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Gao M, Zhong J, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhu D, Shi X, Xu X, Zhou Q, Xuan W, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Cheng J. Deciphering the Role of PEGylation on the Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated mRNA Delivery to the Liver. ACS NANO 2025. [PMID: 39899798 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2025]
Abstract
Organ- and cell-specific delivery of mRNA via modular lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is promising in treating various diseases, but targeted cargo delivery is still very challenging. Most previous work focuses on screening ionizable and helper lipids to address the above issues. Here, we report the multifacial role of PEGylated lipids in manipulating LNP-mediated delivery of mRNA to the liver. We employed the typical excipients in LNP products, including DLin-MC3-DMA, DPSC, and cholesterol. Five types of PEGylated lipids were selected, and their molar ratio was fixed at 1.5% with a constant PEG molecular weight of 2000 Da. The architecture of steric lipids dramatically affected the in vitro gene transfection, in vivo blood clearance, liver deposition, and targeting of specific cells, all of which were closely linked to the de-PEGylation rate. The fast de-PEGylation resulted in short blood circulation and high accumulation in the liver. However, the ultrafast de-PEGylation enabled the deposition of more LNPs in Kupffer cells other than hepatocytes. Surprisingly, simply changing the terminal groups of PEGylated lipids from methoxyl to carboxyl or amine could dramatically increase the liver delivery of LNPs, which might be associated with the accelerated de-PEGylation rate and enhanced LNP-cell interaction. The current work highlights the importance of manipulating steric lipids in promoting mRNA delivery, offering an alternative approach for formulating and optimizing mRNA LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Gao
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhong
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dingcheng Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohuo Shi
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Xuehan Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjing Xuan
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhou
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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Wang H, Cheng Y. Polymers for mRNA Delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2025; 17:e70002. [PMID: 39763235 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.70002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
mRNA delivery has emerged as a transformative approach in biotechnology and medicine, offering a versatile platform for the development of novel therapeutics. Unlike traditional small molecule drugs or protein-based biologics, mRNA therapeutics have the unique ability to direct cells to generate therapeutic proteins, allowing for precise modulation of biological processes. The delivery of mRNA into target cells is a critical step in realizing the therapeutic potential of this technology. In this review, our focus is on the latest advancements in designing functional polymers to achieve efficient mRNA delivery. Biodegradable polymers and low molecular weight polymers in addressing the balance in mRNA binding and release are summarized. Benefiting from the excellent performance of lipid nanoparticles in mRNA delivery, polymer/lipid hybrid nanostructures are also included. Finally, the challenges and future prospects in the development of polymer-based mRNA delivery systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Yin M, Sun H, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Liang Y, Zhang K. Delivery of mRNA Using Biomimetic Vectors: Progress and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2402715. [PMID: 39004872 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an emerging class of therapeutic agents for treating a wide range of diseases. However, due to the instability and low cell transfection rate of naked mRNA, the expression of delivered mRNA in target cells or tissues in vivo requires delivery strategies. Biomimetic vectors hold advantages such as high biocompatibility, tissue specific targeting ability and efficient delivery mechanisms, potentially overcoming challenges faced by other delivery vectors. In this review, biomimetic vector-based mRNA delivery systems are summarized and discuss the possible challenges and prospects of such delivery systems, which may contribute to the progress and application of mRNA-based therapy in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hanruo Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingge Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Severa M, Ricci D, Etna MP, Facchini M, Puzelli S, Fedele G, Iorio E, Cairo G, Castrechini S, Ungari V, Iannetta M, Leone P, Chirico M, Pisanu ME, Bottazzi B, Benedetti L, Sali M, Bartolomucci R, Balducci S, Garlanda C, Stefanelli P, Spadea A, Palamara AT, Coccia EM. A Serum Multi-Parametric Analysis Identifies an Early Innate Immune Signature Associated to Increased Vaccine-Specific Antibody Production and Seroconversion in Simultaneous COVID-19 mRNA and Cell-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1050. [PMID: 39340080 PMCID: PMC11436141 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this pilot study, a multi-parametric analysis comparing immune responses in sera of adult healthy subjects (HS) or people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) undergoing the single or simultaneous administration of mRNA-based COVID-19 and cellular quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines was conducted. While SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remains comparable, influenza antibody titers and seroconversion were significantly higher upon simultaneous vaccination. Magnitude of anti-influenza humoral response closely correlated with an early innate immune signature, previously described for the COVID-19 vaccine, composed of IL-15, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CXCL-10 and here extended also to acute-phase protein Pentraxin 3. People with T2D receiving simultaneous vaccination showed a protective response comparable to HS correlating with the early induction of IFN-γ/CXCL10 and a significant reduction of the circulating glucose level due to increased oxidation of glucose digestion and consumption. These data, although preliminary and in-need of validation in larger cohorts, might be exploited to optimize future vaccination in people with chronic disorders, including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Daniela Ricci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Marilena Paola Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Marzia Facchini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Simona Puzelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Giorgio Fedele
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Egidio Iorio
- High Resolution NMR Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (M.C.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Giada Cairo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Sara Castrechini
- ASL ROMA 1, Regione Lazio, 00145 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (V.U.); (R.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Ungari
- ASL ROMA 1, Regione Lazio, 00145 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (V.U.); (R.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (L.B.)
| | - Pasqualina Leone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Mattea Chirico
- High Resolution NMR Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (M.C.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Maria Elena Pisanu
- High Resolution NMR Unit, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.I.); (M.C.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre—IRCCS, 20019 Milan, Italy; (B.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Livia Benedetti
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (L.B.)
| | - Michela Sali
- Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Remo Bartolomucci
- ASL ROMA 1, Regione Lazio, 00145 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (V.U.); (R.B.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre—IRCCS, 20019 Milan, Italy; (B.B.); (C.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Antonietta Spadea
- ASL ROMA 1, Regione Lazio, 00145 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (V.U.); (R.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Eliana Marina Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (M.P.E.); (M.F.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (G.C.); (P.L.); (P.S.); (A.T.P.)
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Jiao X, He X, Qin S, Yin X, Song T, Duan X, Shi H, Jiang S, Zhang Y, Song X. Insights into the formulation of lipid nanoparticles for the optimization of mRNA therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1992. [PMID: 39358893 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
mRNA-based therapeutics increasingly demonstrate significant potential in treating various diseases, including infectious diseases, cancers, and genetic disorders. Effective delivery systems are crucial for advancing mRNA therapeutics. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) serve as an excellent carrier, widely validated for their safety and tolerability in commercially available mRNA vaccines. Standard LNPs typically consist of four components: ionizable lipids (ILs), helper lipids, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol-lipids (PEG-lipids), with the structural design of ILs gradually becoming a focal point of research interest. The chemical structures and formulations of the other components also significantly affect the delivery efficiency, targeting specificity, and stability of LNPs. The complex formulations of LNPs may hinder the clinical transformation of mRNA therapeutics and have raised widespread concerns about their safety. This review aims to summarize the progress of LNPs-based mRNA therapeutics in clinical trials, focusing on adverse effects that occurred during these trials. It also discusses representative innovations in LNP components, highlighting challenges and potential ways in this research field. We firmly believe this review will promote further improvements and designs of LNP compositions to optimize mRNA therapeutics. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shugang Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Yin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haixing Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanhui Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chang Y, Lan F, Zhang Y, Ma S. Crispr-Based Editing of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1151-1161. [PMID: 38564139 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The CRISPR system, as an effective genome editing technology, has been extensively utilized for the construction of disease models in human pluripotent stem cells. Establishment of a gene mutant or knockout stem cell line typically relies on Cas nuclease-generated double-stranded DNA breaks and exogenous templates, which can produce uncontrollable editing byproducts and toxicity. The recently developed adenine base editors (ABE) have greatly facilitated related research by introducing A/T > G/C mutations in the coding regions or splitting sites (AG-GT) of genes, enabling mutant gene knock-in or knock-out without introducing DNA breaks. In this study, we edit the AG bases in exons anterior to achieve gene knockout via the ABE8e-SpRY, which recognizes most expanded protospacer adjacent motif to target the genome. Except for gene-knockout, ABE8e-SpRY can also efficiently establish disease-related A/T-to-G/C variation cell lines by targeting coding sequences. The method we generated is simple and time-saving, and it only takes two weeks to obtain the desired cell line. This protocol provides operating instructions step-by-step for constructing knockout and point mutation cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Feng Lan
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Fuwai Central-China Hospital, Central-China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongshuai Zhang
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Shuhong Ma
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100037, China
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory of Pluripotent Stem Cells in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Mochida Y, Uchida S. mRNA vaccine designs for optimal adjuvanticity and delivery. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-27. [PMID: 38528828 PMCID: PMC10968337 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2024.2333123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvanticity and delivery are crucial facets of mRNA vaccine design. In modern mRNA vaccines, adjuvant functions are integrated into mRNA vaccine nanoparticles, allowing the co-delivery of antigen mRNA and adjuvants in a unified, all-in-one formulation. In this formulation, many mRNA vaccines utilize the immunostimulating properties of mRNA and vaccine carrier components, including lipids and polymers, as adjuvants. However, careful design is necessary, as excessive adjuvanticity and activation of improper innate immune signalling can conversely hinder vaccination efficacy and trigger adverse effects. mRNA vaccines also require delivery systems to achieve antigen expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within lymphoid organs. Some vaccines directly target APCs in the lymphoid organs, while others rely on APCs migration to the draining lymph nodes after taking up mRNA vaccines. This review explores the current mechanistic understanding of these processes and the ongoing efforts to improve vaccine safety and efficacy based on this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mochida
- Department of Advanced Nanomedical Engineering, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Advanced Nanomedical Engineering, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Japan
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