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Bruno U, Rana D, Ausilio C, Mariano A, Bettucci O, Musall S, Lubrano C, Santoro F. An organic brain-inspired platform with neurotransmitter closed-loop control, actuation and reinforcement learning. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2865-2874. [PMID: 38698769 PMCID: PMC11182378 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Organic neuromorphic platforms have recently received growing interest for the implementation and integration of artificial and hybrid neuronal networks. Here, achieving closed-loop and learning/training processes as in the human brain is still a major challenge especially exploiting time-dependent biosignalling such as neurotransmitter release. Here, we present an integrated organic platform capable of cooperating with standard silicon technologies, to achieve brain-inspired computing via adaptive synaptic potentiation and depression, in a closed-loop fashion. The microfabricated platform could be interfaced and control a robotic hand which ultimately was able to learn the grasping of differently sized objects, autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bruno
- Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Rana
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and IT, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Chiara Ausilio
- Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Mariano
- Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Ottavia Bettucci
- Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Simon Musall
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Lubrano
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and IT, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 80125, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428, Germany
- Neuroelectronic Interfaces, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and IT, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Forró C, Musall S, Montes VR, Linkhorst J, Walter P, Wessling M, Offenhäusser A, Ingebrandt S, Weber Y, Lampert A, Santoro F. Toward the Next Generation of Neural Iontronic Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301055. [PMID: 37434349 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces are evolving at a rapid pace owing to advances in material science and fabrication, reduced cost of scalable complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, and highly interdisciplinary teams of researchers and engineers that span a large range from basic to applied and clinical sciences. This study outlines currently established technologies, defined as instruments and biological study systems that are routinely used in neuroscientific research. After identifying the shortcomings of current technologies, such as a lack of biocompatibility, topological optimization, low bandwidth, and lack of transparency, it maps out promising directions along which progress should be made to achieve the next generation of symbiotic and intelligent neural interfaces. Lastly, it proposes novel applications that can be achieved by these developments, ranging from the understanding and reproduction of synaptic learning to live-long multimodal measurements to monitor and treat various neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forró
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Musall
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Viviana Rincón Montes
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Guo J, Flagg LQ, Tran DK, Chen SE, Li R, Kolhe NB, Giridharagopal R, Jenekhe SA, Richter LJ, Ginger DS. Hydration of a Side-Chain-Free n-Type Semiconducting Ladder Polymer Driven by Electrochemical Doping. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1866-1876. [PMID: 36630664 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We study the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) performance of the ladder polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) in an attempt to better understand how an apparently hydrophobic side-chain-free polymer is able to operate as an OECT with favorable redox kinetics in an aqueous environment. We examine two BBLs of different molecular masses from different sources. Regardless of molecular mass, both BBLs show significant film swelling during the initial reduction step. By combining electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance gravimetry, in-operando atomic force microscopy, and both ex-situ and in-operando grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), we provide a detailed structural picture of the electrochemical charge injection process in BBL in the absence of any hydrophilic side-chains. Compared with ex-situ measurements, in-operando GIWAXS shows both more swelling upon electrochemical doping than has previously been recognized and less contraction upon dedoping. The data show that BBL films undergo an irreversible hydration driven by the initial electrochemical doping cycle with significant water retention and lamellar expansion that persists across subsequent oxidation/reduction cycles. This swelling creates a hydrophilic environment that facilitates the subsequent fast hydrated ion transport in the absence of the hydrophilic side-chains used in many other polymer systems. Due to its rigid ladder backbone and absence of hydrophilic side-chains, the primary BBL water uptake does not significantly degrade the crystalline order, and the original dehydrated, unswelled state can be recovered after drying. The combination of doping induced hydrophilicity and robust crystalline order leads to efficient ionic transport and good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - Duyen K Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Shinya E Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11973, United States
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Rajiv Giridharagopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Lee J Richter
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States.,Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
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Ni Y, Liu L, Liu J, Xu W. A High-Strength Neuromuscular System That Implements Reflexes as Controlled by a Multiquadrant Artificial Efferent Nerve. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20294-20304. [PMID: 36318482 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an artificial efferent nerve that distinguishes environment-responsive conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, i.e., hand-retraction reflex and muscle memory, respectively. These reflex modes are immediately switchable by altering the polarity of charge carriers in a parallel-channeled artificial synapse; this ability emulates multiplexed neurotransmission of different neurotransmitters to form glutamine-induced short-term plasticity and acetylcholine-induced long-term plasticity. This is the successful control of high-strength artificial muscle fibers by using an artificial efferent nerve to form a neuromuscular system that can realize curvature and force simultaneously and in which all these aspects far surpass currently available neuromuscular systems. Furthermore, the special four-quadrant information-processing mechanism of our artificial efferent nerve allows complex application extensions, i.e., relative-position tracking of sound sources, immediate switchable learning modes between fast information processing and long-term memory, and high-accuracy pattern cognition. This work is a step toward development of human-compatible artificial neuromuscular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ni
- Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Nankai University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Nankai University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Nankai University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nankai University, Nankai University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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