeutic outcome of anticancer treatment. Major challenges lie in the complexity of diverse biological barriers that drug delivery systems must hierarchically overcome to reach their cellular/subcellular targets. Herein, an "all-in-one" red blood cell (RBC)-derived microrobot that can hierarchically adapt to five critical stages during systemic drug delivery, that is, circulation, accumulation, release, extravasation, and penetration, is developed. The microrobots behave like natural RBCs in blood circulation, due to their almost identical surface properties, but can be magnetically manipulated to accumulate at regions of interest such as tumours. Next, the microrobots are "immolated" under laser irradiation to release their therapeutic cargoes and, by generating heat, to enhance drug extravasation through vascular barriers. As a coloaded agent, pirfenidone (PFD) can inhibit the formation of extracellular matrix and increase the penetration depth of chemodrugs in the solid tumour. It is demonstrated that this system effectively suppresses both primary and metastatic tumours in mouse models without evident side effects, and may represent a new class of intelligent biomimicking robots for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Xuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
- Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalShanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic MedicineSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hao‐Ran Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM)Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yao‐Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qiu‐Yi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ke‐Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bai‐Hui Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Chen
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Fu‐Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringJiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and DevicesSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjingJiangsuPeople's Republic of China
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12
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Liu W, Nie H, Li H, Liu Y, Tian M, Wang S, Yang Y, Long W. Engineered platelet cell motors for boosted cancer radiosensitization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:540-552. [PMID: 38128197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Design of engineered cells to target and deliver nanodrugs to the hard-to-reach regions has become an exciting research area. However, the limited penetration and retention of cell-based carriers in tumor tissue restricted their therapeutic efficiency. Inspired by the enhanced delivery behavior of mobile micro/nanomotors, herein, urease-powered platelet cell motors (PLT@Au@Urease) capable of active locomotion, tumor targeting, and radiosensitizers delivery were designed for boosting radiosensitization. The engineered platelet cell motors were constructed by in situ synthesis and loading of radiosensitizers gold nanoparticles in platelets, and then conjugation with urease as the engine. Under physiological concentration of urea, thrust around PLT@Au@Urease motors can be generated via the biocatalytic reactions of urease, leading to rapid tumor cell targeting and enhanced cellular uptake of radiosensitizers. Encouragingly, in comparison with engineered PLT without propulsion capability (PLT@Au), the self-propelled PLT@Au@Urease motors could significantly increase intracellular ROS level and exacerbate nuclear DNA damage induced by γ-radiation, resulting in a remarkably high sensitization enhancement rate (1.89) than that of PLT@Au (1.08). In vivo experiments with 4 T1-bearing mice demonstrated that PLT@Au@Urease in combination with radiation therapy possessed good antitumor performance. Such an intelligent cell motor would provide a promising approach to enhance radiosensitization and broaden the applications of cell motor-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hongmei Nie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - He Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Maoye Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shuhuai Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wei Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
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13
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Li Y, Cai Z, Ma W, Bai L, Luo E, Lin Y. A DNA tetrahedron-based ferroptosis-suppressing nanoparticle: superior delivery of curcumin and alleviation of diabetic osteoporosis. Bone Res 2024; 12:14. [PMID: 38424439 PMCID: PMC10904802 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a significant complication that poses continuous threat to the bone health of patients with diabetes; however, currently, there are no effective treatment strategies. In patients with diabetes, the increased levels of ferroptosis affect the osteogenic commitment and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), leading to significant skeletal changes. To address this issue, we aimed to target ferroptosis and propose a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of DOP. We synthesized ferroptosis-suppressing nanoparticles, which could deliver curcumin, a natural compound, to the bone marrow using tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA). This delivery system demonstrated excellent curcumin bioavailability and stability, as well as synergistic properties with tFNA. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that nanoparticles could enhance mitochondrial function by activating the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway, inhibiting ferroptosis, promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in the diabetic microenvironment, reducing trabecular loss, and increasing bone formation. These findings suggest that curcumin-containing DNA tetrahedron-based ferroptosis-suppressing nanoparticles have a promising potential for the treatment of DOP and other ferroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, PR China
| | - Zhengwen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Long Bai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, PR China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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14
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Feng R, Fan Y, Zhang X, Chen L, Zhong ZF, Wang Y, Yu H, Zhang QW, Li G. A Biomimetic Multifunctional Nanoframework for Symptom Relief and Restorative Treatment of Acute Liver Failure. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38294834 PMCID: PMC10883031 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare and serious condition characterized by major hepatocyte death and liver dysfunction. Owing to the limited therapeutic options, this disease generally has a poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. When ALF cannot be reversed by medications, liver transplantation is often needed. However, transplant rejection and the shortage of donor organs still remain major challenges. Most recently, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of liver diseases. However, the limited cell delivery routes and poor stability of live cell products have greatly hindered the feasibility and therapeutic efficacy of stem cell therapy. Inspired by the functions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) primarily through the secretion of several factors, we developed an MSC-inspired biomimetic multifunctional nanoframework (MBN) that encapsulates the growth-promoting factors secreted by MSCs via combination with hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. The red blood cell (RBC) membrane was coated with the MBN to enhance its immunological tolerance and prolong its circulation time in blood. Importantly, the MBN can respond to the oxidative microenvironment, where it accumulates and degrades to release the payload. In this work, two biomimetic nanoparticles, namely, rhein-encapsulated MBN (RMBN) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-encapsulated MBN (NMBN), were designed and synthesized. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced and acetaminophen (APAP)-induced ALF mouse models, RMBN and NMBN could effectively target liver lesions, relieve the acute symptoms of ALF, and promote liver cell regeneration by virtue of their strong antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative activities. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the use of an MSC-inspired biomimetic nanoframework for treating ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fan
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
- Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031, P.R. China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
- Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031, P.R. China
| | - Lanmei Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Zhang-Feng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Li
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, P. R. China
- Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031, P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
Untethered robots in the size range of micro/nano-scale offer unprecedented access to hard-to-reach areas of the body. In these challenging environments, autonomous task completion capabilities of micro/nanorobots have been the subject of research in recent years. However, most of the studies have presented preliminary in vitro results that can significantly differ under in vivo settings. Here, we focus on the studies conducted with animal models to reveal the current status of micro/nanorobotic applications in real-world conditions. By a categorization based on target locations, we highlight the main strategies employed in organs and other body parts. We also discuss key challenges that require interest before the successful translation of micro/nanorobots to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay M Oral
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 70800, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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