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Park B, Jeong C, Ok J, Kim TI. Materials and Structural Designs toward Motion Artifact-Free Bioelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6148-6197. [PMID: 38690686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics encompassing electronic components and circuits for accessing human information play a vital role in real-time and continuous monitoring of biophysiological signals of electrophysiology, mechanical physiology, and electrochemical physiology. However, mechanical noise, particularly motion artifacts, poses a significant challenge in accurately detecting and analyzing target signals. While software-based "postprocessing" methods and signal filtering techniques have been widely employed, challenges such as signal distortion, major requirement of accurate models for classification, power consumption, and data delay inevitably persist. This review presents an overview of noise reduction strategies in bioelectronics, focusing on reducing motion artifacts and improving the signal-to-noise ratio through hardware-based approaches such as "preprocessing". One of the main stress-avoiding strategies is reducing elastic mechanical energies applied to bioelectronics to prevent stress-induced motion artifacts. Various approaches including strain-compliance, strain-resistance, and stress-damping techniques using unique materials and structures have been explored. Future research should optimize materials and structure designs, establish stable processes and measurement methods, and develop techniques for selectively separating and processing overlapping noises. Ultimately, these advancements will contribute to the development of more reliable and effective bioelectronics for healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Yang F, Liu D, Lu G, Li S, Wei Z, Shen X, Jiang Z, Zhao Y, Pang Q, Song B, Shi Z, Shafique S, Zhou K, Chen X, Su W, Jian J, Tang K, Liu T, Zhu Y. Flexible Organic Photovoltaic-Powered Hydrogel Bioelectronic Dressing With Biomimetic Electrical Stimulation for Healing Infected Diabetic Wounds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307746. [PMID: 38145346 PMCID: PMC10933690 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) is proposed as a therapeutic solution for managing chronic wounds. However, its widespread clinical adoption is limited by the requirement of additional extracorporeal devices to power ES-based wound dressings. In this study, a novel sandwich-structured photovoltaic microcurrent hydrogel dressing (PMH dressing) is designed for treating diabetic wounds. This innovative dressing comprises flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, a flexible micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) electrode, and a multifunctional hydrogel serving as an electrode-tissue interface. The PMH dressing is engineered to administer ES, mimicking the physiological injury current occurring naturally in wounds when exposed to light; thus, facilitating wound healing. In vitro experiments are performed to validate the PMH dressing's exceptional biocompatibility and robust antibacterial properties. In vivo experiments and proteomic analysis reveal that the proposed PMH dressing significantly accelerates the healing of infected diabetic wounds by enhancing extracellular matrix regeneration, eliminating bacteria, regulating inflammatory responses, and modulating vascular functions. Therefore, the PMH dressing is a potent, versatile, and effective solution for diabetic wound care, paving the way for advancements in wireless ES wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Wei Hu
- Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
- Orthopaedic Oncology Center of Changzheng HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200003P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Heng Wang
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Ding‐Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Xiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Xiang Shen
- The Research Institute of Advanced TechnologiesNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Zhuang‐De Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Fan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Qian Pang
- Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Bai‐Yang Song
- Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Ze‐Wen Shi
- Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Shareen Shafique
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and TechnologyThe Chinese University of Hong Kong ShenzhenShenzhen518172P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Lian Chen
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano‐Device and Materials DivisionSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsNano Chinese Academy of SciencesSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Ming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Center & Nano‐Device and Materials DivisionSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsNano Chinese Academy of SciencesSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Wen Jian
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Ke‐Qi Tang
- Institute of Mass SpectrometrySchool of Material Science and Chemical EngineeringNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
| | - Tie‐Long Liu
- Orthopaedic Oncology Center of Changzheng HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200003P. R. China
| | - Ya‐Bin Zhu
- Health Science CenterNingbo UniversityNingbo315211P. R. China
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Kumar S, Seo Y. Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrodes: Unveiling Growth Mechanisms, Material Dimensions, Fabrication Methods, and Design Strategies. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300908. [PMID: 37821417 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive electrodes (FTCEs) constitute an indispensable component in state-of-the-art electronic devices, such as wearable flexible sensors, flexible displays, artificial skin, and biomedical devices, etc. This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of the fabrication techniques, growth modes, material dimensions, design, and their impacts on FTCEs fabrication. The growth modes, such as the "Stranski-Krastanov growth," "Frank-van der Merwe growth," and "Volmer-Weber growth" modes provide flexibility in fabricating FTCEs. Application of different materials including 0D, 1D, 2D, polymer composites, conductive oxides, and hybrid materials in FTCE fabrication, emphasizing their suitability in flexible devices are discussed. This review also delves into the design strategies of FTCEs, including microgrids, nanotroughs, nanomesh, nanowires network, and "kirigami"-inspired patterns, etc. The pros and cons associated with these materials and designs are also addressed appropriately. Considerations such as trade-offs between electrical conductivity and optical transparency or "figure of merit (FoM)," "strain engineering," "work function," and "haze" are also discussed briefly. Finally, this review outlines the challenges and opportunities in the current and future development of FTCEs for flexible electronics, including the improved trade-offs between optoelectronic parameters, novel materials development, mechanical stability, reproducibility, scalability, and durability enhancement, safety, biocompatibility, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yongho Seo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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4
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Shu J, Wang J, Li Z, Tong KYR. Effects of Slit Edge Notches on Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PA12 Nylon Kirigami Specimens. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3082. [PMID: 37514471 PMCID: PMC10383772 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirigami structures, a Japanese paper-cutting art form, has been widely adopted in engineering design, including robotics, biomedicine, energy harvesting, and sensing. This study investigated the effects of slit edge notches on the mechanical properties, particularly the tensile stiffness, of 3D-printed PA12 nylon kirigami specimens. Thirty-five samples were designed with various notch sizes and shapes and printed using a commercial 3D printer with multi-jet fusion (MJF) technique. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to determine the mechanical properties of the samples computationally. The results showed that the stiffness of the kirigami samples is positively correlated with the number of edges in the notch shape and quadratically negatively correlated with the notch area of the samples. The mathematical relationship between the stretching tensile stiffness of the samples and their notch area was established and explained from an energy perspective. The relationship established in this study can help fine-tune the stiffness of kirigami-inspired structures without altering the primary parameters of kirigami samples. With the rapid fabrication method (e.g., 3D printing technique), the kirigami samples with suitable mechanical properties can be potentially applied to planar springs for hinge structures or energy-absorbing/harvesting structures. These findings will provide valuable insights into the development and optimization of kirigami-inspired structures for various applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kai-Yu Raymond Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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5
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Ping B, Zhou G, Zhang Z, Guo R. Liquid metal enabled conformal electronics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1118812. [PMID: 36815876 PMCID: PMC9935617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1118812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of three-dimensional common electronics that can be directly pasted on arbitrary surfaces in the fields of human health monitoring, intelligent robots and wearable electronic devices has aroused people's interest, especially in achieving stable adhesion of electronic devices on biological dynamic three-dimensional interfaces and high-quality signal acquisition. In recent years, liquid metal (LM) materials have been widely used in the manufacture of flexible sensors and wearable electronic devices because of their excellent tensile properties and electrical conductivity at room temperature. In addition, LM has good biocompatibility and can be used in a variety of biomedical applications. Here, the recent development of LM flexible electronic printing methods for the fabrication of three-dimensional conformal electronic devices on the surface of human tissue is discussed. These printing methods attach LM to the deformable substrate in the form of bulk or micro-nano particles, so that electronic devices can adapt to the deformation of human tissue and other three-dimensional surfaces, and maintain stable electrical properties. Representative examples of applications such as self-healing devices, degradable devices, flexible hybrid electronic devices, variable stiffness devices and multi-layer large area circuits are reviewed. The current challenges and prospects for further development are also discussed.
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6
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Zhao Z, Liu K, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu Y. Intrinsically flexible displays: key materials and devices. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac090. [PMID: 35711242 PMCID: PMC9197576 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous progress in flexible electronics is bringing more convenience and comfort to human lives. In this field, interconnection and novel display applications are acknowledged as important future directions. However, it is a huge scientific and technical challenge to develop intrinsically flexible displays due to the limited size and shape of the display panel. To address this conundrum, it is crucial to develop intrinsically flexible electrode materials, semiconductor materials and dielectric materials, as well as the relevant flexible transistor drivers and display panels. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in this field from seven aspects: background and concept, intrinsically flexible electrode materials, intrinsically flexible organic semiconductors and dielectric materials for organic thin film transistors (OTFTs), intrinsically flexible organic emissive semiconductors for electroluminescent devices, and OTFT-driven electroluminescent devices for intrinsically flexible displays. Finally, some suggestions and prospects for the future development of intrinsically flexible displays are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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7
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Brooks AK, Chakravarty S, Ali M, Yadavalli VK. Kirigami-Inspired Biodesign for Applications in Healthcare. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109550. [PMID: 35073433 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically flexible and conformable materials and integrated devices have found diverse applications in personalized healthcare as diagnostics and therapeutics, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine constructs, surgical tools, secure systems, and assistive technologies. In order to impart optimal mechanical properties to the (bio)materials used in these applications, various strategies have been explored-from composites to structural engineering. In recent years, geometric cuts inspired by the art of paper-cutting, referred to as kirigami, have provided innovative opportunities for conferring precise mechanical properties via material removal. Kirigami-based approaches have been used for device design in areas ranging from soft bioelectronics to energy storage. In this review, the principles of kirigami-inspired engineering specifically for biomedical applications are discussed. Factors pertinent to their design, including cut geometry, materials, and fabrication, and the effect these parameters have on their properties and configurations are covered. Examples of kirigami designs in healthcare are presented, such as, various form factors of sensors (on skin, wearable), implantable devices, therapeutics, surgical procedures, and cellular scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Finally, the challenges and future scope for the successful translation of these biodesign concepts to broader deployment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Katherine Brooks
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Sudesna Chakravarty
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Maryam Ali
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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8
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Balakrishnan G, Song J, Mou C, Bettinger CJ. Recent Progress in Materials Chemistry to Advance Flexible Bioelectronics in Medicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106787. [PMID: 34751987 PMCID: PMC8917047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Designing bioelectronic devices that seamlessly integrate with the human body is a technological pursuit of great importance. Bioelectronic medical devices that reliably and chronically interface with the body can advance neuroscience, health monitoring, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Recent major efforts focus on investigating strategies to fabricate flexible, stretchable, and soft electronic devices, and advances in materials chemistry have emerged as fundamental to the creation of the next generation of bioelectronics. This review summarizes contemporary advances and forthcoming technical challenges related to three principal components of bioelectronic devices: i) substrates and structural materials, ii) barrier and encapsulation materials, and iii) conductive materials. Through notable illustrations from the literature, integration and device fabrication strategies and associated challenges for each material class are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiwoo Song
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chenchen Mou
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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9
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Dang X, Feng F, Duan H, Wang J. Theorem on the Compatibility of Spherical Kirigami Tessellations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:035501. [PMID: 35119892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.035501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a theorem on the compatibility upon deployment of kirigami tessellations restricted on a spherical surface with patterned slits forming freeform quadrilateral meshes. We show that the spherical kirigami tessellations have either one or two compatible states, i.e., there are at most two isolated strain-free configurations along the deployment path. The theorem further reveals that the rigid-to-floppy transition from spherical to planar kirigami tessellations is possible if and only if the slits form parallelogram voids along with vanishing Gaussian curvature, which is also confirmed by an energy analysis and simulations. On the application side, we show a design of bistable spherical domelike structure based on the theorem. Our study provides new insights into the rational design of morphable structures based on Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxin Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Huiling Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- CAPT-HEDPS, and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of MoE, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- CAPT-HEDPS, and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of MoE, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Yu HC, Hao XP, Zhang CW, Zheng SY, Du M, Liang S, Wu ZL, Zheng Q. Engineering Tough Metallosupramolecular Hydrogel Films with Kirigami Structures for Compliant Soft Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103836. [PMID: 34514699 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective approach is demonstrated to fabricate tough metallosupramolecular hydrogel films of poly(acrylic acid) by one-pot photopolymerization of the precursor solution in the presence of Zr4+ ions that form coordination complexes with the carboxyl groups and serve as the physical crosslinks of the matrix. Both as-prepared and equilibrated hydrogel films are transparent, tough, and stable over a wide range of temperature, ionic strength, and pH. The thickness of the films can be easily tailored with minimum value of ≈7 μm. Owing to the fast polymerization and gelation process, kirigami structures can be facilely encoded to the gel films by photolithographic polymerization, affording versatile functions such as additional stretchability and better compliance of the planar films to encapsulate objects with sophisticated geometries that are important for the design of soft electronics. By stencil printing of liquid metal on the hydrogel film with a kirigami structure, the integrated soft electronics shows good compliance to cover curved surfaces and high sensitivity to monitor human motions. Furthermore, this strategy is applied to diverse natural and synthetic macromolecules containing carboxyl groups to develop tough hydrogel films, which will open opportunities for the applications of hydrogel films in biomedical and engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Chao Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xing Peng Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chuan Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Si Yu Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Miao Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | | | - Zi Liang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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11
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Won Y, Lee JJ, Shin J, Lee M, Kim S, Gandla S. Biocompatible, Transparent, and High-Areal-Coverage Kirigami PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for Electrooculography-Derived Human-Machine Interactions. ACS Sens 2021; 6:967-975. [PMID: 33470797 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin sensors prepared from biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric materials significantly benefit the research and scientific community, as they can reduce the amount of effort required for e-waste management by deteriorating or dissolving into the environment without pollution. Herein, we report the use of polylactic acid (PLA)-a promising plant-based bioplastic-and highly transparent, conductive, biocompatible, and flexible poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) materials to fabricate kirigami-based stretchable on-skin electrophysiological sensors via a low-cost and rapid laser cutting technique. The sensor stack with PEDOT:PSS and PLA layers exhibited high transparency (>85%) in the wavelength range of 400-700 nm and stay attached conformally to the skin for several hours without adverse effects. The Y-shaped kirigami motifs inspired by the microcracked gold film endowed the sensor with attributes such as high areal coverage (∼85%), breathability (∼40 g m-2 h-1), and multidirectional stretchability. The sensor has been successfully applied to monitor electrophysiological signals and demonstrated with an eye movement-supported communication interface for controlling home electronic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoochan Won
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jonghwan Shin
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Srinivas Gandla
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials and Science Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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12
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Wu H, Yang G, Zhu K, Liu S, Guo W, Jiang Z, Li Z. Materials, Devices, and Systems of On-Skin Electrodes for Electrophysiological Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2001938. [PMID: 33511003 PMCID: PMC7816724 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
On-skin electrodes function as an ideal platform for collecting high-quality electrophysiological (EP) signals due to their unique characteristics, such as stretchability, conformal interfaces with skin, biocompatibility, and wearable comfort. The past decade has witnessed great advancements in performance optimization and function extension of on-skin electrodes. With continuous development and great promise for practical applications, on-skin electrodes are playing an increasingly important role in EP monitoring and human-machine interfaces (HMI). In this review, the latest progress in the development of on-skin electrodes and their integrated system is summarized. Desirable features of on-skin electrodes are briefly discussed from the perspective of performances. Then, recent advances in the development of electrode materials, followed by the analysis of strategies and methods to enhance adhesion and breathability of on-skin electrodes are examined. In addition, representative integrated electrode systems and practical applications of on-skin electrodes in healthcare monitoring and HMI are introduced in detail. It is concluded with the discussion of key challenges and opportunities for on-skin electrodes and their integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Ganguang Yang
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Kanhao Zhu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Wei Guo
- Flexible Electronics Research CenterState Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and TechnologySchool of Mechanical Science and EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Zhuo Jiang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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Fang Y, Li Y, Wang X, Zhou Z, Zhang K, Zhou J, Hu B. Cryo-Transferred Ultrathin and Stretchable Epidermal Electrodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000450. [PMID: 32529803 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple cryo-transfer method to fabricate ultrathin, stretchable, and conformal epidermal electrodes based on a combination of silver nanowires (AgNWs) network and elastomeric polymers is developed. This method can temporarily enable the soft elastomers with much higher elastic modulus and dimensional contraction through exploiting their glass-transition behaviors. During this process, a much higher Von Mises stress can be loaded on AgNWs than usual, and the generated strong grip force can facilitate the complete transfer of AgNWs. Afterward, the thawed AgNWs and elastomer composites quickly recover to their soft state at room temperature. The obtained ultrathin and soft electrode with a thickness of 8.4 µm and transmittance of 90.8% at a sheet resistance of 13.2 Ω sq-1 can tolerate a stretching strain of 70% and 50 000 repeated bending cycles, which meets rigorous requirements of epidermal applications. The as-prepared epidermal electrodes are effective and comfortable for electrophysiological signal monitoring, and while showing excellent performance exceeding the commercialized gel electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Fang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yue Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhengui Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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14
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Yao S, Ren P, Song R, Liu Y, Huang Q, Dong J, O'Connor BT, Zhu Y. Nanomaterial-Enabled Flexible and Stretchable Sensing Systems: Processing, Integration, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902343. [PMID: 31464046 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable electronics have seen tremendous progress in recent years, evolving from single sensors to integrated sensing systems. Compared with nanomaterial-enabled sensors with a single function, integration of multiple sensors is conducive to comprehensive monitoring of personal health and environment, intelligent human-machine interfaces, and realistic imitation of human skin in robotics and prosthetics. Integration of sensors with other functional components promotes real-world applications of the sensing systems. Here, an overview of the design and integration strategies and manufacturing techniques for such sensing systems is given. Then, representative nanomaterial-enabled flexible and stretchable sensing systems are presented. Following that, representative applications in personal health, fitness tracking, electronic skins, artificial nervous systems, and human-machine interactions are provided. To conclude, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Runqiao Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qijin Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Jingyan Dong
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brendan T O'Connor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Lim HR, Kim HS, Qazi R, Kwon YT, Jeong JW, Yeo WH. Advanced Soft Materials, Sensor Integrations, and Applications of Wearable Flexible Hybrid Electronics in Healthcare, Energy, and Environment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901924. [PMID: 31282063 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in soft materials and system integration technologies have provided a unique opportunity to design various types of wearable flexible hybrid electronics (WFHE) for advanced human healthcare and human-machine interfaces. The hybrid integration of soft and biocompatible materials with miniaturized wireless wearable systems is undoubtedly an attractive prospect in the sense that the successful device performance requires high degrees of mechanical flexibility, sensing capability, and user-friendly simplicity. Here, the most up-to-date materials, sensors, and system-packaging technologies to develop advanced WFHE are provided. Details of mechanical, electrical, physicochemical, and biocompatible properties are discussed with integrated sensor applications in healthcare, energy, and environment. In addition, limitations of the current materials are discussed, as well as key challenges and the future direction of WFHE. Collectively, an all-inclusive review of the newly developed WFHE along with a summary of imperative requirements of material properties, sensor capabilities, electronics performance, and skin integrations is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ryoung Lim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hee Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36608, USA
| | - Raza Qazi
- Department of Electrical, Computer & Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Young-Tae Kwon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for Flexible and Wearable Electronics Advanced Research, Neural Engineering Center, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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16
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Chae H, Kwon HJ, Kim YK, Won Y, Kim D, Park HJ, Kim S, Gandla S. Laser-Processed Nature-Inspired Deformable Structures for Breathable and Reusable Electrophysiological Sensors toward Controllable Home Electronic Appliances and Psychophysiological Stress Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28387-28396. [PMID: 31294964 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Physiological monitoring through skin patch stretchable devices has received extensive attention because of their significant findings in many human-machine interaction applications. In this paper, we present novel nature-inspired, kiri-spider, serpentine structural designs to sustain mechanical deformations under complex stress environments. Strain-free mechanical structures involving stable high areal coverage (spiderweb), three-dimensional out-of-plane deformations (kirigami), and two-dimensional (2D) stretchable (2D spring) electrodes demonstrated high levels of mechanical loading under various strains, which were verified through theoretical and experimental studies. Alternative to conventional microfabrication procedures, sensors fabricated by a facile and rapid benchtop programmable laser machine enabled the realization of low-cost, high-throughput manufacture, followed by transferring procedures with a nearly 100% yield. For the first time, we demonstrated laser-processed thin (∼10 μm) flexible filamentary patterns embedded within the solution-processed polyimide to make it compatible with current flexible printed circuit board electronics. A patch-based sensor with thin, breathable, and sticky nature exhibited remarkable water permeability >20 g h-1 m-2 at a thickness of 250 μm. Moreover, the reusability of the sensor patch demonstrated the significance of our patch-based electrophysiological sensor. Furthermore, this wearable sensor was successfully implemented to control human-machine interfaces to operate home electronic appliances and monitor mental stress in a pilot study. These advances in novel mechanical architectures with good sensing performances provide new opportunities in wearable smart sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokju Chae
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jun Kwon
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering (ICE) , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , South Korea
| | - Yu-Kang Kim
- Acupuncture & Meridian Science Ressearch Center , Kyung Hee University , 26 Kyungheedae-ro , Dongdaemoon-gu , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - YooChan Won
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
| | - Donghan Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering , Kyung Hee University , 1732, Deogyoung Road , Giheung, Yongin , Gyeonggi 17104 , South Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Acupuncture & Meridian Science Ressearch Center , Kyung Hee University , 26 Kyungheedae-ro , Dongdaemoon-gu , Seoul 02447 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunkook Kim
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
| | - Srinivas Gandla
- Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
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