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Chang M, Mu Y, Han J, Li G, Li Y, Liu H, Li L, Cui TJ. Tailless Information-Energy Metasurface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313697. [PMID: 38364255 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Programmable metasurface technology can achieve flexible manipulations of electromagnetic waves in real time by adjusting the surface structure and material properties and has shown extraordinary potential in many fields such as wireless communications and the Internet of Things. However, most of the programmable metasurfaces have a common feature: a tail (electrical wires and DC powers), which is difficult to supply in some particular application scenarios such as canyons and mountains. To eliminate the limitation of DC power supply, the programmable metasurface and wireless power transfer technology are combined to propose a tailless information-energy metasurface (IEMS). The tailless IEMS platform can dynamically control electromagnetic waves without relying on an external DC power supply; instead, the required DC power is provided internally by the IEMS platform itself. In the tailless IEMS experiments, the concept is demonstrated through the dynamic regulation of wireless channels and the wireless transmission of DC power. This work provides a self-powered method for programmable metasurfaces, expands the application scenarios, facilitates the miniaturization of systems, and makes it easy to integrate with other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Chang
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Yajie Mu
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Guanxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Yicen Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space and the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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2
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Zhang W, Lin J, Zheng Z, Gao Y, Tao J, Shang W, Zhang M. A One-Bit Programmable Multi-Functional Metasurface for Microwave Beam Shaping. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2011. [PMID: 38004867 PMCID: PMC10673322 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a multi-functional metasurface for microwave beam-shaping application. The metasurface consists of an array of programmable unit cells, and each unit cell is integrated with one varactor diode. By turning the electrical bias on the diode on and off, the phase delay of the microwave reflected by the metasurface can be switched between 0 and π at a 6.2 GHz frequency, which makes the metasurface 1-bit-coded. By programming the 1-bit-coded metasurface, the generation of a single-focus beam, a double-focus beam and a focused vortex beam was experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, the single-focus beam with tunable focal lengths of 54 mm, 103 mm and 152 mm was experimentally observed at 5.7 GHz. The proposed programmable metasurface manifests robust and flexible beam-shaping ability which allows its application to microwave imaging, information transmission and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiahan Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Zitao Zheng
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yusong Gao
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jifang Tao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenli Shang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Ullah N, Khalid AUR, Ahmed S, Iqbal S, Khan MI, Rehman MU, Mehmood A, Hu B, Tian X. Tunable metalensing based on plasmonic resonators embedded on thermosresponsive hydrogel. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:12789-12801. [PMID: 37157432 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses of adjustable power and ultrathin flat zoom lens system have emerged as a promising and key photonic device for integrated optics and advanced reconfigurable optical systems. Nevertheless, realizing an active metasurface retaining lensing functionality in the visible frequency regime has not been fully explored to design reconfigurable optical devices. Here, we present a focal tunable metalens and intensity tunable metalens in the visible frequency regime through the control of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior of freestanding thermoresponsive hydrogel. The metasurface is comprised of plasmonic resonators embedded on the top of hydrogel which serves as dynamically reconfigurable metalens. It is shown that the focal length can be continuously tuned by adjusting the phase transition of hydrogel, the results reveal that the device is diffraction limited in different states of hydrogel. In addition, the versatility of hydrogel-based metasurfaces is further explored to design intensity tunable metalens, that can dynamically tailor the transmission intensity and confined it into the same focal spot under different states, i.e., swollen and collapsed. It is anticipated that the non-toxicity and biocompatibility make the hydrogel-based active metasurfaces suitable for active plasmonic devices with ubiquitous roles in biomedical imaging, sensing, and encryption systems.
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Liao J, Ji C, Yuan L, Huang C, Wang Y, Peng J, Luo X. Polarization-Insensitive Metasurface Cloak for Dynamic Illusions with an Electromagnetic Transparent Window. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16953-16962. [PMID: 36867759 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial camouflage has garnered long-standing interest in both academia and industry. The metasurface-based cloak has attracted much attention due to the powerful capability of manipulating the electromagnetic wave, convenient multifunctional integration design, and easy fabrication. However, existing metasurface-based cloaks tend to be passive and of single function and monopolarization, which cannot meet the requirement of applications in ever-changing environments. So far, it is still challenging to realize a reconfigurable full-polarization metasurface cloak with multifunctional integration. Herein, we proposed an innovative metasurface cloak, which can simultaneously realize dynamic illusion effects at lower frequencies (e.g., 4.35 GHz) and specific microwave transparency at higher frequencies (e.g., X band) for communication with the outside environment. These electromagnetic functionalities are demonstrated by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The simulation and measurement results agree well with each other, indicating that our metasurface cloak can generate various electromagnetic illusions for full polarizations as well as a polarization-insensitive transparent window for the signal transmission to enable the communication between the cloaked device and the outside environment. It is believed that our design can offer powerful camouflage tactics to address the stealth problem in ever-changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Liming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuetang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Jinqiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610209, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang Z, Shi H, Wang L, Chen J, Chen X, Yi J, Zhang A, Liu H. Recent Advances in Reconfigurable Metasurfaces: Principle and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:534. [PMID: 36770494 PMCID: PMC9921398 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have shown their great capability to manipulate electromagnetic waves. As a new concept, reconfigurable metasurfaces attract researchers' attention. There are many kinds of reconfigurable components, devices and materials that can be loaded on metasurfaces. When cooperating with reconfigurable structures, dynamic control of the responses of metasurfaces are realized under external excitations, offering new opportunities to manipulate electromagnetic waves dynamically. This review introduces some common methods to design reconfigurable metasurfaces classified by the techniques they use, such as special materials, semiconductor components and mechanical devices. Specifically, this review provides a comparison among all the methods mentioned and discusses their pros and cons. Finally, based on the unsolved problems in the designs and applications, the challenges and possible developments in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongyu Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Luyi Wang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jianjia Yi
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Anxue Zhang
- School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Haiwen Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Deep Space Exploration Intelligent Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Zhang M, Ye F, Tan H, Luo S, Cui H, Chen L. Reprogrammable Metasurface Controlled by 2D Thermal Fields. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2023. [PMID: 36422451 PMCID: PMC9694245 DOI: 10.3390/mi13112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The combination of thermal field sensing and microwave operation is an innovative topic in metamaterials. Although there exists research on modulating electromagnetic waves by controlling each column of the metasurface elements for programmable metasurfaces, the regulation is not flexible. In view of this, this paper proposes a metasurface based on distributed thermal sensing that can be independently modulated by each element. In this paper, the metasurface adopts a 1-bit coding metasurface, which is combined with PIN diodes to modulate the phase response. The voltage control circuit feeds back the change in the thermistors to the switching state of the PIN diode. Each metasurface unit contains thermistors, which are used to sense thermal stimulation and can be independently modulated. The metasurface composed of these elements can feel the field generated via heat energy. We can control electromagnetic waves by controlling this field. In order to prove the feasibility of this scheme, a metasurface sample of 8 × 8 elements was designed. Three patterns were used for the design, fabrication, and measurement of the samples. Meanwhile, printed circuit board (PCB) technology was applied. The results show that the simulated results are highly consistent with the experimental results, which verifies that this scheme is practicable.
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Saifullah Y, He Y, Boag A, Yang G, Xu F. Recent Progress in Reconfigurable and Intelligent Metasurfaces: A Comprehensive Review of Tuning Mechanisms, Hardware Designs, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203747. [PMID: 36117118 PMCID: PMC9685480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent metasurfaces have gained significant importance in recent years due to their ability to dynamically manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves. Their multifunctional characteristics, realized by incorporating active elements into the metasurface designs, have huge potential in numerous novel devices and exciting applications. In this article, recent progress in the field of intelligent metasurfaces are reviewed, focusing particularly on tuning mechanisms, hardware designs, and applications. Reconfigurable and programmable metasurfaces, classified as space gradient, time modulated, and space-time modulated metasurfaces, are discussed. Then, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that can alter their wireless environments, and are considered as a promising technology for sixth-generation communication networks, are explored. Next, the recent progress made in simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) that can achieve full-space EM wave control are summarized. Finally, the perspective on the challenges and future directions of intelligent metasurfaces are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Saifullah
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yejun He
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Amir Boag
- School of Electrical EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv69978Israel
| | - Guo‐Min Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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8
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Xu P, Xu X, Lin K, Yu R, Zhang D, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yu K, Wu W, Ma X, Wang C. A Fast Evaluation Method for Electrical Performance of Frequency and Pattern Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna Based on Electromechanical Coupling. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1412. [PMID: 36144035 PMCID: PMC9502324 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the constant increase in communication requirements in modern society, the number and type of antennas on communication platforms have been increasing at an accelerating rate. This has led to a continuous increase in platform volume and weight, and the electromagnetic environment of antenna operating has increasingly worsened, seriously restricting the further development of communication systems. As a new communication system antenna type, a reconfigurable microstrip antenna can reconstruct operating frequencies, beam directions, etc., by changing the antenna structure to provide the good multifunction characteristics of a single antenna, avoiding the electromagnetic compatibility issues caused by numerous system antennas. At present, most of the research on reconfigurable antennas judges the influence of structural characteristics on electromagnetic characteristics by simulation, which has imposed restrictions on their development and application. Therefore, a reconfigurable antenna with a resonant frequency of 8.66 GHz and 15.26 GHz and a reconfigurable antenna with maximum radiation directions of 36.2° and -36.5° are designed in this paper, and the electromechanical coupling theory of the reconfigurable antennas is studied. The resonance frequency coupling model and the pattern function coupling model considering the structural deformation of a reconfigurable microstrip antenna are established. Within the applicable range of antenna structural parameters, the relative error between the resonance frequency coupling model and the pattern function coupling model is less than 5%, which meets practical engineering application requirements. Finally, the method is shown by experimentation to verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed electromechanical coupling model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xiaoxian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Kabin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Daxing Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou 510555, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Zhejiang Fengfan CNC Machinery Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313113, China
| | - Zhihai Wang
- CETC No. 38 Research Institute, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Kunpeng Yu
- CETC No. 38 Research Institute, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wenzhi Wu
- CETC No. 38 Research Institute, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Xi’an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi’an 710100, China
| | - Congsi Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou 510555, China
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Steer by Image Technology for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Based on Reconfigurable Metasurface with Photodiodes as Tunable Elements. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lately, metasurface has become an essential and promising component in implementing Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) for 5G and 6G. A novel method that simplifies the ability to reconfigure the metasurface is presented in this paper. The suggested technology uses a PIN photodiode as a tuning element. The desired image is projected on the metasurface’s backside, where the PIN photodiodes are placed and reconfigures the metasurface. The projected image’s color and intensity pattern influence the PIN photodiode’s junction capacitance, which leads to local reflection phase control. This enables the required pattern reflection phase distribution to manipulate the reflection beam, for example, 2D beam steering or focusing, and any other beam forming combination, instead of wiring many digital-to-analog converters (DACs) or FPGA outputs, which bias the standard tuning element such as PIN diode or varactor using a complex RF circuit. Using a PIN photodiode as a tunable element instead of a varactor diode, PIN diode, Liquid Crystal and MEMS allows the changing of the internal junction capacitance without direct contact and thus continuously controlling the reflection phase. In addition, an open circuit work mode with negligible energy consumption can be obtained. This technology can be used to implement metasurface based on discrete or continuous phases and is called Steer by Image (SBI). A full description of the SBI technology using PIN photodiode is presented in this paper.
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Tong M, Hu Y, He W, Hu S, Cheng X, Jiang T. Light-Driven Spintronic Heterostructures for Coded Terahertz Emission. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8294-8300. [PMID: 35503920 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinary proliferation of digital coding metasurfaces turns the real-time manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves into reality and promotes the programmable operation of multifunctional equipment. However, current studies are mainly involved in the modulation of the transmission process, and little attention has been given to the control of EM wave generation, especially in the terahertz (THz) band. Here, we conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate coded terahertz emission, which integrates the efficient generation and control of THz waves across a wide frequency band. For validation, two types of stripe-patterned ferromagnetic heterostructures with opposite spin Hall angles were utilized as coding units. The two distinct states in each coding unit (with two polarization or phase states of 0° and 180°) can be characterized as "0" and "1" digits, which can be switched by manipulating the optical field distribution of the pump beam. Such an ability to realize simultaneous terahertz coding and terahertz emission is essential for meeting the increasingly demanding requirements of integration and miniaturization. Our work endows ferromagnetic heterostructures with controllable spatial characteristics and benefits their applications in wireless communications and holographic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Tong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China
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Chen L, Ye FJ, Cuo M, Luo SS, Hao JJ, Ruan Y, Cui HY. Ultraviolet-sensing metasurface for programmable electromagnetic scattering field manipulation by combining light control with a microwave field. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19212-19221. [PMID: 36221705 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Combining digital information science with metasurface technology is critical for achieving arbitrary electromagnetic wave manipulation. However, there is a scarcity of contemporary scholarly studies on this subject. In this paper, we propose an Ultraviolet (UV) sensing metasurface for programmable electromagnetic scattering field manipulation by combining light control with a microwave field. The active sensing of UV light and the real-time reaction of the scattering are achieved by integrating four UV sensors on the metasurface. On the metasurface, a UV sensor ML8511 and a voltage driver module are coupled to control each row of the Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) diodes. Due to the light sensing capability of the UV sensor, the on or off state of the PIN diode integrated into the programmable metasurface can be switched efficiently through the change of light. When the incident wave changes, various discrete data are transmitted to the FPGA. Then the FPGA performs the corresponding voltage distribution to control the state of the PIN diode. Finally, different metasurface coding sequences are generated to realize different electromagnetic functions. As a result, the spatial distribution of sensing light by sensors can be used to determine the electromagnetic field and connect sensing optical information with the microwave field. The simulation and measured results show that this design is feasible. This work provides a dimension for electromagnetic waves modulation.
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Zhang XG, Sun YL, Zhu B, Jiang WX, Yu Q, Tian HW, Qiu CW, Zhang Z, Cui TJ. A metasurface-based light-to-microwave transmitter for hybrid wireless communications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:126. [PMID: 35513383 PMCID: PMC9072331 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Signal conversion plays an important role in many applications such as communication, sensing, and imaging. Realizing signal conversion between optical and microwave frequencies is a crucial step to construct hybrid communication systems that combine both optical and microwave wireless technologies to achieve better features, which are highly desirable in the future wireless communications. However, such a signal conversion process typically requires a complicated relay to perform multiple operations, which will consume additional hardware/time/energy resources. Here, we report a light-to-microwave transmitter based on the time-varying and programmable metasurface integrated with a high-speed photoelectric detection circuit into a hybrid. Such a transmitter can convert a light intensity signal to two microwave binary frequency shift keying signals by using the dispersion characteristics of the metasurface to implement the frequency division multiplexing. To illustrate the metasurface-based transmitter, a hybrid wireless communication system that allows dual-channel data transmissions in a light-to-microwave link is demonstrated, and the experimental results show that two different videos can be transmitted and received simultaneously and independently. Our metasurface-enabled signal conversion solution may enrich the functionalities of metasurfaces, and could also stimulate new information-oriented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingcheng Zhu
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Zaichen Zhang
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
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Wang H, Yu Y, Zeng R, Sun B, Yang W. Actively tunable toroidal response in microwave metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:13320-13330. [PMID: 35472947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toroidal dipole moment has attracted much attention in recent years due to their novel electromagnetic response such as non-reciprocal interactions and unusual low-radiating manifestations. However, most of the previously reported toroidal dipole moment are incapable of real-time control of direction and intensity. In this paper, an actively tunable toroidal metamaterials are proposed to achieve programmable toroidal dipole manipulations with electric control. The intensity and direction of toroidal dipole can be sensitively regulated by electrically controlling the loaded diodes. Our proof-of-concept experiments show that the toroidal dipole could be dynamically switched to the electric and magnetic dipole. Meantime, the direction of toroidal dipole also could be controlled. Experimental and numerical results, in good agreement, demonstrate good performance of the proposed toroidal metamaterials, with potential applications in modulators, sensors, and filters.
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14
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Hong YH, Hsu WC, Tsai WC, Huang YW, Chen SC, Kuo HC. Ultracompact Nanophotonics: Light Emission and Manipulation with Metasurfaces. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:41. [PMID: 35366127 PMCID: PMC8976740 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is prosperous for the betterment of human well-being. With the expeditious needs of miniature functional devices and systems for adaptive optics and light manipulation at will, relevant sensing techniques are thus in the urgent stage of development. Extensive developments in ultrathin artificial structures, namely metasurfaces, are paving the way for the next-generation devices. A bunch of tunable and reconfigurable metasurfaces with diversified catalogs of mechanisms have been developed recently, enabling dynamic light modulation on demand. On the other hand, monolithic integration of metasurfaces and light-emitting sources form ultracompact meta-devices as well as exhibiting desired functionalities. Photon-matter interaction provides revolution in more compact meta-devices, manipulating light directly at the source. This study presents an outlook on this merging paradigm for ultracompact nanophotonics with metasurfaces, also known as metaphotonics. Recent advances in the field hold great promise for the novel photonic devices with light emission and manipulation in simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Hong
- Semiconductor Research Center, Hon Hai Research Institute, Taipei, 11492 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Hsu
- Semiconductor Research Center, Hon Hai Research Institute, Taipei, 11492 Taiwan
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010 Taiwan
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chen Chen
- Semiconductor Research Center, Hon Hai Research Institute, Taipei, 11492 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chung Kuo
- Semiconductor Research Center, Hon Hai Research Institute, Taipei, 11492 Taiwan
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010 Taiwan
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15
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Wang X, Han J, Tian S, Xia D, Li L, Cui TJ. Amplification and Manipulation of Nonlinear Electromagnetic Waves and Enhanced Nonreciprocity using Transmissive Space-Time-Coding Metasurface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105960. [PMID: 35142443 PMCID: PMC9008792 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel amplifier-based transmissive space-time-coding metasurface is presented to realize strongly nonlinear controls of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and frequency domains, which can manipulate the propagation directions and adjust enhancements of nonlinear harmonic waves and break the Lorenz reciprocity due to the nonreciprocity of unilateral power amplifiers. By cascading the power amplifier between patches placed on two sides of the metasurface, the metasurface can transmit the spatial EM waves in the forward direction while blocking it in the backward direction. Two status of power amplifier biased at the standard working voltage and zero voltage are represented as codes "1" and "0," respectively. By periodically setting adequate code sequences and proportions in the temporal dimension, according to the space-time coding strategy, the amplitudes and phases of the harmonic transmission coefficients can be adjusted in a programmable way. A metasurface prototype is fabricated and measured in the microwave frequency to validate the concept and feasibility. The experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions and numerical simulations. The proposed metasurface can achieve controllable harmonic power enhancements for flexibly configuring the power intensities in space, which enlarge and manipulate the quality of transmitting signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Jiaqi Han
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Shuncheng Tian
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Dexiao Xia
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of High‐Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic EngineeringXidian UniversityXi'an710071China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space and the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Electrothermally tunable terahertz cross-shaped metamaterial for opto-logic operation characteristics. iScience 2022; 25:104072. [PMID: 35355519 PMCID: PMC8958362 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a metamaterial design by integrating a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) electrothermal actuator (ETA) platform and a cross-shaped metamaterial (CSM) to perform opto-logic function characteristics. Reconfigurable and stretchable mechanisms of CSM are achieved by driving different DC bias voltages on ETA to improve the limitations induced by the conventional use of the flexible substrate. The optical responses of CSM are tunable by the electrical signals inputs. By driving a DC bias voltage of 0.20 V, a tuning range of CSM is 0.54 THz is obtained and it and provides perfect zero-transmission characteristics. In addition, the “XNOR” logic gate function of CSM is realized at 1.20 THz, which plays a key role in the all opto-logic network communication system. The proposed MEMS-based CSM exhibits potential applications in logical operation, signal modulation, optical switching, THz imaging, and so on. MEMS-based metamaterial is used to perform the opto-logic function When driving a DC bias voltage of 0.20 V, the tuning range is 0.54 THz “XNOR” logic gate function can be realized at 1.20 THz
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17
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Yang J, Gurung S, Bej S, Ni P, Howard Lee HW. Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:036101. [PMID: 35244609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spatial/spectral/temporal responses) and early-stage device functions (e.g., beam steering, tunable focusing, tunable color filters/absorber, dynamic hologram, etc) based on a variety of novel active materials and tunable mechanisms. These recently-developed active metasurfaces show significant promise for practical applications, but significant challenges still remain. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recently-reported tunable metasurfaces is provided which focuses on the ten major tunable metasurface mechanisms. For each type of mechanism, the performance metrics on the reported tunable metasurface are outlined, and the capabilities/limitations of each mechanism and its potential for various photonic applications are compared and summarized. This review concludes with discussion of several prospective applications, emerging technologies, and research directions based on the use of tunable optical metasurfaces. We anticipate significant new advances when the tunable mechanisms are further developed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Sudip Gurung
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Bej
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Peinan Ni
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
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18
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Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wang W, Chen D, Wei X, Li J, Huang Y, Wen G. Research on the reflection-type ELC-based optomechanical metamaterial. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5498-5511. [PMID: 35209511 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new kind of optomechanical metamaterial based on a planar ELC-type absorbing structure fabricated on the low-loss flexible substrate. The nonlinear coupling mechanism and nonlinear response phenomenon of the proposed optomechanical metamaterial driven by electromagnetic induced force are analyzed theoretically. The mechanical deformation/displacement and the mechanical resonance frequency shift of the metamaterial unit deposed on the flexible substrate are also numerically and experimentally demonstrated to reveal the coupling phenomenon of electromagnetic field and mechanical field. These results will help researchers to further understand the multi-physics interactions of optomechanical metamaterials and will promote the developments of new type of metasurface for high-efficiency dynamic electromagnetic wave controlling and formatting.
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19
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Liu J, Xiao L, Li X, Xiao B. Electromagnetic wave beam manipulator based on an all-dielectric THz coding metasurface. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:11034-11041. [PMID: 35201091 DOI: 10.1364/ao.441153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we proposed an all-dielectric THz coding metasurface that can effectively manipulate electromagnetic waves. This structure was composed of sub-wavelength coding units with different reflection phases. The encoding unit is composed of a rectangular base with a cross dielectric column. Different encodings were designed by changing the thickness of the X arm of the dielectric column. We designed a variety of coding modes and implemented the modulation of the number of far-field reflection beams and the angle of reflection direction at 0.85 THz by 1- and 2-bit coding. Our theoretical calculations and numerical simulations of the structure suggested that the far-field scattering obtained by full-wave simulation matched the theoretical calculation when the incident direction of electromagnetic wave was perpendicular to the metasurface. We chose all-dielectric materials to design the coding unit due to the low cost, strong corrosion resistance, and low internal electromagnetic loss. As a result, the all-dielectric materials avoided the serious internal loss of metal materials and demonstrated the flexibility to regulate the reflected beam in the THz band to realize abnormal refraction and beam splitting.
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20
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Hu H, Li Y, Gao T, Yan S, Wu S, Bandaru S, Zheng Y, Qin G, Zhang X. Sulfur-doped wood-derived porous carbon for optimizing electromagnetic response performance. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16084-16093. [PMID: 34549749 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bio-mass materials have been selected as one of the advanced electromagnetic (EM) functional materials due to their natural porous framework for dynamically and flexibly optimizing the EM response property. Herein, we demonstrate sulfur-doped wood-derived porous carbon EM materials (SPC) for optimizing the EM response performance via the coupling between doped heterostructures and the original 3D microchannels. The experimental results reveal that both the dielectric loss capacity and interfacial impedance matching could be increased by the sulfur-doped heterostructures. By tailoring the sulfur content, the microwave absorption (normalized RLmin) of SPC could be optimized to -15.90 dB mm-1, while the effective absorption bandwidth (EABRL≤-10 dB) could cover the K band. Moreover, the shielding effectiveness of SPC can be enhanced from 10 dB to 30 dB with the assistance of water, ascribed to the super-wettability performance. This present study provides a novel strategy to further optimize the EM response performance of wood-derived materials, and meanwhile could be widely extended to other bio-mass absorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Hu
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yixing Li
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Siyu Yan
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Shiting Wu
- Institute of Advanced Magnetic Materials, College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
| | - Sateesh Bandaru
- Institute of Advanced Magnetic Materials, College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Gaowu Qin
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
- Institute of Advanced Magnetic Materials, College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310012, P. R. China
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21
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Luo S, Hao J, Ye F, Li J, Ruan Y, Cui H, Liu W, Chen L. Evolution of the Electromagnetic Manipulation: From Tunable to Programmable and Intelligent Metasurfaces. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:988. [PMID: 34442610 PMCID: PMC8399928 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Looking back on the development of metamaterials in the past 20 years, metamaterials have gradually developed from three-dimensional complex electromagnetic structures to a two-dimensional metasurface with a low profile, during which a series of subversive achievements have been produced. The form of electromagnetic manipulation of the metasurface has evolved from passive to active tunable, programmable, and other dynamic and real-time controllable forms. In particular, the proposal of coding and programmable metasurfaces endows metasurfaces with new vitality. By describing metamaterials through binary code, the digital world and the physical world are connected, and the research of metasurfaces also steps into a new era of digitalization. However, the function switch of traditional programmable metamaterials cannot be achieved without human instruction and control. In order to achieve richer and more flexible function regulation and even higher level metasurface design, the intelligence of metamaterials is an important direction in its future development. In this paper, we review the development of tunable, programmable, and intelligent metasurfaces over the past 5 years, focusing on basic concepts, working principles, design methods, manufacturing, and experimental validation. Firstly, several manipulation modes of tunable metasurfaces are discussed; in particular, the metasurfaces based on temperature control, mechanical control, and electrical control are described in detail. It is demonstrated that the amplitude and phase responses can be flexibly manipulated by the tunable metasurfaces. Then, the concept, working principle, and design method of digital coding metasurfaces are briefly introduced. At the same time, we introduce the active programmable metasurfaces from the following aspects, such as structure, coding method, and three-dimensional far-field results, to show the excellent electromagnetic manipulation ability of programmable metasurfaces. Finally, the basic concepts and research status of intelligent metasurfaces are discussed in detail. Different from the previous programmable metamaterials, which must be controlled by human intervention, the new intelligent metamaterials control system will realize autonomous perception, autonomous decision-making, and even adaptive functional manipulation to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Luo
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Jianjiao Hao
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Fuju Ye
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Ying Ruan
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Haoyang Cui
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Finemade Microelectronics, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; (S.L.); (J.H.); (F.Y.); (J.L.); (Y.R.); (H.C.)
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22
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Yu Q, Zheng YN, Gu Z, Liu J, Liang YC, Li LZ, Zhang XG, Jiang WX. Self-adaptive metasurface platform based on computer vision. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3520-3523. [PMID: 34329214 DOI: 10.1364/ol.427527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Programmable metasurfaces allow real-time electromagnetic (EM) manipulation in a digital manner, showing great potential to construct advanced multifunctional EM devices. However, the current programmable metasurfaces typically need human participation to achieve various EM functions. In this Letter, we propose, design, and construct a self-adaptive metasurface platform that can achieve beam control automatically based on image recognition. Such a platform is composed of a metasurface with 36×36 active units, a single-board computer, and two independent cameras that can detect the position of the objects. The single-board computer, Raspberry Pi, is used to calculate the information of the objects and generate the coding sequences to control the digital metasurface based on a low complexity binocular localization algorithm. Such a smart metasurface platform can generate different beams according to the location of the receiver and can be used as intelligent antennas in future communications and radars.
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23
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Zhang XG, Sun YL, Yu Q, Cheng Q, Jiang WX, Qiu CW, Cui TJ. Smart Doppler Cloak Operating in Broad Band and Full Polarizations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007966. [PMID: 33851447 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invisibility cloaks, a class of attractive devices that can hide objects from external observers, have become practical reality owing to the advent of metamaterials. In previous cloaking schemes, almost all demonstrated cloaks are time-invariant and are investigated in the system that is motionless, and hence they are limited to hide stationary objects. In addition, the current cloaks are typically static or require manual operation to achieve dynamic cloaking. Here, a smart Doppler cloak operating in broadband and full polarizations is reported, which consists of a time-modulated reflective metasurface and a sensing-feedback time-varying electronic control system. Experimental results show that the smart Doppler cloak is able to respond self-adaptively and rapidly to the ever-changing velocity of moving objects and then cancel different Doppler shifts in real time, without any human intervention. Moreover, the wideband and polarization-insensitive features enable the cloak to be more robust and practical. To illustrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, the smart Doppler cloak is measured in three scenarios with two different groups of linearly-polarized incidences at 3.3 and 4.9 GHz, and one group circularly-polarized incidences at 6.0 GHz, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ya Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Huang C, Yang J, Ji C, Yuan L, Luo X. Graphene-Driven Metadevice for Active Microwave Camouflage with High-Efficiency Transmission Window. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000918. [PMID: 34927886 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The general method to achieve electromagnetic (EM) invisibility is to use absorbing materials that can reduce the backscattering microwave signals. However, they will influence the transmission of useful signals, and their passive operation mode also blocks the realization of active camouflage systems. Here, the authors propose an electrically tunable metadevice which can dynamically manipulate the reflection magnitude and realize high-efficiency transmission at two distinctive frequency bands. Such a metadevice is driven by graphene sandwich structure integrated with multi-layer metasurface. By electrically controlling the sheet resistance of graphene, the authors have experimentally verified that the metadevice can tune the reflection magnitude from -5 to -20 dB over a wide frequency band of 5-15 GHz, and meanwhile realize a high transparent EM window with 3-dB transmission band covering from 23 to 25 GHz. The operation mechanism is discussed by examining the electric field distribution and also employing an equivalent circuit model to analyze the input impedance. Furthermore, using the developed metadevice, the authors still demonstrate its dynamical camouflaging performance and application potential as an antenna radome by experiment. The finding in this study is expected to trigger great interest in adaptive camouflage, stealth radome, and multifunctional EM manipulation fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Liming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 350, Chengdu, 610209, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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25
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Ahmed R, Butt H. Strain-Multiplex Metalens Array for Tunable Focusing and Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003394. [PMID: 33643805 PMCID: PMC7887606 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses on a flexible template are engineered metal-dielectric interfaces that improve conventional imaging system and offer dynamic focusing and zooming capabilities by controlling the focal length and bandwidth through a mechanical or external stretch. However, realizing large-scale and cost-effective flexible metalenses with high yields in a strain-multiplex fashion remains as a great challenge. Here, single-pulsed, maskless light interference and imprinting technique is utilized to fabricate reconfigurable, flexible metalenses on a large-scale and demonstrate its strain-multiplex tunable focusing. Experiments, in accordance with the theory, show that applied stretch on the flexible-template reconfigurable diffractive metalenses (FDMLs) accurately mapped focused wavefront, bandwidth, and focal length. The surface relief metastructures consisted of metal-coated hemispherical cavities in a hexagonal close-packed arrangement to enhance tunable focal length, numerical aperture, and fill factor, FF ≈ 100% through normal and angular light illumination with external stretch. The strain-multiplex of FDMLs approach lays the foundation of a new class of large-scale, cost-effective metalens offering tunable light focusing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Ahmed
- School of EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
- Stanford School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304United States
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKhalifa UniversityAbu DhabiP.O. 127788UAE
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26
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Gavdush AA, Chernomyrdin NV, Lavrukhin DV, Cao Y, Komandin GA, Spektor IE, Perov AN, Dolganova IN, Katyba GM, Kurlov VN, Ponomarev DS, Skorobogatiy M, Reshetov IV, Zaytsev KI. Proof of concept for continuously-tunable terahertz bandpass filter based on a gradient metal-hole array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:26228-26238. [PMID: 32906899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A continuously-tunable terahertz (THz) bandpass filter based on the resonant electromagnetic-wave transmission through a metal-hole array featuring a gradually changing period was developed and fabricated on a silicon substrate using optical lithography. A gradient geometry of the metal-hole array yields a wide tunability of the filter transmission, when operating with a focussed THz beam. The filter was studied numerically, using the finite element method, and experimentally, using the THz pulsed spectroscopy. We find that the central wavelength of the filter transmission band can be tuned in the wide range of λc = 400-800 μm with the relative bandwidth of Δλ/λc ≃ ~0.4. Finally, Kapton-based anti-reflection coating was applied to the filter flat side, in order to suppress an interference pattern in the filter transmission spectrum. We believe that the developed filter holds strong potential for multispectral THz imaging and sensing due to its conceptual simplicity and case of operation. Moreover, the presented filter concept can be translated to other spectral ranges, where appropriate technologies are available for the fabrication of gradient sub-wavelength metal-hole arrays.
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Cui TJ, Li L, Liu S, Ma Q, Zhang L, Wan X, Jiang WX, Cheng Q. Information Metamaterial Systems. iScience 2020; 23:101403. [PMID: 32777776 PMCID: PMC7415848 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamaterials have great capabilities and flexibilities in controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves because their subwavelength meta-atoms can be designed and tailored in desired ways. However, once the structure-only metamaterials (i.e., passive metamaterials) are fabricated, their functions will be fixed. To control the EM waves dynamically, active devices are integrated into the meta-atoms, yielding active metamaterials. Traditionally, the active metamaterials include tunable metamaterials and reconfigurable metamaterials, which have either small-range tunability or a few numbers of reconfigurability. Recently, a special kind of active metamaterials, digital coding and programmable metamaterials, have been presented, which can realize a large number of distinct functionalities and switch them in real time with the aid of field programmable gate array (FPGA). More importantly, the digital coding representations of metamaterials make it possible to bridge the digital world and physical world using the metamaterial platform and make the metamaterials process digital information directly, resulting in information metamaterials. In this review article, we firstly introduce the evolution of metamaterials and then present the concepts and basic principles of digital coding metamaterials and information metamaterials. With more details, we discuss a series of information metamaterial systems, including the programmable metamaterial systems, software metamaterial systems, intelligent metamaterial systems, and space-time-coding metamaterial systems. Finally, we introduce the current progress and predict the future trends of information metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Lianlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Yan X, Zhang Z, Gao J, Liang L, Yang M, Guo X, Li J, Li Y, Wei D, Wang M, Wang X, Zong M, Ye Y, Song X, Zhang H, Yao J. Graphene-bridged topological network metamaterials with perfect modulation applied to dynamic cloaking and meta-sensing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:22064-22075. [PMID: 32752474 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfect state transfer of the bus topological system enables the sharing of information or excitation between nodes. Herein we report groundbreaking research on the transfer of the graphene-bridged bus topological network structure to an electromagnetic metamaterial setting, named "bus topological network metamaterials (TNMMs)." Correspondingly, the electromagnetic response imprints onto the topological excitation. We find that the bus-TNMMs display a perfect modulation of the terahertz response. The blue-shift of resonance frequency could increase to as large as 1075 GHz. The modulation sensitivity of the bus-TNMMs reaches 1027 GHz/Fermi level unit (FLU). Meanwhile, with the enhancement of modulation, the line shape of the reflection keeps underformed. Parabola, ExpDec1, and Asymptotic models are used to estimate the modulation of the resonance frequency. Besides, the bus-TNMMs system provides a fascinating platform for dynamic cloaking. By governing the Fermi level of graphene, the bus-TNMMs can decide whether it is cloaking or not in a bandwidth of 500 GHz. Also, the bus-TNMMs exhibit the immense potential for dynamically detecting the vibrational fingerprinting of an analyte. These results give a far-reaching outlook for steering dynamically the terahertz response with the bus-TNMMs. Therefore, we believe that the discovery of bus-TNMMs will revolutionize our understanding of the modulation of the electromagnetic response.
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Sun YL, Zhang XG, Yu Q, Jiang WX, Cui TJ. Infrared-controlled programmable metasurface. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:883-888. [PMID: 36747420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmable metasurface enables controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves in real time. By programming the states of active device embedded in metasurface element, the EM properties of the digital metasurface can be changed quickly without redesigning their structures. However, large numbers of long-distance wires are required to connect the programmable metasurface to provide the coded signals from field programmable gate array (FPGA) when controlling the metasurface at a long distance, which is complicated and inconvenient. Here, we propose an infrared-controlled programmable metasurface that can be programmed remotely. The infrared transceiver is able to switch the coding sequences stored in the FPGA controller, thus controlling the voltage on the varactors integrated in the metasurface. Experiment is performed at microwave frequencies, and the measured results verify that the scattering beams of the metasurface sample can be changed remotely by using infrared ray. The proposed infrared-controlled programmable metasurface opens up avenues for constructing a new class of remotely-tuning dynamic metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Tie-Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Zhang XG, Yu Q, Jiang WX, Sun YL, Bai L, Wang Q, Qiu C, Cui TJ. Polarization-Controlled Dual-Programmable Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903382. [PMID: 32537403 PMCID: PMC7284210 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Programmable metasurfaces allow dynamic and real-time control of electromagnetic (EM) waves in subwavelength resolution, holding extraordinary potentials to establish meta-systems. Achieving independent and real-time controls of orthogonally-polarized EM waves via the programmable metasurface is attractive for many applications, but remains considerably challenging. Here, a polarization-controlled dual-programmable metasurface (PDPM) with modular control circuits is proposed, which enables a dibit encoding capability in modifying the phase profiles of x- and y-polarized waves individually. The constructed extended interface circuit is able to extend the number of control interfaces from a field programmable gate array by orders of magnitude and also possesses memory function, which enhance hugely the rewritability, scalability, reliability, and stability of PDPM. As a proof-of-concept, a wave-based exclusive-OR logic gate platform for spin control of circularly-polarized waves, a fixed-frequency wide-angle dual-beam scanning system, and a dual-polarized shared-aperture antenna are demonstrated using a single PDPM. The proposed PDPM opens up avenues for realizing more advanced and integrated multifunctional devices and systems that have two independent polarization-controlled signal channels, which may find many applications in future-oriented intelligent communication, imaging, and computing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Ya Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Lin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Cheng‐Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119620Singapore
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesSchool of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Liu GY, Li L, Han JQ, Liu HX, Gao XH, Shi Y, Cui TJ. Frequency-Domain and Spatial-Domain Reconfigurable Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23554-23564. [PMID: 32338501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recently proposed digital reconfigurable metasurfaces make it possible to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves flexibly. However, most existing reconfigurable metasurfaces can only exhibit a relatively single performance in the spatial domain. Here, we propose a general frequency- and spatial-domain reconfigurable metasurface (FSRM) that can manipulate the EM waves and realize reconfigurable functions in multifrequency bands. In the frequency domain, FSRM can convert different linearly polarized (LP) incident waves into left- and right-hand circularly polarized reflected waves, in which PIN diodes are used to switch the polarization conversions in different frequency bands. When the polarization direction of the incident LP wave is 45° from the +x-axis, the FSRM modulates the incident waves as a 1-bit programmable metasurface in the spatial domain. Two-dimensional beam scanning, vortex beams with orbital angular momentums, and specific beams with desired transmission directions are demonstrated via real-time adjustment of the digital coding state. To validate the modulation methodology, an FSRM prototype is fabricated and measured, which could respond to different functions for different polarization incidences. The measured results agree well with the theoretical analyses. The proposed FSRM will provide new opportunities for smart material designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jia Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Hai Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Xiao He Gao
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of High Speed Circuit Design and EMC of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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Xiao B, Zhang Y, Tong S, Yu J, Xiao L. Novel tunable graphene-encoded metasurfaces on an uneven substrate for beam-steering in far-field at the terahertz frequencies. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7125-7138. [PMID: 32225947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel tunable graphene coding metasurface structure using a circular graphene patch on an uneven substrate. By changing the Fermi level of graphene or the thickness of the substrate, we can achieve obvious phase variation. Firstly, we put forward two construction methods of 1-bit coding metasurface based on this mechanism. The first method is to change the thickness of the substrate when the Fermi levels of the two-unit cells are the same, so that the two-unit cells exhibit different digital states of '0' and '1'. Furthermore, we change the working frequency band in real-time by switching the Fermi level from 0.05 eV to 0.85 eV. The second method is to change the Fermi level of graphene on the two-unit cells when the physical structure is fixed, so that the two-unit cells exhibit different digital states of '0' and '1'. In this case, we can achieve the regulation of the direction and number of far-field reflected waves in the frequency range of 2.65 THz ∼ 2.85THz. Then, to obtain a single beam of reflected waves deviating from the normal direction, we create a 2-bit method in combination with two 1-bit construction methods. At 1.9 THz, the four-cell structures have a phase difference of approximately 90° and the same reflection coefficient. We also set several coding modes to analyse the control of the reflected wave on the 2-bit coding metasurface. Finally, we realized the real-time regulation of the reflected wave in eight directions from 0° to 360° by controlling the Fermi level of the graphene. Therefore, this article proposes a potentially effective approach to the design of functional devices for beam splitting and beam deflection.
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Wang Q, Zhang XG, Tian HW, Jiang WX, Bao D, Jiang HL, Luo ZJ, Wu LT, Cui TJ. Millimeter‐Wave Digital Coding Metasurfaces Based on Nematic Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Han Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Di Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Hao Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Zhang Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Li Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast University Nanjing 210096 China
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He Q, Sun S, Zhou L. Tunable/Reconfigurable Metasurfaces: Physics and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 2019:1849272. [PMID: 31549047 PMCID: PMC6750114 DOI: 10.34133/2019/1849272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, ultrathin metamaterials constructed by planar meta-atoms with tailored electromagnetic (EM) responses, have attracted tremendous attention due to their exotic abilities to freely control EM waves. With active elements incorporated into metasurface designs, one can realize tunable and/or reconfigurable metadevices with functionalities controlled by external stimuli, opening a new platform to dynamically manipulate EM waves. In this article, we briefly review recent progress on tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces, focusing on their working mechanisms and practical applications. We first describe available approaches, categorized into different classes based on external stimuli applied, to realize homogeneous tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces, which can offer uniform manipulations on EM waves. We next summarize recent achievements on inhomogeneous tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces with constitutional meta-atoms locally tuned by external knobs, which can dynamically control the wave-fronts of EM waves. We conclude this review by presenting our own perspectives on possible future directions and existing challenges in this fast developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Green Photonics and Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Zhang XG, Jiang WX, Tian HW, Cui TJ. Controlling Radiation Beams by Low-Profile Planar Antenna Arrays with Coding Elements. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10601-10611. [PMID: 31459183 PMCID: PMC6645525 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Beam diversity enables antenna arrays to play important roles in radar, communications, imaging, and next-generation wireless systems. However, achieving flexible control of beams in a low-cost way is still very challenging. Here, we propose low-profile planar antenna arrays with coding elements to control and engineer radiation patterns more freely and flexibly. The proposed planar antenna array consists of binary radiating elements which are characterized by digital codes "0" and "1". By designing spatial coding patterns of the radiating elements, multifarious functionalities can be well realized, such as beam splitting, beam scanning, and beam deflection. More importantly, coding metasurfaces can be properly arranged around the digital radiating elements to reduce the radar cross section of the antenna, while the radiation performance is well preserved. The low-profile, high-gain, lightweight digital antenna arrays are verified numerically and experimentally in the microwave band. The proposed digital coding planar antenna arrays derive a new paradigm to control the radiation patterns in low-overhead and advanced digital design fashions and offer promising applications in multitasked and intelligent antenna devices and new information systems.
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