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Martínková L, Grulich M, Pátek M, Křístková B, Winkler M. Bio-Based Valorization of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050717. [PMID: 37238587 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignins are the most abundant biopolymers that consist of aromatic units. Lignins are obtained by fractionation of lignocellulose in the form of "technical lignins". The depolymerization (conversion) of lignin and the treatment of depolymerized lignin are challenging processes due to the complexity and resistance of lignins. Progress toward mild work-up of lignins has been discussed in numerous reviews. The next step in the valorization of lignin is the conversion of lignin-based monomers, which are limited in number, into a wider range of bulk and fine chemicals. These reactions may need chemicals, catalysts, solvents, or energy from fossil resources. This is counterintuitive to green, sustainable chemistry. Therefore, in this review, we focus on biocatalyzed reactions of lignin monomers, e.g., vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, guaiacols, (iso)eugenol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and alkylphenols. For each monomer, its production from lignin or lignocellulose is summarized, and, mainly, its biotransformations that provide useful chemicals are discussed. The technological maturity of these processes is characterized based on, e.g., scale, volumetric productivities, or isolated yields. The biocatalyzed reactions are compared with their chemically catalyzed counterparts if the latter are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grulich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Alruwaili A, Rashid GMM, Sodré V, Mason J, Rehman Z, Menakath AK, Cheung D, Brown SP, Bugg TDH. Elucidation of microbial lignin degradation pathways using synthetic isotope-labelled lignin. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:47-55. [PMID: 36685258 PMCID: PMC9811514 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways by which the biopolymer lignin is broken down by soil microbes could be used to engineer new biocatalytic routes from lignin to renewable chemicals, but are currently not fully understood. In order to probe these pathways, we have prepared synthetic lignins containing 13C at the sidechain β-carbon. Feeding of [β-13C]-labelled DHP lignin to Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 has led to the incorporation of 13C label into metabolites oxalic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, confirming that they are derived from lignin breakdown. We have identified a glycolate oxidase enzyme in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 which is able to oxidise glycolaldehyde via glycolic acid to oxalic acid, thereby identifying a pathway for the formation of oxalic acid. R. jostii glycolate oxidase also catalyses the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid to 4-hydroxybenzoylformic acid, identifying another possible pathway to 4-hydroxybenzoylformic acid. Formation of labelled oxalic acid was also observed from [β-13C]-polyferulic acid, which provides experimental evidence in favour of a radical mechanism for α,β-bond cleavage of β-aryl ether units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awatif Alruwaili
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK+44(0)-2476-573018
| | - Goran M. M. Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK+44(0)-2476-573018
| | - Victoria Sodré
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK+44(0)-2476-573018
| | - James Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK+44(0)-2476-573018
| | - Zainab Rehman
- Department of Physics, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - David Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Steven P. Brown
- Department of Physics, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Timothy D. H. Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK+44(0)-2476-573018
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Münch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Pascal Püllmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West seventh Avenue, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Martin J. Weissenborn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, MartinLuther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
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Chakrabarty S, Wang Y, Perkins JC, Narayan ARH. Scalable biocatalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8137-8155. [PMID: 32701110 PMCID: PMC8177087 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions have garnered significant attention in recent years with their ability to streamline synthetic routes toward complex molecules. Consequently, there have been significant strides in the design and development of catalysts that enable diversification through C-H functionalization reactions. Enzymatic C-H oxygenation reactions are often complementary to small molecule based synthetic approaches, providing a powerful tool when deployable on preparative-scale. This review highlights key advances in scalable biocatalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions developed within the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chakrabarty
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
This review presents a historical outline of the research on vanillyl alcohol oxidase (VAO) from Penicillium simplicissimum, one of the canonical members of the VAO/PCMH flavoprotein family. After describing its discovery and initial biochemical characterization, we discuss the physiological role, substrate scope, and catalytic mechanism of VAO, and review its three-dimensional structure and mechanism of covalent flavinylation. We also explain how protein engineering provided a deeper insight into the role of certain amino acid residues in determining the substrate specificity and enantioselectivity of the enzyme. Finally, we summarize recent computational studies about the migration of substrates and products through the enzyme's structure and the phylogenetic distribution of VAO and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Ewing
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Gygli
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Payer SE, Pollak H, Schmidbauer B, Hamm F, Juričić F, Faber K, Glueck SM. Multienzyme One-Pot Cascade for the Stereoselective Hydroxyethyl Functionalization of Substituted Phenols. Org Lett 2018; 20:5139-5143. [PMID: 30110168 PMCID: PMC6131518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The operability and
substrate scope of a redesigned vinylphenol
hydratase as a single biocatalyst or as part of multienzyme cascades
using either substituted coumaric acids or phenols as stable, cheap,
and readily available substrates are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan E Payer
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28/2 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Hannah Pollak
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28/2 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Benjamin Schmidbauer
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28/2 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Florian Hamm
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28/2 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Filip Juričić
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28/2 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28/2 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Silvia M Glueck
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28/2 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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