1
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Co-Immobilization of D-Amino Acid Oxidase, Catalase, and Transketolase for One-Pot, Two-Step Synthesis of L-Erythrulose. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present an immobilized enzyme cascade in a basket-type reactor allowing a one-pot, two-step enzymatic synthesis of L-erythrulose from D-serine and glycolaldehyde. Three enzymes, D-amino acid oxidase from Rhodotorula gracilis (DAAORg), catalase from bovine liver (CAT), and transketolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (TKgst) were covalently immobilized on silica monolithic pellets, characterized by an open structure of interconnected macropores and a specific surface area of up to 300 m2/g. Three strategies were considered: (i) separate immobilization of enzymes on silica supports ([DAAO][CAT][TK]), (ii) co-immobilization of two of the three enzymes followed by the third ([DAAO+CAT][TK]), and (iii) co-immobilization of all three enzymes ([DAAO+CAT+TK]). The highest L-erythrulose concentrations were observed for the co-immobilization protocols (ii) and (iii) (30.7 mM and 29.1 mM, respectively). The reusability study showed that the best combination was [DAAO + CAT][TK], which led to the same level of L-erythrulose formation after two reuse cycles. The described process paves the way for the effective synthesis of a wide range of α-hydroxyketones from D-serine and suitable aldehydes.
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2
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Casajus H, Lagarde A, Nauton L, Ocal N, Leremboure M, Fessner WD, Duguet N, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. Cleavage of Aliphatic α-Hydroxy Ketones by Evolved Transketolase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Casajus
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Lagarde
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lionel Nauton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nazim Ocal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martin Leremboure
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Duguet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, CPE-Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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3
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Fúster Fernández I, Hecquet L, Fessner W. Transketolase Catalyzed Synthesis of
N
‐Aryl Hydroxamic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Fúster Fernández
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand CNRS Auvergne Clermont INP Université Clermont Auverne 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Wolf‐Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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4
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Cárdenas-Fernández M, Subrizi F, Dobrijevic D, Hailes HC, Ward JM. Characterisation of a hyperthermophilic transketolase from Thermotoga maritima DSM3109 as a biocatalyst for 7-keto-octuronic acid synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6493-6500. [PMID: 34250527 PMCID: PMC8317047 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transketolase (TK) is a fundamentally important enzyme in industrial biocatalysis which carries out a stereospecific carbon-carbon bond formation, and is widely used in the synthesis of prochiral ketones. This study describes the biochemical and molecular characterisation of a novel and unusual hyperthermophilic TK from Thermotoga maritima DSM3109 (TKtmar). TKtmar has a low protein sequence homology compared to the already described TKs, with key amino acid residues in the active site highly conserved. TKtmar has a very high optimum temperature (>90 °C) and shows pronounced stability at high temperature (e.g. t1/2 99 and 9.3 h at 50 and 80 °C, respectively) and in presence of organic solvents commonly used in industry (DMSO, acetonitrile and methanol). Substrate screening showed activity towards several monosaccharides and aliphatic aldehydes. In addition, for the first time, TK specificity towards uronic acids was achieved with TKtmar catalysing the efficient conversion of d-galacturonic acid and lithium hydroxypyruvate into 7-keto-octuronic acid, a very rare C8 uronic acid, in high yields (98%, 49 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Cárdenas-Fernández
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Fabiana Subrizi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Dragana Dobrijevic
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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5
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Ocal N, Lagarde A, L'enfant M, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. High-Throughput Solid-Phase Assay for Substrate Profiling and Directed Evolution of Transketolase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2814-2820. [PMID: 34289225 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes, and specifically transketolases, form one of the most important families of biocatalytic tools for enantioselective carbon-carbon bond formation yielding various hydroxyketones of biological interest. To enable substrate profiling of transketolases for acceptance of different donors and acceptors, a simple, direct colorimetric assay based on pH reaction variation was developed to establish a high-throughput solid-phase assay. This assay reduces the screening effort in the directed evolution of transketolases, as only active variants are selected for further analysis. Transketolase activity is detected as bicarbonate anions released from the α-ketoacid donor substrate, which causes the pH to rise. A pH indicator, bromothymol blue, which changes color from yellow to blue in alkaline conditions, was used to directly detect, with the naked eye, clones expressing active transketolase variants, obviating enzyme extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Ocal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Lagarde
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélanie L'enfant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Auvergne Clermont INP, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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6
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James P, Isupov MN, De Rose SA, Sayer C, Cole IS, Littlechild JA. A 'Split-Gene' Transketolase From the Hyper-Thermophilic Bacterium Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans: Structure and Biochemical Characterization. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:592353. [PMID: 33193259 PMCID: PMC7661550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.592353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel transketolase has been reconstituted from two separate polypeptide chains encoded by a ‘split-gene’ identified in the genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium, Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans. The reconstituted active α2β2 tetrameric enzyme has been biochemically characterized and its activity has been determined using a range of aldehydes including glycolaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde and cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde as the ketol acceptor and hydroxypyruvate as the donor. This reaction proceeds to near 100% completion due to the release of the product carbon dioxide and can be used for the synthesis of a range of sugars of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. This novel reconstituted transketolase is thermally stable with no loss of activity after incubation for 1 h at 70°C and is stable after 1 h incubation with 50% of the organic solvents methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetonitrile and acetone. The X-ray structure of the holo reconstituted α2β2 tetrameric transketolase has been determined to 1.4 Å resolution. In addition, the structure of an inactive tetrameric β4 protein has been determined to 1.9 Å resolution. The structure of the active reconstituted α2β2 enzyme has been compared to the structures of related enzymes; the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, in an attempt to rationalize differences in structure and substrate specificity between these enzymes. This is the first example of a reconstituted ‘split-gene’ transketolase to be biochemically and structurally characterized allowing its potential for industrial biocatalysis to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul James
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michail N Isupov
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Antonio De Rose
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Sayer
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel S Cole
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Littlechild
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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7
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Casajus H, Lagarde A, Leremboure M, De Dios Miguel T, Nauton L, Thery V, Fessner W, Duguet N, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. Enzymatic Synthesis of Aliphatic Acyloins Catalyzed by Thermostable Transketolase. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Casajus
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Aurélie Lagarde
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Martin Leremboure
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Thomas De Dios Miguel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS, INSA-Lyon, CPE-Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS) F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Lionel Nauton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Vincent Thery
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Wolf‐Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Technische Universität Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Nicolas Duguet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS, INSA-Lyon, CPE-Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS) F-69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
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8
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Ocal N, L’enfant M, Charmantray F, Pollegioni L, Martin J, Auffray P, Collin J, Hecquet L. d-Serine as a Key Building Block: Enzymatic Process Development and Smart Applications within the Cascade Enzymatic Concept. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Ocal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélanie L’enfant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Juliette Martin
- Protéus by Seqens, 70 Allée Graham Belln, F-30035 Nîmes, France
| | - Pascal Auffray
- Protéus by Seqens, 70 Allée Graham Belln, F-30035 Nîmes, France
| | - Jérôme Collin
- Protéus by Seqens, 70 Allée Graham Belln, F-30035 Nîmes, France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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9
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Lorillière M, Guérard‐Hélaine C, Gefflaut T, Fessner W, Clapés P, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. Convergent
in situ
Generation of Both Transketolase Substrates
via
Transaminase and Aldolase Reactions for Sequential One‐Pot, Three‐Step Cascade Synthesis of Ketoses. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lorillière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA ClermontInstitut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) Clermont-Ferrand F63000 France
| | - Christine Guérard‐Hélaine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA ClermontInstitut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) Clermont-Ferrand F63000 France
| | - Thierry Gefflaut
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA ClermontInstitut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) Clermont-Ferrand F63000 France
| | - Wolf‐Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Pere Clapés
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules GroupInstituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña IQAC-CSIC Jordi Barcelona 08034 Spain
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA ClermontInstitut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) Clermont-Ferrand F63000 France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA ClermontInstitut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) Clermont-Ferrand F63000 France
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10
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Liang R, Lau MCY, Baars O, Robb FT, Onstott TC. Aspartic acid racemization constrains long-term viability and longevity of endospores. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5553460. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Certain microorganisms survive long periods of time as endospores to cope with adverse conditions. Since endospores are metabolically inactive, the extent of aspartic acid (Asp) racemization will increase over time and might kill the spores by preventing their germination. Therefore, understanding the relationship between endospore survivability and Asp racemization is important for constraining the long-term survivability and global dispersion of spore-forming bacteria in nature. Geobacillus stearothermophilus was selected as a model organism to investigate racemization kinetics and survivability of its endospores at 65°C, 75°C and 98°C. This study found that the Asp racemization rates of spores and autoclaved spores were similar at all temperatures. The Asp racemization rate of spores was not significantly different from that of vegetative cells at 65°C. The Asp racemization rate of G. stearothermophilus spores was not significantly different from that of Bacillus subtilis spores at 98°C. The viability of spores and vegetative cells decreased dramatically over time, and the mortality of spores correlated exponentially with the degree of racemization (R2 = 0.9). This latter correlation predicts spore half-lives on the order of hundreds of years for temperatures typical of shallow marine sediments, a result consistent with studies about the survivability of thermophilic spores found in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxing Liang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Lau
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Oliver Baars
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Frank T Robb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Tullis C Onstott
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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11
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Lorillière M, Dumoulin R, L’enfant M, Rambourdin A, Thery V, Nauton L, Fessner WD, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. Evolved Thermostable Transketolase for Stereoselective Two-Carbon Elongation of Non-Phosphorylated Aldoses to Naturally Rare Ketoses. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lorillière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Romain Dumoulin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélanie L’enfant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Agnès Rambourdin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Thery
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lionel Nauton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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L'enfant M, Bruna F, Lorillière M, Ocal N, Fessner W, Pollegioni L, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. One‐Pot Cascade Synthesis of (3 S)‐Hydroxyketones Catalyzed by Transketolase viaHydroxypyruvate Generated in Situfrom d‐Serine by d‐Amino Acid Oxidase. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie L'enfant
- Université Clermont AuvergneCNRSSIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Felipe Bruna
- Université Clermont AuvergneCNRSSIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Marion Lorillière
- Université Clermont AuvergneCNRSSIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Nazim Ocal
- Université Clermont AuvergneCNRSSIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Wolf‐Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life SciencesUniversità degli Studi dell'Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Clermont AuvergneCNRSSIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont AuvergneCNRSSIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
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13
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Magnusson AO, Szekrenyi A, Joosten HJ, Finnigan J, Charnock S, Fessner WD. nanoDSF as screening tool for enzyme libraries and biotechnology development. FEBS J 2018; 286:184-204. [PMID: 30414312 PMCID: PMC7379660 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are attractive tools for synthetic applications. To be viable for industrial use, enzymes need sufficient stability towards the desired reaction conditions such as high substrate and cosolvent concentration, non-neutral pH and elevated temperatures. Thermal stability is an attractive feature not only because it allows for protein purification by thermal treatment and higher process temperatures but also due to the associated higher stability against other destabilising factors. Therefore, high-throughput screening (HTS) methods are desirable for the identification of thermostable biocatalysts by discovery from nature or by protein engineering but current methods have low throughput and require time-demanding purification of protein samples. We found that nanoscale differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF) is a valuable tool to rapidly and reliably determine melting points of native proteins. To avoid intrinsic problems posed by crude protein extracts, hypotonic extraction of overexpressed protein from bacterial host cells resulted in higher sample quality and accurate manual determination of several hundred melting temperatures per day. We have probed the use of nanoDSF for HTS of a phylogenetically diverse aldolase library to identify novel thermostable enzymes from metagenomic sources and for the rapid measurements of variants from saturation mutagenesis. The feasibility of nanoDSF for the screening of synthetic reaction conditions was proved by studies of cosolvent tolerance, which showed protein melting temperature to decrease linearly with increasing cosolvent concentration for all combinations of six enzymes and eight water-miscible cosolvents investigated, and of substrate affinity, which showed stabilisation of hexokinase by sugars in the absence of ATP cofactor. ENZYMES: Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+ ) (EC 1.1.1.2), transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1), hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.4), fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.n).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders O Magnusson
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anna Szekrenyi
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Baierl A, Theorell A, Mackfeld U, Marquardt P, Hoffmann F, Moers S, Nöh K, Buchholz PCF, Pleiss J, Pohl M. Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Factors Controlling the Stereoselectivity of Transketolase. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baierl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Axel Theorell
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ursula Mackfeld
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Philipp Marquardt
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Moers
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Patrick C. F. Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry; University of Stuttgart; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martina Pohl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425 Jülich Germany
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15
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One-pot, two-step transaminase and transketolase synthesis of l-gluco-heptulose from l-arabinose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 116:16-22. [PMID: 29887012 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of biocatalysis for the synthesis of high value added chemical building blocks derived from biomass is becoming an increasingly important application for future sustainable technologies. The synthesis of a higher value chemical from l-arabinose, the predominant monosaccharide obtained from sugar beet pulp, is demonstrated here via a transketolase and transaminase coupled reaction. Thermostable transketolases derived from Deinococcus geothermalis and Deinococcus radiodurans catalysed the synthesis of l-gluco-heptulose from l-arabinose and β-hydroxypyruvate at elevated temperatures with high conversions. β-Hydroxypyruvate, a commercially expensive compound used in the transketolase reaction, was generated in situ from l-serine and α-ketoglutaric acid via a thermostable transaminase, also from Deinococcus geothermalis. The two steps were investigated and implemented in a one-pot system for the sustainable and efficient production of l-gluco-heptulose.
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16
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Thai YC, Szekrenyi A, Qi Y, Black GW, Charnock SJ, Fessner WD. Fluorogenic kinetic assay for high-throughput discovery of stereoselective ketoreductases relevant to pharmaceutical synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1320-1326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Saravanan T, Junker S, Kickstein M, Hein S, Link MK, Ranglack J, Witt S, Lorillière M, Hecquet L, Fessner WD. Donor-Promiskuität einer thermostabilen Transketolase durch gelenkte Evolution - effektive Komplementierung der 1-Desoxy-d
- xylulose-5-phosphat-Synthase-Aktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Saravanan
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Junker
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Michael Kickstein
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Sascha Hein
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Marie-Kristin Link
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Jan Ranglack
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Samantha Witt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Marion Lorillière
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal; Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS UMR 6296, ICCF; BP10448 63177 Aubière Frankreich
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal; Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS UMR 6296, ICCF; BP10448 63177 Aubière Frankreich
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
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18
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Saravanan T, Junker S, Kickstein M, Hein S, Link MK, Ranglack J, Witt S, Lorillière M, Hecquet L, Fessner WD. Donor Promiscuity of a Thermostable Transketolase by Directed Evolution: Efficient Complementation of 1-Deoxy-d
-xylulose-5-phosphate Synthase Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5358-5362. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Saravanan
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Sebastian Junker
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Michael Kickstein
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Sascha Hein
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Link
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jan Ranglack
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Samantha Witt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Marion Lorillière
- Université Clermont Auvergne; CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Clermont Auvergne; CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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19
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Zhou C, Saravanan T, Lorillière M, Wei D, Charmantray F, Hecquet L, Fessner WD, Yi D. Second-Generation Engineering of a Thermostable Transketolase (TKGst) for Aliphatic Aldehyde Acceptors with Either Improved or Reversed Stereoselectivity. Chembiochem 2017; 18:455-459. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Marion Lorillière
- Université Blaise Pascal ou Université Clermont Auvergne; Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; B. P. 10448 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS; UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Université Blaise Pascal ou Université Clermont Auvergne; Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; B. P. 10448 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS; UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Université Blaise Pascal ou Université Clermont Auvergne; Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; B. P. 10448 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS; UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Dong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai P.R. China
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20
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Halma M, Doumèche B, Hecquet L, Prévot V, Mousty C, Charmantray F. Thiamine biosensor based on oxidative trapping of enzyme-substrate intermediate. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:850-857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Pinsolle A, Charmantray F, Hecquet L, Sarrazin F. Droplet millifluidics for kinetic study of transketolase. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:064103. [PMID: 27917251 PMCID: PMC5106428 DOI: 10.1063/1.4966619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a continuous-flow reactor at the millifluidic scale coupled with an online, non-intrusive spectroscopic monitoring method for determining the kinetic parameters of an enzyme, transketolase (TK) used in biocatalysis for the synthesis of polyols by carboligation. The millifluidic system used is based on droplet flow, a well-established method for kinetic chemical data acquisition. The TK assay is based on the direct quantitative measurement of bicarbonate ions released during the transketolase-catalysed reaction in the presence of hydroxypyruvic acid as the donor, thanks to an irreversible reaction: bicarbonate ions react with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the presence of PEP carboxylase as the first auxiliary enzyme. The oxaloacetate formed is reduced to malate by NADH in the reaction catalysed by malate dehydrogenase as the second auxiliary enzyme. The extent of oxidation of NADH was measured by spectrophotometry at 340 nm. This system gives a direct, quantitative, generic method to evaluate the TK activity versus different substrates. We demonstrate the accuracy of this strategy to determine the enzymatic kinetic parameters and to study the substrate specificity of a thermostable TK from thermophilic microorganism Geobacillus stearothermophilus, offering promising prospects in biocatalysis. Millifluidic systems are useful in this regard as they can be used to rapidly evaluate the TK activity towards various substrates, and also different sets of conditions, identifying the optimal operating environment while minimizing resource consumption and ensuring high control over the operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinsolle
- Laboratory of the Future (LOF) , SOLVAY/CNRS UMR 5258, 178 avenue du Docteur Schweitzer, F-33608 Pessac Cedex, France
| | | | | | - F Sarrazin
- Laboratory of the Future (LOF) , SOLVAY/CNRS UMR 5258, 178 avenue du Docteur Schweitzer, F-33608 Pessac Cedex, France
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22
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Morris P, Rios-Solis L, García-Arrazola R, Lye G, Dalby P. Impact of cofactor-binding loop mutations on thermotolerance and activity of E. coli transketolase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 89:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Richter C, Berndt F, Kunde T, Mahrwald R. Decarboxylative Cascade Reactions of Dihydroxyfumaric Acid: A Preparative Approach to the Glyoxylate Scenario. Org Lett 2016; 18:2950-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celin Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-University, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Falko Berndt
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-University, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Kunde
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-University, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Mahrwald
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-University, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Fessner WD. Systems Biocatalysis: Development and engineering of cell-free “artificial metabolisms” for preparative multi-enzymatic synthesis. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:658-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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25
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Ali G, Moreau T, Forano C, Mousty C, Prevot V, Charmantray F, Hecquet L. Chiral Polyol Synthesis Catalyzed by a Thermostable Transketolase Immobilized on Layered Double Hydroxides in Ionic liquids. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghina Ali
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Thomas Moreau
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Claude Forano
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Christine Mousty
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Vanessa Prevot
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand; Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448; 63000 Clermont-Ferrand France
- CNRS, UMR 6296; ICCF; 63177 Aubière France
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26
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Abdoul Zabar J, Lorillière M, Yi D, Saravanan T, Devamani T, Nauton L, Charmantray F, Hélaine V, Fessner WD, Hecquet L. Engineering a Thermostable Transketolase for Unnatural Conversion of (2S
)-Hydroxyaldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Yi D, Saravanan T, Devamani T, Charmantray F, Hecquet L, Fessner WD. A thermostable transketolase evolved for aliphatic aldehyde acceptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:480-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08436e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution of a thermostable transketolase yields catalysts with significant improvement in activity, enantioselectivity and substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Titu Devamani
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - Franck Charmantray
- Clermont Université
- Université Blaise Pascal
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- CNRS UMR 6296
- ICCF
| | - Laurence Hecquet
- Clermont Université
- Université Blaise Pascal
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand
- CNRS UMR 6296
- ICCF
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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28
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Touisni N, Charmantray F, Helaine V, Forano C, Hecquet L, Mousty C. Optimized immobilization of transketolase from E. coli in MgAl-layered double hydroxides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:452-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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