Lewis acid-promoted direct synthesis of isoxazole derivatives

Isoxazole derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot method utilizing 2-methylquinoline derivatives as template substrates, sodium nitrite as a nitrogen-oxygen source, and solely using aluminum trichloride as the additive. This approach circumvents the need for costly or highly toxic transition metals and presents a novel pathway for the synthesis of isoxazole derivatives.

Alendronate reduces the cognitive and neurological disturbances induced by combined doses of d-galactose and aluminum chloride in mice

Neurological disturbances including cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments are the well-reported consequences of old age-related disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) or dementia. Bisphosphonates were shown to ameliorate dementia in osteoporotic patients, neuroinflammation, and cholinesterase activity in rodents. Thus, the present study has been designed to examine the role of alendronate against cognitive and neurological disturbances in mice induced by a combined oral dose of d-galactose and aluminum chloride (AlCl₃ ) for 6 weeks. d-galactose acts as a senescence agent, whereas AlCl₃ is a neurotoxin and in combination generates neuropathologies and cognitive depletion resembling aging and AD. It was found that memory was markedly impaired in d-galactose + AlCl₃ -treated mice as assessed in different behavioral paradigms. Additionally, d-galactose + AlCl₃ led to neurotoxicity assessed on the basis of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glial cell activation, neuronal damage, and augmented GSK-3β level in mice hippocampus. Consequently, alendronate administration orally for 15 days in d-galactose + AlCl₃ -exposed mice prominently reversed all these behavioral and neuropathological changes. These findings show that alendronate can be a potential therapeutic molecule with multiple targets for the management of age-related neurological disorders such as AD.

Establishment of a Valuable Mimic of Alzheimer's Disease in Rat Animal Model by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Composited Amyloid Beta Protein

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and is accompanied by neuron loss and structure change. With the increase of AD patients worldwide, the pathology and treatment of the disease has become a focus in the International Pharmaceutical Industry. Thus, the establishment of the animal model to mimic AD in the laboratory is of great importance. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for establishing a mimic of AD in a rat animal model though intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid beta protein 25-35 (Aβ25-35) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) and anterodorsal thalamic nucleus injection of recombinant human transforming growth factor-β1 (RHTGF-β1) to rats. The related markers of AD were measured, including: spatial memory, neuronal structure and substructure, neuronal Aβ, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) production. This rat model demonstrates spatial memory impairment, neuronal structure and substructure pathological changes, neuron intracellular Aβ burden, and NFT aggregation, and provides a close mimic of the neuronal structure and function disorder to that of clinical AD patients. Thus, the presented AD rat modelprovides a valuable in vivo tool for exploring neuronal function, neuronal pathology, and drug screening of AD.