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Abstract
The ability to site-selectively modify equivalent functional groups in a molecule has the potential to streamline syntheses and increase product yields by lowering step counts. Enzymes catalyze site-selective transformations throughout primary and secondary metabolism, but leveraging this capability for non-native substrates and reactions requires a detailed understanding of the potential and limitations of enzyme catalysis and how these bounds can be extended by protein engineering. In this review, we discuss representative examples of site-selective enzyme catalysis involving functional group manipulation and C-H bond functionalization. We include illustrative examples of native catalysis, but our focus is on cases involving non-native substrates and reactions often using engineered enzymes. We then discuss the use of these enzymes for chemoenzymatic transformations and target-oriented synthesis and conclude with a survey of tools and techniques that could expand the scope of non-native site-selective enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Harrison M Snodgrass
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christian A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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2
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Cigan E, Eggbauer B, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. The role of biocatalysis in the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids - an update. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28223-28270. [PMID: 35480754 PMCID: PMC9038100 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are a group of natural products with interesting pharmacological properties and a long history of medicinal application. Their complex molecular structures have fascinated chemists for decades, and their total synthesis still poses a considerable challenge. In a previous review, we have illustrated how biocatalysis can make valuable contributions to the asymmetric synthesis of alkaloids. The chemo-enzymatic strategies discussed therein have been further explored and improved in recent years, and advances in amine biocatalysis have vastly expanded the opportunities for incorporating enzymes into synthetic routes towards these important natural products. The present review summarises modern developments in chemo-enzymatic alkaloid synthesis since 2013, in which the biocatalytic transformations continue to take an increasingly 'central' role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Cigan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bettina Eggbauer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Joerg H Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, BioHealth Heinrichstrasse 28/II 8010 Graz Austria
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3
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Chen X, Wang M, Zhang X, Fan X. A novel synthesis of diversely functionalized 1,2,4-triones through the homo- and cross-coupling reactions of β-keto sulfoxonium ylides. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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5
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Taday F, Ryan J, Argent SP, Caprio V, Maciá B, O'Reilly E. Asymmetric Construction of Alkaloids by Employing a Key ω-Transaminase Cascade. Chemistry 2020; 26:3729-3732. [PMID: 32022300 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An ω-transaminase-triggered intramolecular aza-Michael reaction has been employed for the preparation of cyclic β-enaminones in good yield and excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivity, starting from easily accessible prochiral ketoynones and commercially available enzymes. The powerful thermodynamic driving force associated with the spontaneous aza-Michael reaction effectively displaces the transaminase reaction equilibrium towards product formation, using only two equivalents of isopropylamine. To demonstrate the potential of this methodology, this biocatalytic aza-Michael step was combined with annulation chemistry, affording unique stereo-defined fused alkaloid architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Taday
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James Ryan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,current address: School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Vittorio Caprio
- Faculty of Science & Engineering, Division of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Beatriz Maciá
- Faculty of Science & Engineering, Division of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Elaine O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,current address: School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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6
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Claaßen C, Mack K, Rother D. Benchtop NMR for Online Reaction Monitoring of the Biocatalytic Synthesis of Aromatic Amino Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:1190-1199. [PMID: 32194875 PMCID: PMC7074048 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Online analytics provides insights into the progress of an ongoing reaction without the need for extensive sampling and offline analysis. In this study, we investigated benchtop NMR as an online reaction monitoring tool for complex enzyme cascade reactions. Online NMR was used to monitor a two-step cascade beginning with an aromatic aldehyde and leading to an aromatic amino alcohol as the final product, applying two different enzymes and a variety of co-substrates and intermediates. Benchtop NMR enabled the concentration of the reaction components to be detected in buffered systems in the single-digit mM range without using deuterated solvent. The concentrations determined via NMR were correlated with offline samples analyzed via uHPLC and displayed a good correlation between the two methods. In summary, benchtop NMR proved to be a sensitive, selective and reliable method for online reaction monitoring in (multi-step) biosynthesis. In future, online analytic systems such as the benchtop NMR devices described might not only enable direct monitoring of the reaction, but may also form the basis for self-regulation in biocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Claaßen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
| | - K. Mack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - D. Rother
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
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7
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Borlinghaus N, Weinmann L, Krimpzer F, Scheller PN, Al‐Shameri A, Lauterbach L, Coquel A, Lattemann C, Hauer B, Nestl BM. Cascade Biotransformation to Access 3‐Methylpiperidine in Whole Cells. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Borlinghaus
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryDepartment of Technical BiochemistryUniversität Stuttgart Allmandring 31 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Leonie Weinmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryDepartment of Technical BiochemistryUniversität Stuttgart Allmandring 31 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Florian Krimpzer
- Sanofi Chimie, Pharmaceutics Development Platform Impasse des Ateliers 1 Vitry sur Seine 94400 France
| | - Philipp N. Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryDepartment of Technical BiochemistryUniversität Stuttgart Allmandring 31 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Ammar Al‐Shameri
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University of Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University of Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Anne‐Sophie Coquel
- Sanofi Chimie, Pharmaceutics Development Platform Impasse des Ateliers 1 Vitry sur Seine 94400 France
| | - Claus Lattemann
- Sanofi Chimie, Pharmaceutics Development Platform Impasse des Ateliers 1 Vitry sur Seine 94400 France
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryDepartment of Technical BiochemistryUniversität Stuttgart Allmandring 31 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Bettina M. Nestl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical BiochemistryDepartment of Technical BiochemistryUniversität Stuttgart Allmandring 31 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
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Claaßen C, Gerlach T, Rother D. Stimulus-Responsive Regulation of Enzyme Activity for One-Step and Multi-Step Syntheses. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 361:2387-2401. [PMID: 31244574 PMCID: PMC6582597 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multi-step biocatalytic reactions have gained increasing importance in recent years because the combination of different enzymes enables the synthesis of a broad variety of industrially relevant products. However, the more enzymes combined, the more crucial it is to avoid cross-reactivity in these cascade reactions and thus achieve high product yields and high purities. The selective control of enzyme activity, i.e., remote on-/off-switching of enzymes, might be a suitable tool to avoid the formation of unwanted by-products in multi-enzyme reactions. This review compiles a range of methods that are known to modulate enzyme activity in a stimulus-responsive manner. It focuses predominantly on in vitro systems and is subdivided into reversible and irreversible enzyme activity control. Furthermore, a discussion section provides indications as to which factors should be considered when designing and choosing activity control systems for biocatalysis. Finally, an outlook is given regarding the future prospects of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Claaßen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
| | - Tim Gerlach
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Dörte Rother
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences – Biotechnology (IBG-1)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH52425JülichGermany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt)RWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
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9
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Ren H, Long P, Zhao Y, Zhang K, Fan P, Wang B. Highly selective hydrogenation of aldehydes promoted by a palladium-based catalyst and its application in equilibrium displacement in a one-enzyme procedure using ω-transaminase. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-based catalyst-promoted highly selective hydrogenation of aldehydes and its application in efficient equilibrium displacement in a one-enzyme procedure using ω-transaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Peng Long
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Peihan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- P.R. China
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10
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Hattori H. Biocatalyst Aided Total Synthesis of Natural Products. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2018. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.76.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Martínez-Montero L, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Regioselective Biocatalytic Transformations Employing Transaminases and Tyrosine Phenol Lyases. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Modesto-Costa L, Martinez ST, Pinto AC, Vessecchi R, Borges I. Elucidating the mass spectrum of the retronecine alkaloid using DFT calculations. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:934-941. [PMID: 29935494 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are natural molecules playing important roles in different biochemical processes in nature and in humans. In this work, the electron ionization mass spectrum of retronecine, an alkaloid molecule found in plants, was investigated computationally. Its mass spectrum can be characterized by three main fragment ions having the following m/z ratios: 111, 94, and 80. In order to rationalize the mass spectrum, minima and transition state geometries were computed using density functional theory. It was showed that the dissociation process includes an aromatization of the originally five-membered ring of retronecine converted into a six-membered ring compound. A fragmentation pathway mechanism involving dissociation activation barriers that are easily overcome by the initial ionization energy was found. From the computed quantum chemical geometric, atomic charges, and energetic parameters, the abundance of each ion in the mass spectrum of retronecine was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Modesto-Costa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina T Martinez
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A-7° andar, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angelo C Pinto
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Bloco A-7° andar, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Gomm A, O'Reilly E. Transaminases for chiral amine synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 43:106-112. [PMID: 29278779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Amine transaminases are important biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral primary amines. Unlike many enzymes that have been employed for the synthesis of optically active amines, amine transaminases are capable of asymmetric synthesis and do not rely on costly cofactors that must be regenerated in situ. However, their application as general catalysts for the preparation of amines is hampered by a limited substrate scope, substrate and (co)product inhibition and difficulties associated with displacing challenging reaction equilibrium. There has been important progress made to overcome these challenges, including the development of enzymes with broader substrate scope and the design of methodology to effectively displace the reaction equilibrium. Amine transaminases are also being applied in an increasing range of (chemo)enzymatic cascades and immobilized for applications in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gomm
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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14
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Cheng Y, Shan Q, Zhang Y, Quan Z, Zhang K, Wang B. A highly efficient one-enzyme protocol using ω-transaminase and an amino donor enabling equilibrium displacement assisted by molecular oxygen. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient one-enzyme procedure using ω-transaminase promoted by molecular oxygen for preparing high enantiomeric purity chiral amines was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Qiheng Shan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Ziyi Quan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources (Hainan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Haikou 570228
- PR China
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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16
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France SP, Hussain S, Hill AM, Hepworth LJ, Howard RM, Mulholland KR, Flitsch SL, Turner NJ. One-Pot Cascade Synthesis of Mono- and Disubstituted Piperidines and Pyrrolidines using Carboxylic Acid Reductase (CAR), ω-Transaminase (ω-TA), and Imine Reductase (IRED) Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. France
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Shahed Hussain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Hill
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna J. Hepworth
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Roger M. Howard
- Pfizer Chemical Research & Development, Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Mulholland
- Chemical
Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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