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Zhao Y, Li X, Homölle SL, Wang B, Ackermann L. Electrochemical assembly of isoxazoles via a four-component domino reaction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1117-1122. [PMID: 38239685 PMCID: PMC10793645 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05946d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent domino reactions via electrochemical annulations have emerged as a robust strategy for the rapid assembly of heterocyclics. Herein, an electrochemical annulation via a [1 + 2 + 1 + 1] four-component domino reaction was accomplished in a user-friendly undivided cell setup to assemble valuable five-membered isoxazole motifs. Our approach is characterized by a high level functional group tolerance and operational simplicity, avoiding the tedious and time-consuming preparation of pre-functionalized substrates. Detailed mechanistic studies were conducted including isotopic labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis, and intermediate characterization, providing support for a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230038 P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230038 P. R. China
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry(WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230038 P. R. China
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry(WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230038 P. R. China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry(WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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2
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Qiu D, Jiang C, Gao P, Yuan Y. Lewis acid-promoted direct synthesis of isoxazole derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1562-1567. [PMID: 37915558 PMCID: PMC10616705 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoxazole derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot method utilizing 2-methylquinoline derivatives as template substrates, sodium nitrite as a nitrogen-oxygen source, and solely using aluminum trichloride as the additive. This approach circumvents the need for costly or highly toxic transition metals and presents a novel pathway for the synthesis of isoxazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengxu Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chenhui Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Pan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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3
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De Sarlo F, Machetti F. Primary nitro compounds: progress in the synthesis of isoxazoles by condensation with aldehydes or activated ketones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7255-7266. [PMID: 37646329 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00960b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the known strategies directed towards the synthesis of isoxazole derivatives, the reactions of aldehydes with primary nitro compounds deserve a comprehensive treatment, including the historical development as well as the more recent applications. The reactions of aldehydes with primary nitro compounds in a 1 : 2 molar ratio have been shown to lead to isoxazoline-N-oxides or isoxazole derivatives, via β-dinitro derivatives. Several modifications of the process allowed the formation of products bearing substituents at various positions of the heterocyclic ring with control of regioselectivity. Ketones are reported to react with primary nitro compounds, only if activated (β-diketones, α-nitroketones, or strained ketones), to give isoxazole derivatives. Symmetric 2,4-dinitroglutarates formed from aromatic aldehydes and nitroacetate undergo ring closure to form isoxazole derivatives or, according to reaction conditions, 5-hydroxy-6-oxo-4-aryl-6H-1,2-oxazine-3-carboxylates ("oxazinones"), by loss of alcohol instead of water. Isoxazole-4-carbaldehydes are obtained by the reaction of 3-oxetanone with primary nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Sarlo
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" dell' Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Machetti
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" dell' Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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4
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Chen L, Wang Z, Liu H, Li X, Wang B. tert-Butyl nitrite triggered radical cascade reaction for synthesizing isoxazoles by a one-pot multicomponent strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9152-9155. [PMID: 35894608 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free radical cyclization/dehydrogenation cascade of alkenes with aldehydes has been developed for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles in a one-pot system. This protocol features excellent functional group tolerance and operational simplicity, and is easily scaled up. The radical process is well supported by TEMPO-adducts and the intermediate β-carbonyl ketoxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, P. R. China
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5
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Murtinho D, Elisa da Silva Serra M. Transition Metal Catalysis in Synthetic Heterocyclic Chemistry. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527832002.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Vadivelu M, Sampath S, Muthu K, Karthikeyan K, Praveen C. Mechanochemistry Enabled Construction of Isoxazole Skeleton
via
CuO Nanoparticles Catalyzed Intermolecular Dehydrohalogenative Annulation. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Vadivelu
- Department of Chemistry B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology Vandalur, Chennai 600048 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sugirdha Sampath
- Department of Chemistry B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology Vandalur, Chennai 600048 Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IITM) Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kesavan Muthu
- Interdisplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kesavan Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology Vandalur, Chennai 600048 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Chandrasekar Praveen
- Electrochemical Power Sources Division Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR Laboratory) Alagappapuram, Karaikudi 630003 Sivagangai District Tamil Nadu India
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Xiang S, Li Y, Fan W, Jin J, Zhang W, Huang D. Copper(II)-Dioxygen Facilitated Activation of Nitromethane: Nitrogen Donors for the Synthesis of Substituted 2-Hydroxyimino-2-phenylacetonitriles and Phthalimides. Front Chem 2021; 8:622867. [PMID: 33585402 PMCID: PMC7878530 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.622867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient method is explored for the synthesis of 2-hydroxyimino-2-phenylacetonitriles (2) and phthalimides (4), by using nitromethane as nitrogen donors. Both reactions are promoted by Cu(II) system with the participation of dioxygen as an oxidant. The scope of the method has been successfully demonstrated with a total of 51 examples. The flexible and diversified characteristics of reactions are introduced in terms of electronic effect, steric effect, position of substituted groups, and intramolecular charge transfer. Experimental studies suggest that the methyl nitrite could be a precursor in the path to the final products. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed, including the Cu(II)/O2-facilitated transformation of nitromethane to methyl nitrite, the base-induced formation of 2-hydroxyimino-2-phenylacetonitriles, and the base-dioxygen-promoted formation of phthalimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Deguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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Xiao J, Ren S, Liu Q. Atom-efficient synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines via Fe-catalyzed cyclization of aldehydes with NH 4I as the sole nitrogen source. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22230-22233. [PMID: 35516622 PMCID: PMC9054497 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03323e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An atom-efficient, straightforward method for the synthesis of 2,4,6-triaryl-1,3,5-triazines via iron-catalyzed cyclization of aldehydes with NH4I as the sole nitrogen source is demonstrated. This strategy works smoothly under air atmosphere, and affords symmetrical 2,4,6-trisubstituted and unsymmetrical 1,3,5-triazines with yields from 18% to 72%. Compared to other methods, the present protocol provides a straightforward and atom-efficient approach to 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines using an inexpensive, easily available ammonium salt as the sole nitrogen source. Research into the preliminary mechanism indicates that N-benzylidenebenzimidamides are involved in this cyclization reaction. An atom-efficient, straightforward method for the synthesis of 2,4,6-triaryl-1,3,5-triazines via iron-catalyzed cyclization of aldehydes with NH4I as the sole nitrogen source is demonstrated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P.R. China
| | - Shuang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha 410082 P.R. China
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