1
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Yang Y, Liu S, Deng DD, Chen Z, Pu S. D-A-D type cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl-modified benzo[d]imidazole derivatives with different aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) and mechanofluorochromic properties. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Conjugated polymer nanoparticles and their nanohybrids as smart photoluminescent and photoresponsive material for biosensing, imaging, and theranostics. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:83. [PMID: 35118576 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of conjugated polymers (CPs) has provided a pathway to attain smart multifunctional conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) with enhanced properties and diverse applications. CPNs based on π-extended CPs exhibit high fluorescence brightness, low cytotoxicity, excellent photostability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability, high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), etc. which endorse them as an excellent theranostic tool. Furthermore, the unique light-harvesting and energy transfer properties of CPNs enables their transformation into smart functional nanohybrids with augmented performance. Owing to such numerous features, simple preparation method and an easy separation process, the CPNs and their hybrids have been constantly rising as a frontrunner in the domain of medicine and much work has been done in the respective research area. This review summarizes the recent progress that has been made in the field of CPNs for biological and biomedical applications with special emphasis on biosensing, imaging, and theranostics. Following an introduction into the field, a first large section provides overview of the conventional as well as recently established synthetic methods for various types of CPNs. Then, the CPNs-based fluorometric assays for biomolecules based on different detection strategies have been described. Later on, examples of CPNs-based probes for imaging, both in vitro and in vivo using cancer cells and animal models have been explored. The next section highlighted the vital theranostic applications of CPNs and corresponding nanohybrids, mainly via imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and drug delivery. The last section summarizes the current challenges and gives an outlook on the potential future trends on CPNs as advanced healthcare material.
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3
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Lee H, Kim J, Kim HH, Kim CS, Kim J. Review on Optical Imaging Techniques for Multispectral Analysis of Nanomaterials. Nanotheranostics 2022; 6:50-61. [PMID: 34976580 PMCID: PMC8671957 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.63222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical imaging is an essential tool for investigating biological responses in vivo. Among the several imaging techniques, optical imaging systems with multispectral analysis of nanoparticles have been widely investigated due to their ability to distinguish the substances in biological tissues in vivo. This review article focus on multispectral optical imaging techniques that can provide molecular functional information. We summarize the basic principle of the spectral unmixing technique that enables the delineation of optical chromophores. Then, we explore the principle, typical system configuration, and biomedical applications of the representative optical imaging techniques, which are fluorescence imaging, two-photon microscopy, and photoacoustic imaging. The results in the recent studies show the great potential of the multispectral analysis techniques for monitoring responses of biological systems in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeni Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeheung Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Hoi Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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Xia W, Liu C, Ye S, Wang L, Liu R. Synthesis of A Sulfonamide-Substituted Benzothiadiazole-Based Fluorescent Dye and Study of Its Application for Long-Term Cancer Cell Tracking. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202202037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Guarding food safety with conventional and up-conversion near-infrared fluorescent sensors. J Adv Res 2022; 41:129-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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6
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He Z, Han X, Xie H, Yan Z, Guo B, Yao Y. Miniemulsion polymerization-formulated poly(fluorene-alt-6-(2-ethylhexyl)-[1,2,5]thiadiazole[3,4-f]benzotriazole) for cancer cell imaging. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Wei J, Liu Y, Yu J, Chen L, Luo M, Yang L, Li P, Li S, Zhang XH. Conjugated Polymers: Optical Toolbox for Bioimaging and Cancer Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103127. [PMID: 34510742 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are capable of coordinating the electron coupling phenomenon to bestow powerful optoelectronic features. The light-harvesting and light-amplifying properties of CPs are extensively used in figuring out the biomedical issues with special emphasis on accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and precise theranostics. This review summarizes the recent progress of CP materials in bioimaging, cancer therapeutics, and introduces the design strategies by rationally tuning the optical properties. The recent advances of CPs in bioimaging applications are first summarized and the challenges to clear the future directions of CPs in the respective area are discussed. In the following sections, the focus is on the burgeoning applications of CPs in phototherapy of the tumor, and illustrates the underlying photo-transforming mechanism for further molecular designing. Besides, the recent progress in the CPs-assistant drug therapy, mainly including drug delivery, gene therapeutic, the optical-activated reversion of tumor resistance, and synergistic therapy has also been discussed elaborately. In the end, the potential challenges and future developments of CPs on cancer diagnosis and therapy are also illuminated for the improvement of optical functionalization and the promotion of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Mai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Lele Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Shengliang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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8
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Zha M, Ni JS, Li Y, Li K. Monitoring tumor growth with a novel NIR-II photoacoustic probe. Methods Enzymol 2021; 657:181-222. [PMID: 34353487 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we designed and synthesized a series of thiadiazoloquinoxaline (TQ)-based semiconducting polymers (SPs) with a broad absorption covering from NIR-I to NIR-II regions. Theoretical calculation suggests that the BTD-TQE with ester-substituted TQ-acceptor shows a large dihedral angle and narrow adiabatic energy as well as low radiative decay, resulting in higher reorganization energy for efficient photoinduced nonradiative decay (PNRD). As a result, the obtained BDT-TQE SP-cored nanoparticles, a NIR-II PA probe, exhibit a highest NIR-II photothermal conversion efficiency (61.6%) and achieved PA tracking of in situ hepatic tumor growth for 20 days. Herein, we propose a strategy to construct an effective NIR-II photoacoustic reagent through the enhanced PNRD effect of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT), thereby extending the application of NIR-II PA reagents in in vivo bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Zha
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.
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9
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Alacid Y, Martínez-Tomé MJ, Mateo CR. Reusable Fluorescent Nanobiosensor Integrated in a Multiwell Plate for Screening and Quantification of Antidiabetic Drugs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25624-25634. [PMID: 34043318 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A highly stable and reusable fluorescent multisample nanobiosensor for the detection of α-glucosidase inhibitors has been developed by coupling fluorescent liposomal nanoparticles based on conjugated polymers (L-CPNs) to the enzyme α-glucosidase, one of the main target enzymes in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of sensing is based on the fluorescence "turn-on" of L-CPNs by p-nitrophenol (PNP), the end product of the enzymatic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside. L-CPNs, composed of lipid vesicles coated with a blue-emitting cationic polyfluorene, were designed and characterized to obtain a good response to PNP. Two nanobiosensor configurations were developed in this study. In the first step, a single-sample nanobiosensor composed of L-CPNs and α-glucosidase entrapped in a sol-gel glass was developed in order to characterize and optimize the device. In the second part, the nanobiosensor was integrated and adapted to a multiwell microplate and the possibility of reusing it and performing multiple measurements simultaneously with samples containing different α-glucosidase inhibitors was investigated. Using super-resolution confocal microscopy, L-CPNs could be visualized within the sol-gel matrix, and the quenching of their fluorescence, induced by the substrate, was directly observed in situ. The device was also shown to be useful not only as a platform for screening of antidiabetic drugs but also for quantifying their presence. The latter application was successfully tested with the currently available drug, acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Alacid
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - María José Martínez-Tomé
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - C Reyes Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
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10
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Neumann PR, Erdmann F, Holthof J, Hädrich G, Green M, Rao J, Dailey LA. Different PEG-PLGA Matrices Influence In Vivo Optical/Photoacoustic Imaging Performance and Biodistribution of NIR-Emitting π-Conjugated Polymer Contrast Agents. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001089. [PMID: 32864903 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The π-conjugated polymer poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b0]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) with deep-red/near-infrared (NIR) absorption and emission has been investigated as a contrast agent for in vivo optical and photoacoustic imaging. PCPDTBT is encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG2kDa -PLGA4kDa or PEG5kDa -PLGA55kDa ) micelles or enveloped by the phospholipid, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (PEG2kDa -DPPE), to investigate the formulation effect on imaging performance, biodistribution, and biocompatibility. Nanoparticles that meet the quality requirements for parenteral administration are generated with similar physicochemical properties. Optical phantom imaging reveals that both PEG-PLGA systems exhibit a 30% higher signal-to-background ratio (SBR) than PEG2kDa -DPPE. This trend cannot be observed in a murine HeLa xenograft model following intravenous administration since dramatic differences in biodistribution are observed. PEG2kDa -PLGA4kDa systems accumulate more rapidly in the liver compared to other formulations and PEG2kDa -DPPE demonstrates a higher tumor localization. Protein content in the "hard" corona differs between formulations (PEG2kDa -DPPE < PEG2kDa -PLGA4kDa < PEG5kDa -PLGA55kDa ), although this observation alone does not explain biodistribution patterns. PEG2kDa -PLGA4kDa systems show the highest photoacoustic amplitude in a phantom, but also a lower signal in the tumor due to differences in biodistribution. This study demonstrates that formulations for conjugated polymer contrast agents can have significant impact on both imaging performance and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robert Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Frank Erdmann
- Institute of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Joost Holthof
- FUJIFILM Visualsonics Joop Geesinkweg 140 Amsterdam 1114 AB The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Hädrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Mark Green
- Department of Physics King's College London London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology and Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305‐5484 USA
| | - Lea Ann Dailey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy University of Vienna Vienna 1090 Austria
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11
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Ohtani S, Yamada N, Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. The effect of alkyl chain lengths on the red-to-near-infrared emission of boron-fused azomethine conjugated polymers and their film-state stimuli-responsivities. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present systematic studies of the dependence of the red-to-near-infrared emission and stimuli-responsive properties of boron-fused azomethine conjugated copolymers on the lengths of the alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Natsumi Yamada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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12
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Zha M, Lin X, Ni J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Li K. An Ester‐Substituted Semiconducting Polymer with Efficient Nonradiative Decay Enhances NIR‐II Photoacoustic Performance for Monitoring of Tumor Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23268-23276. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Zha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiangwei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Ave Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute No. 8 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Jen‐Shyang Ni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART) National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung 80778 Taiwan
| | - Yaxi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Ave Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Ave Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute No. 8 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
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13
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Zha M, Lin X, Ni J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Li K. An Ester‐Substituted Semiconducting Polymer with Efficient Nonradiative Decay Enhances NIR‐II Photoacoustic Performance for Monitoring of Tumor Growth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Zha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiangwei Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Ave Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute No. 8 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Jen‐Shyang Ni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART) National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung 80778 Taiwan
| | - Yaxi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Ave Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong 83 Tat Chee Ave Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute No. 8 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China
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14
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Liu Z, Liu J, Wang X, Mi F, Wang D, Wu C. Fluorescent Bioconjugates for Super-Resolution Optical Nanoscopy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1857-1872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Feixue Mi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 510855, China
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15
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Nakamura T, Vacha M. Mechanically Induced Conformation Change, Fluorescence Modulation, and Mechanically Assisted Photodegradation in Single Nanoparticles of the Conjugated Polymer Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3103-3110. [PMID: 32239940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We explored the possibility of nanoscale mechanical manipulation and control of photophysical properties of conjugated polymer nanoparticles. We carried out a simultaneous atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microspectroscopy study on single nanoparticles of the conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). The nanoparticles are prepared by a reprecipitation method and have an average height of 27 nm, and their emission is dominated by the well-ordered β-phase conformation. Fluorescence polarization anisotropy and numerical simulations show that each particle contains at least three partly oriented straight β-phase segments surrounded by amorphous glass-phase polyfluorene chains. In the simultaneous experiments, an AFM tip was used to apply external force on a single nanoparticle, and a confocal fluorescence microscope was used to monitor in real time the resulting changes in the fluorescence intensity and spectra. In a nitrogen atmosphere, weak to moderate force of up to 1 μN acts mainly on the glass-phase polyfluorene chains by forming quenchers that cause an efficient and reversible fluorescence decrease, whereas the β-phase segments stay unaffected. A higher force of 5 μN, on the contrary, breaks the β-phase segments into multiple glass-phase segments, causing a net increase in fluorescence intensity. Under ambient air conditions, even a moderate force of 1 μN strongly accelerates the degradation of the nanoparticle by preferably photobleaching the β-phase and partially transforming it into the glass phase. These results will contribute to the fundamental knowledge on the relationship between photophysical and structural properties of polyfluorene nanostructures, and will also provide important feedback for potential applications of such nanostructures in flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Nakamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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16
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Ni JS, Li Y, Yue W, Liu B, Li K. Nanoparticle-based Cell Trackers for Biomedical Applications. Theranostics 2020; 10:1923-1947. [PMID: 32042345 PMCID: PMC6993224 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous or real-time tracking of biological processes using biocompatible contrast agents over a certain period of time is vital for precise diagnosis and treatment, such as monitoring tissue regeneration after stem cell transplantation, understanding the genesis, development, invasion and metastasis of cancer and so on. The rationally designed nanoparticles, including aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dots, inorganic quantum dots (QDs), nanodiamonds, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), and semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs), have been explored to meet this urgent need. In this review, the development and application of these nanoparticle-based cell trackers for a variety of imaging technologies, including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, positron emission tomography and single photon emission computing tomography are discussed in detail. Moreover, the further therapeutic treatments using multi-functional trackers endowed with photodynamic and photothermal modalities are also introduced to provide a comprehensive perspective in this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wentong Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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17
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Abelha TF, Dreiss CA, Green MA, Dailey LA. Conjugated polymers as nanoparticle probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:592-606. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in emerging bioimaging techniques is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fedatto Abelha
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
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18
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Lu Z, Zhang Z, Tang Y. Conjugated Polymers-Based Thermal-Responsive Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery, Tracking, and Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy/Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4485-4492. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanning Lu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
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19
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Braeken Y, Cheruku S, Seneca S, Smisdom N, Berden L, Kruyfhooft L, Penxten H, Lutsen L, Fron E, Vanderzande D, Ameloot M, Maes W, Ethirajan A. Effect of Branching on the Optical Properties of Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Bioimaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1967-1977. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Braeken
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Srujan Cheruku
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Nanobiophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Senne Seneca
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Nanobiophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Nick Smisdom
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Laurens Berden
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Nanobiophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Louis Kruyfhooft
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Nanobiophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Huguette Penxten
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lutsen
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Eduard Fron
- Molecular Visualization and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Nanobiophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
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20
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Zhang J, Wang Q, Liu J, Guo Z, Yang J, Li Q, Zhang S, Yan C, Zhu WH. Saponin-Based Near-Infrared Nanoparticles with Aggregation-Induced Emission Behavior: Enhancing Cell Compatibility and Permeability. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:943-951. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jinfeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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21
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Tuncel D. π-Conjugated nanostructured materials: preparation, properties and photonic applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:19-33. [PMID: 36132459 PMCID: PMC9473242 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in π-conjugated nanostructures based on conjugated oligomers and polymers, focusing on their preparation, energy transfer abilities, optoelectronic and laser applications, and photophysical properties including light harvesting. This is a rapidly evolving field as these materials are expected to have many important applications in areas such as light-emitting diodes, solid-state lighting, photovoltaics, solid-state lasers, biophotonics, sensing, imaging, photocatalysis, and photodynamic therapy. Other advantages of these materials are their versatility, and consequently, their adaptability to diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dönüs Tuncel
- Department of Chemistry, UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University 06800 Ankara Turkey
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22
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Yang JL, Li YJ, Yuan YH, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Target induced aggregation of Ce(III)-based coordination polymer nanoparticles for fluorimetric detection of As(III). Talanta 2018; 190:255-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Fang X, Ju B, Liu Z, Wang F, Xi G, Sun Z, Chen H, Sui C, Wang M, Wu C. Compact Conjugated Polymer Dots with Covalently Incorporated Metalloporphyrins for Hypoxia Bioimaging. Chembiochem 2018; 20:521-525. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Fang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- College of Life SciencesNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Bo Ju
- College of ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhihe Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Guan Xi
- College of ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zezhou Sun
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Haobin Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Changxiang Sui
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Mingxue Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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24
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Lee WWH, Zhao Z, Cai Y, Xu Z, Yu Y, Xiong Y, Kwok RTK, Chen Y, Leung NLC, Ma D, Lam JWY, Qin A, Tang BZ. Facile access to deep red/near-infrared emissive AIEgens for efficient non-doped OLEDs. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6118-6125. [PMID: 30210763 PMCID: PMC6118221 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the huge demand in bio-imaging and optoelectronics, the construction of highly emissive deep red/near infrared (DR/NIR) organic luminogens is still a big challenge because a narrow energy gap generally leads to low photoluminescence quantum yield. It is even more difficult to afford DR/NIR emitters in the solid state due to the aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) effect. In this work, we found that the direct attachment of a tetraphenylethylene substituted arylamine to the electron accepting 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole produces DR/NIR AIE luminogens with bright emission facilely and efficiently. And the emission wavelengths could be tuned from the red to the DR/NIR region by regulating the variety of the substituents. The long emission wavelength and high photoluminescence quantum yield of these AIEgens are ascribed to the effective intramolecular charge transfer and the suppressed intramolecular motion. Furthermore, non-doped OLEDs based on one of the AIEgens showed an EL emission at 684 nm with a large radiance of 5772 mW Sr-1 m-2 and an impressive external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.73%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will W H Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Division of Life Science and Biomedical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Nanoscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Division of Life Science and Biomedical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Nanoscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Yuanjing Cai
- NSFC Center for Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China .
| | - Zeng Xu
- NSFC Center for Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China .
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Division of Life Science and Biomedical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Nanoscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Yu Xiong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Division of Life Science and Biomedical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Nanoscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Yue Chen
- NSFC Center for Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China .
| | - Nelson L C Leung
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Division of Life Science and Biomedical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Nanoscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Dongge Ma
- NSFC Center for Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China .
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Division of Life Science and Biomedical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Nanoscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
| | - Anjun Qin
- NSFC Center for Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China .
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Division of Life Science and Biomedical Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Nanoscience , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong , China .
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan , Shenzhen 518057 , China
- NSFC Center for Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates , SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Laboratory , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China .
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25
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Xia Q, Chen Z, Yu Z, Wang L, Qu J, Liu R. Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Near-Infrared Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles for Noninvasive Long-Term Monitoring of Tumor Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:17081-17088. [PMID: 29717866 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective long-term monitoring of tumor growth is significant for the evaluation of cancer therapy. Aggregation-induced emission-active near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent organic nanoparticles (TPFE-Rho dots) are designed and synthesized for long-term in vitro cell tracking and in vivo monitoring of tumor growth. TPFE-Rho dots display the advantages of NIR fluorescent emission, large Stokes shift (∼180 nm), good biocompatibility, and high photostability. In vitro cell tracing studies demonstrate that TPFE-Rho dots can track SK-Hep-1 cells over 11 generations. In vivo optical imaging results confirm that TPFE-Rho dots can monitor tumor growth for more than 19 days in a real-time manner. This work indicates that TPFE-Rho dots could act as NIR fluorescent nanoprobes for real-time long-term in situ in vivo monitoring of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Jinqing Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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26
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Zhang G, Zhao J, Chow PCY, Jiang K, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Huang F, Yan H. Nonfullerene Acceptor Molecules for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3447-3507. [PMID: 29557657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bulk-heterojunction blend of an electron donor and an electron acceptor material is the key component in a solution-processed organic photovoltaic device. In the past decades, a p-type conjugated polymer and an n-type fullerene derivative have been the most commonly used electron donor and electron acceptor, respectively. While most advances of the device performance come from the design of new polymer donors, fullerene derivatives have almost been exclusively used as electron acceptors in organic photovoltaics. Recently, nonfullerene acceptor materials, particularly small molecules and oligomers, have emerged as a promising alternative to replace fullerene derivatives. Compared to fullerenes, these new acceptors are generally synthesized from diversified, low-cost routes based on building block materials with extraordinary chemical, thermal, and photostability. The facile functionalization of these molecules affords excellent tunability to their optoelectronic and electrochemical properties. Within the past five years, there have been over 100 nonfullerene acceptor molecules synthesized, and the power conversion efficiency of nonfullerene organic solar cells has increased dramatically, from ∼2% in 2012 to >13% in 2017. This review summarizes this progress, aiming to describe the molecular design strategy, to provide insight into the structure-property relationship, and to highlight the challenges the field is facing, with emphasis placed on most recent nonfullerene acceptors that demonstrated top-of-the-line photovoltaic performances. We also provide perspectives from a device point of view, wherein topics including ternary blend device, multijunction device, device stability, active layer morphology, and device physics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong , China.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute , No. 9 Yuexing first RD, Hi-tech Park , Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057 , China.,Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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27
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Zhou S, Zhu J, Li Y, Feng L. A high brightness probe of polymer nanoparticles for biological imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 192:228-235. [PMID: 29149694 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) with high brightness in long wavelength region were prepared by the nano-precipitation method. Based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, the high brightness property of the CPNs was realized by four different emission polymers. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed that the CPNs possessed a spherical structure and an average diameter of ~75nm. Analysis assays showed that the CPNs had excellent biocompatibility, good photostability and low cytotoxicity. The CPNs were bio-modified with a cell penetrating peptide (Tat, a targeted element) through covalent link. Based on the entire wave fluorescence emission, the functionalized CPNs1-4 can meet multichannel and high throughput assays in cell and organ imaging. The contribution of the work lies in not only providing a new way to obtain a high brightness imaging probe in long wavelength region, but also using targeted cell and organ imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Jiarong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yaping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Liheng Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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28
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Wang L, Xia Q, Liu R, Qu J. Real-time imaging of cancer cell generations and monitoring tumor growth using a nucleus-targeted red fluorescent probe. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2340-2346. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A red nucleus-targeted fluorescent probe was reported and used for tracing cancer cell generations and monitoring tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
- School of Biomedical
- Guangzhou 510515
| | - Jinqing Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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29
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Wang J, Lv F, Liu L, Ma Y, Wang S. Strategies to design conjugated polymer based materials for biological sensing and imaging. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Braeken Y, Cheruku S, Ethirajan A, Maes W. Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Bioimaging. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1420. [PMID: 29231908 PMCID: PMC5744355 DOI: 10.3390/ma10121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, conjugated polymers have emerged as an interesting class of fluorescence imaging probes since they generally show high fluorescence brightness, high photostability, fast emission rates, non-blinking behavior and low cytotoxicity. The main concern related to most conjugated polymers is their lack of hydrophilicity and thereby poor bio-availability. This can, however, be overcome by the formulation of conjugated polymer nanoparticles in aqueous medium. This review provides an overview of the different techniques employed for the preparation of conjugated polymer nanoparticles, together with methods to improve their photoluminescence quantum yields. For selective targeting of specific cells, dedicated surface functionalization protocols have been developed, using different functional groups for ligand immobilization. Finally, conjugated polymer nanoparticles have recently also been employed for theranostic applications, wherein the particles are simultaneously used as fluorescent probes and carriers for anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Braeken
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Srujan Cheruku
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Nanobiophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI), UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Nanobiophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI), UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Maes
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS), UHasselt-Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Associated Lab IMOMEC, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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31
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Feng G, Liu J, Liu R, Mao D, Tomczak N, Liu B. Ultrasmall Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles with High Specificity for Targeted Cancer Cell Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600407. [PMID: 28932655 PMCID: PMC5604381 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent and biocompatible organic nanoparticles have attracted great interest in cancer detection and imaging, but the nonspecific cellular uptake has limited the detection specificity and sensitivity. Herein, the authors report the ultrasmall conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) with bright far-red/near-infrared emission for targeted cancer imaging with high specificity. The sizes of the ultrasmall CPNs are around 6 nm (CPN6), while large CPNs show sizes around 30 nm (CPN30). Moreover, CPN6 exhibits largely improved fluorescence quantum yield (η) of 41% than CPN30 (25%). Benefiting from the ultrasmall size, bare CPN6 shows largely suppressed nonspecific cellular uptake as compared to CPN30, while cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) functionalized CPN6 (cRGD-CPN6) possesses excellent selectivity toward αvβ3 integrin overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells over other cells in cell mixtures. The faster body clearance of CPN6 over CPN30 indicates its greater potentials as a noninvasive nanoprobe for in vivo and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 4117585Singapore
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 4117585Singapore
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis WayInnovis136834Singapore
| | - Duo Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 4117585Singapore
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis WayInnovis136834Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 4117585Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis WayInnovis136834Singapore
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32
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Wu N, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Sun Z, Deng Y, Lin G, Ying M, Wang X, Yong KT, Wu C, Xu G. The biocompatibility studies of polymer dots on pregnant mice and fetuses. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:261-271. [PMID: 29071192 PMCID: PMC5646735 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.18964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) are small nanoparticles consisting primarily of fluorescent pi-conjugated polymers which show superior optical properties for biological imaging and biosensors. It is necessary to explore systematically the toxicity of Pdots on animals before extensive biomedical applications. The reproductive system is very sensitive to the external invasion and essential for species reproduction as well. In this work, we used the pregnant mice to investigate the reproductive toxicity of Pdots. The changes in body weight of each maternal mouse were recorded every two days. The main organs were collected and analyzed as soon as all the pregnant mice were sacrificed on the 15th embryonic day. Distributions of Pdots on maternal major organs and tissues were examined in frozen tissue sections. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to investigate the histopathological changes of maternal organs. The blood chemistry test was applied to study the effects of Pdots on organ functions. Female hormones were evaluated by immunoassays. The amniotic fluid was inspected for assessing their penetration ability of Pdots. Levels of placenta growth related factors were detected by RT-PCR to evaluate the function of placenta. These results showed that Pdots were mainly accumulated in liver and spleen, and no apparent impact was observed on maternal body weight and organs coefficients. Histopathological images also showed normal tissue morphology compared with the untreated group. The female hormones levels did not show significant difference among the three groups as well. Trace amount of Pdots could get into the amniotic fluid but did not change the placental functions and the early development of fetus. Our results demonstrated that Pdots have excellent biocompatibility and no reproductive toxicity under the dosages used in this work, which means that Pdots have great potential in preclinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Key laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and System of The Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and System of The Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and System of The Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Zezhou Sun
- State key laboratory on integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun, Jinlin 130012, China
| | - Yueyue Deng
- Key laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and System of The Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Key laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Shenzhen, College of medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ming Ying
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbia Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Key laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Shenzhen, College of medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changfeng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and System of The Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518060, China
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Guo L, Ge J, Liu Q, Jia Q, Zhang H, Liu W, Niu G, Liu S, Gong J, Hackbarth S, Wang P. Versatile Polymer Nanoparticles as Two-Photon-Triggered Photosensitizers for Simultaneous Cellular, Deep-Tissue Imaging, and Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28338291 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clinical applications of current photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) are often limited by their absorption in the UV-vis range that possesses limited tissue penetration ability, leading to ineffective therapeutic response for deep-seated tumors. Alternatively, two-photon excited PS (TPE-PS) using NIR light triggered is one the most promising candidates for PDT improvement. Herein, multimodal polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) from polythiophene derivative as two-photon fluorescence imaging as well as two-photon-excited PDT agent are developed. The prepared PNPs exhibit excellent water dispersibility, high photostability and pH stability, strong fluorescence brightness, and low dark toxicity. More importantly, the PNPs also possess other outstanding features including: (1) the high 1 O2 quantum yield; (2) the strong two-photon-induced fluorescence and efficient 1 O2 generation; (3) the specific accumulation in lysosomes of HeLa cells; and (4) the imaging detection depth up to 2100 µm in the mock tissue under two-photon. The multifunctional PNPs are promising candidates as TPE-PDT agent for simultaneous cellular, deep-tissue imaging, and highly efficient in vivo PDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guangle Niu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Sha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jianru Gong
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Steffen Hackbarth
- Photobiophysik – Singlet Oxygen LabHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin 12489 Germany
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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34
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Wang L, Xia Q, Hou M, Yan C, Xu Y, Qu J, Liu R. A photostable cationic fluorophore for long-term bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9183-9188. [PMID: 32264600 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02668d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of a bright and photostable cationic fluorophore for long-term bioimaging in vitro and in vivo is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Meirong Hou
- Medical Imaging Center
- Nanfang Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Chenggong Yan
- Medical Imaging Center
- Nanfang Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Yikai Xu
- Medical Imaging Center
- Nanfang Hospital
- Southern Medical University
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
| | - Jinqing Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou 510515
- P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Guangzhou 510515
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35
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Xiong L, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Cao F. Highly luminescent and photostable near-infrared fluorescent polymer dots for long-term tumor cell tracking in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:202-206. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared-emitting polymer dots were prepared and used as fluorescent nanoprobes for in vitro HeLa cell labeling and in vivo long-term HeLa tumor tracking. The prepared NIR polymer dots showed no obvious effect on the tumor growth, and exhibited durable brightness, long-term photostability and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Xiong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Rui Jin Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
| | - Yixiao Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Med-X Research Institute
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Med-X Research Institute
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Fengwen Cao
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Med-X Research Institute
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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