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Ki S, Shin S, Cho S, Bang S, Choi D, Nam Y. Sustainable Thermal Regulation of Electronics via Mitigated Supercooling of Porous Gallium-Based Phase Change Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310185. [PMID: 38634574 PMCID: PMC11186057 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Gallium liquid metal is one of the promising phase change materials for passive thermal management of electronics due to their high thermal conductivity and latent heat per volume. However, it suffers from severe supercooling, in which molten gallium does not return to solid due to the lack of nucleation. It may require 28.2 °C lower temperature than the original freezing point to address supercooling, leading to unstable thermal regulation performance along fluctuations of cooling condition. Here, gallium is infused into porous copper in an oxide-free environment, forming intermetallic compound impurities at the interfaces to reduce the activation energy for heterogeneous nucleation. The porous-shaped gallium provides ≈63% smaller supercooling than that of the bulk type due to large specific surface area (≈9,070 cm2 per cm3) and high wetting characteristics (≈16° of contact angle) on CuGa2 intermetallic layer. During repetitive heating-cooling cycles, porous-shaped gallium consistently shows propagation of crystallization at even near room temperature (≈25 °C) while maintaining stable performance as thermal buffer, whereas droplet-shaped gallium is gradually degraded due to partial-supercooled state. The findings will improve the responsive thermal regulation performance to relieve a rapid increase in temperature of semiconductors/batteries, and also have a potential for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokkan Ki
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjong Shin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKyung Hee UniversityYongin17 104Republic of Korea
| | - Soosik Bang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKyung Hee UniversityYongin17 104Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Nam
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34 141Republic of Korea
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Jiang Q, Hu Z, Wu K, Wu W, Zhang S, Ding H, Wu Z. Squid-Inspired Powerful Untethered Soft Pumps via Magnetically Induced Phase Transitions. Soft Robot 2024; 11:423-431. [PMID: 38011800 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft robots possess unique deformability and hence result in great adaptability to various unconstructive environments; meanwhile, untethered soft actuation techniques are critical in fully exploiting their potential for practical applications. However, restricted by the material's softness and structural compliance, most untethered actuation systems were incapable of achieving fully soft construction with a powerful output. While in Nature, with a fully soft body, a squid can burst high-pressure jet flow from a cavity that drives the squid to swim swiftly. Here, inspired by such a unique actuation strategy of squids, an entirely soft pump capable of high-pressure output, fast jetting, and untethered control is presented, and it helps a bionic soft robotic squid to achieve a high-efficient untethered motion in water. The soft pump is designed by a reversible liquid-gas phase transition of an inductive heating magnetic liquid metal composite that acts as an adjustable power source with high heat efficiency. In particular, being purely soft, the pump can yet lift ∼20 times its weight and achieve ∼3 times the specific pressure of the previous record. It may promote the application of soft robots with independent actuation, high output power, and embodied energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhitong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kefan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Yang X, Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang X. Stiffness Variable Polymer for Soft Actuators with Sharp Stiffness Switch and Fast Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37201204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness variable polymers are an essential family of materials that have aroused considerable attention in soft actuators. Although lots of strategies have been proposed to achieve variable stiffness, it remains a formidable challenge to achieve a polymer with a wide stiffness range and fast stiffness change. Herein, a series of variable stiffness polymers with a fast stiffness change and wide stiffness range were successfully synthesized, and the formulas were optimized via Pearson correlation tests. The rigid/soft stiffness ratio of the designed polymer samples can reach up to 1376-folds. Impressively, owing to the phase-changing side chains, the narrow endothermic peak can be observed with full width at half-maximum within 5 °C. Moreover, the shape memory properties of the shape fixity (Rf) and shape recovery ratio (Rr) values of the shape memory properties could reach up to 99.3 and 99.2%, respectively. Then, the obtained polymer was introduced into a kind of designed 3D printing soft actuator. The soft actuator can achieve sharp heating-cooling cycle of 19 s under a 1.2 A current with 4 °C water as coolant and can lift a 200 g weight at the actuating state. Moreover, the stiffness of the soft actuator can reach up to 718 mN/mm. The soft actuator exhibits an outstanding actuate behavior and stiffness switchable capability. We expect our design strategy and obtained variable stiffness polymers to be potentially applied in soft actuators and other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahao Liu
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
- Staff Room of Chemistry and Material, Department of Basic Course, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuansheng Wang
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xue Yang
- National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration & Noise, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
- Staff Room of Chemistry and Material, Department of Basic Course, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang Campus, Shijiazhuang 050003, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Engineering University of PAP, Xi'an 710086, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Staff Room of Chemistry and Material, Department of Basic Course, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430022, China
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Su R, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang W, Li Y, He R, Fang D. 3D-Printed Micro/Nano-Scaled Mechanical Metamaterials: Fundamentals, Technologies, Progress, Applications, and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206391. [PMID: 37026433 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials have attracted extensive attention in various fields attributed to their superior properties benefiting from their rationally designed micro/nano-structures. As one of the most advanced technologies in the 21st century, additive manufacturing (3D printing) opens an easier and faster path for fabricating micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials with complex structures. Here, the size effect of metamaterials at micro/nano scales is introduced first. Then, the additive manufacturing technologies to fabricate mechanical metamaterials at micro/nano scales are introduced. The latest research progress on micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials is also reviewed according to the type of materials. In addition, the structural and functional applications of micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials are further summarized. Finally, the challenges, including advanced 3D printing technologies, novel material development, and innovative structural design, for micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials are discussed, and future perspectives are provided. The review aims to provide insight into the research and development of 3D-printed micro/nano-scaled mechanical metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rujie He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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Joshipura ID, Nguyen CK, Quinn C, Yang J, Morales DH, Santiso E, Daeneke T, Truong VK, Dickey MD. An atomically smooth container: Can the native oxide promote supercooling of liquid gallium? iScience 2023; 26:106493. [PMID: 37091232 PMCID: PMC10113873 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals tend to supercool-that is, they freeze at temperatures below their melting points. In general, supercooling is less favorable when liquids are in contact with nucleation sites such as rough surfaces. Interestingly, bulk gallium (Ga) can significantly supercool, even when it is in contact with heterogeneous surfaces that could provide nucleation sites. We hypothesized that the native oxide on Ga provides an atomically smooth interface that prevents Ga from directly contacting surfaces, and thereby promotes supercooling. Although many metals form surface oxides, Ga is a convenient metal for studying supercooling because its melting point of 29.8°C is near room temperature. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we show that freezing of Ga with the oxide occurs at a lower temperature (-15.6 ± 3.5°C) than without the oxide (6.9 ± 2.0°C when the oxide is removed by HCl). We also demonstrate that the oxide enhances supercooling via macroscopic observations of freezing. These findings explain why Ga supercools and have implications for emerging applications of Ga that rely on it staying in the liquid state.
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Zhao R, Kang S, Wu C, Cheng Z, Xie Z, Liu Y, Zhang D. Designable Electrical/Thermal Coordinated Dual-Regulation Based on Liquid Metal Shape Memory Polymer Foam for Smart Switch. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205428. [PMID: 36658714 PMCID: PMC10015848 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic components with tunable resistance, especially with synergistic regulation of thermal conductivity, play important roles in the fields of electronics, smart switch, soft robots, and so on. However, it is still a challenge to get the material with various resistance and thermal conductivity stably without lasting external force. Herein, a liquid metal shape memory polymer foam (LM-SMF) is developed by loading electrically and thermally conductive liquid metal (LM) on deformable foam skeleton. Based on thermal response shape memory effect, the foam skeleton can be reversibly pressed, the process of which enables LM to transfer between connected and disconnected states. As a result, obtained LM-SMF shows that the resistance stably changes from 0.8 Ω (conductor) to 200 MΩ (insulator), and the thermal conductivity difference is up to 4.71 times (0.108 to 0.509 W m-1 K-1 ), which indicates that LM-SMF can achieve the electrical and thermal dual-regulation. Moreover, LM-SMF can be used as a designable self-feedback/-warning integrated smart switch or tunable infrared stealth switch. This work proposes a novel strategy to get the material with electrical-thermal coordinated dual-regulation, which is possibly applied in intelligent heating system with real-time monitoring function, electrothermal sensor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Sibo Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine CoatingMarine Chemical Research Institute Co., Ltd.Qingdao266071P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Zhongjun Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special EnvironmentsHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150080P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150001P. R. China
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7
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Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang W, Deng J, Nie Y, Du X, Qin L, Lai Y. 3D-printed NIR-responsive shape memory polyurethane/magnesium scaffolds with tight-contact for robust bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:218-231. [PMID: 35415289 PMCID: PMC8965852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with bone defects suffer from a high rate of disability and deformity. Poor contact of grafts with defective bones and insufficient osteogenic activities lead to increased loose risks and unsatisfied repair efficacy. Although self-expanding scaffolds were developed to enhance bone integration, the limitations on the high transition temperature and the unsatisfied bioactivity hindered greatly their clinical application. Herein, we report a near-infrared-responsive and tight-contacting scaffold that comprises of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) as the thermal-responsive matrix and magnesium (Mg) as the photothermal and bioactive component, which fabricated by the low temperature rapid prototyping (LT-RP) 3D printing technology. As designed, due to synergistic effects of the components and the fabrication approach, the composite scaffold possesses a homogeneously porous structure, significantly improved mechanical properties and stable photothermal effects. The programmed scaffold can be heated to recover under near infrared irradiation in 60s. With 4 wt% Mg, the scaffold has the balanced shape fixity ratio of 93.6% and shape recovery ratio of 95.4%. The compressed composite scaffold could lift a 100 g weight under NIR light, which was more than 1700 times of its own weight. The results of the push-out tests and the finite element analysis (FEA) confirmed the tight-contacting ability of the SMPU/4 wt%Mg scaffold, which had a signficant enhancement compared to the scaffold without shape memory effects. Furthermore, The osteopromotive function of the scaffold has been demonstrated through a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. We envision this scaffold can be a clinically effective strategy for robust bone regeneration. A NIR-responsive shape memory composite scaffold fabricated by an innovative LT-RP 3D-printing technology. The SMPU/Mg scaffolds possess the porous structure, tight-contact and osteopromotive functions for robust bone regeneration. A new ‘3R’ process for bone repair: Recovered, Released, Repaired. Finite element analysis used for shape recovery process at the defective bone sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchi Zhang
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cairong Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangyi Nie
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangfu Du
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Kim S, Kim S, Hong K, Dickey MD, Park S. Liquid-Metal-Coated Magnetic Particles toward Writable, Nonwettable, Stretchable Circuit Boards, and Directly Assembled Liquid Metal-Elastomer Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37110-37119. [PMID: 35930688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal is a promising conductor material for producing soft and stretchable circuit "boards" that can enable next-generation electronics by electrically connecting and mechanically supporting electronic components. While liquid metal in general can be used to fabricate soft and stretchable circuits, magnetic liquid metal is appealing because it can be used for self-healing electronics and actuators by external magnetic fields. Liquid metal can be rendered into particles that can then be used for sensors and catalysts through sonication. We used this feature to produce "novel" conductive and magnetic particles. Mixing ferromagnetic iron particles into the liquid metal (gallium) produces conductive ferrofluids that can be rendered into gallium-coated iron particles by sonication. The gallium shell of the particles is extremely soft, while the rigid iron core can induce high friction in response to mechanical pressure; thus, hand-sintering of the particles can be used to directly write the conductive traces when the particles are cast as a film on elastic substrates. The surface topography of the particles can be manipulated by forming GaOOH crystals through sonication in DI water, thus resulting in nonwettable circuit boards. These gallium-coated iron particles dispersed in uncured elastomer can be assembled to form conductive microwires with the application of magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sihyun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Hong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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9
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Lu G, Yuan H, Zhou J, Chen F, Li C, Xue T, Shu X, Zhao Y, Nie J, Zhu X. Patterned Magnetofluids via Magnetic Printing and Photopolymerization for Multifunctional Flexible Electronic Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30332-30342. [PMID: 35730674 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid conductor-based flexible sensors with high mechanical deformability and reliable electrical reversibility have aroused great interest in electronic skin, soft robotics, environmental monitoring, and other fields. Herein, we develop a novel strategy to fabricate liquid conductor-based flexible sensors by combining ionic liquid-based magnetofluids (IL-MFs), magnetic printing, and photopolymerization techniques. The as-prepared sensors exhibit excellent electromechanical properties, such as a wide detection range, low hysteresis, fast response time, good durability, etc. Moreover, the gauge factors (GFs) of the sensor could be easily adjusted by changing the modulators with different line widths or patterns, and the strain sensors can also be designed for anisotropic monitoring. Apart from serving as strain sensors, the magnetofluid-based flexible sensors can be used to detect external pressure, human activities, and changes in temperature, illumination, and magnetic field as well. This work provides a facile strategy to fabricate liquid conductor-based multifunctional sensors. Such a magnetofluid-based sensor has a great promising future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hengda Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiulei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Tanlong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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10
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Wei W, Liu J, Huang J, Cao F, Qian K, Yao Y, Li W. Recent advances and perspectives of shape memory polymer fibers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Chen X, Wan H, Guo R, Wang X, Wang Y, Jiao C, Sun K, Hu L. A double-layered liquid metal-based electrochemical sensing system on fabric as a wearable detector for glucose in sweat. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:48. [PMID: 35542049 PMCID: PMC9079077 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Integrated electrochemical sensing platforms in wearable devices have great prospects in biomedical applications. However, traditional electrochemical platforms are generally fabricated on airtight printed circuit boards, which lack sufficient flexibility, air permeability, and conformability. Liquid metals at room temperature with excellent mobility and electrical conductivity show high promise in flexible electronics. This paper presents a miniaturized liquid metal-based flexible electrochemical detection system on fabric, which is intrinsically flexible, air-permeable, and conformable to the body. Taking advantage of the excellent fluidity and electrical connectivity of liquid metal, a double-layer circuit is fabricated that significantly miniaturizes the size of the whole system. The linear response, time stability, and repeatability of this system are verified by resistance, stability, image characterization, and potassium ferricyanide tests. Finally, glucose in sweat can be detected at the millimolar level using this sensing system, which demonstrates its great potential for wearable and portable detection in biomedical fields, such as health monitoring and point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqi Chen
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Hao Wan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpeng Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Caicai Jiao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Kang Sun
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Liang Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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12
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Li X, Chen S, Peng Y, Zheng Z, Li J, Zhong F. Materials, Preparation Strategies, and Wearable Sensor Applications of Conductive Fibers: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22083028. [PMID: 35459012 PMCID: PMC9032468 DOI: 10.3390/s22083028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in wearable sensors and intelligent human-machine interfaces have sparked a great many interests in conductive fibers owing to their high conductivity, light weight, good flexibility, and durability. As one of the most impressive materials for wearable sensors, conductive fibers can be made from a variety of raw sources via diverse preparation strategies. Herein, to offer a comprehensive understanding of conductive fibers, we present an overview of the recent progress in the materials, the preparation strategies, and the wearable sensor applications related. Firstly, the three types of conductive fibers, including metal-based, carbon-based, and polymer-based, are summarized in terms of their principal material composition. Then, various preparation strategies of conductive fibers are established. Next, the primary wearable sensors made of conductive fibers are illustrated in detail. Finally, a robust outlook on conductive fibers and their wearable sensor applications are addressed.
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13
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Liquid Metal Patterned Stretchable and Soft Capacitive Sensor with Enhanced Dielectric Property Enabled by Graphite Nanofiber Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040710. [PMID: 35215624 PMCID: PMC8879769 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we introduce liquid metal patterned stretchable and soft capacitive sensor with enhanced dielectric properties enabled by graphite nanofiber (GNF) fillers dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. We oxidized gallium-based liquid metal that exhibited excellent wetting behavior on the surface of the composites to enable patterning of the electrodes by a facile stencil printing. The fluidic behavior of the liquid metal electrode and modulated dielectric properties of the composite (k = 6.41 ± 0.092@6 wt % at 1 kHz) was utilized to fabricate stretchable and soft capacitive sensor with ability to distinguish various hand motions.
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14
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Tian S, Peng H, Liu H, Zhou J, Zhang J. Scalable Fabrication of Metallic Conductive Fibers from Rheological Tunable Semi-Liquid Metals. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9890686. [PMID: 36349337 PMCID: PMC9639447 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9890686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conductive polymer fibers/wires (CPFs) are important materials in modern technologies due to their unique one-dimension geometry, electrical conductivity, and flexibility. However, the advanced applications of current CPFs are limited by their low electrical conductivities (<500 S/m) and poor interfacial interactions between conductive fillers (e.g., graphite) and polymers. Therefore, in current electrical applications, metal wires/foils like copper and aluminum are the most frequently utilized conductive fibers/wires instead of the inferior conductive CPFs. This work successfully addresses the heavy phase segregation between polymers and conductive inorganic materials to obtain semiliquid metal polymer fibers (SLMPFs) which exhibit an ultrahigh electrical conductivity (over 106 S/m), remarkable thermal processability, and considerable mechanical performance (Young's modulus: ~300 MPa). Semiliquid metal (gallium-tin alloy) with tunable viscosities is the key to achieve the excellent miscibility between metals and polymers. Both the rheological results and numerical simulations demonstrate the critical viscosity matching for the successful preparation of the fibers. More importantly, the fibers are adapted with classic polymer melt-processing like melt injection, which indicates the scalable production of the highly conductive fibers. The SLMPFs are highly promising substitutes for metal wires/fibers in modern electrical applications such as electricity transmission, data communication, and underwater works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jiuyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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15
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Xiong Y, Xiao J, Chen J, Xu D, Zhao S, Chen S, Sheng B. A multifunctional hollow TPU fiber filled with liquid metal exhibiting fast electrothermal deformation and recovery. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10016-10024. [PMID: 34672302 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conductive fibers have received considerable interest due to their potential applications in the flexible electronics field. Fabricating a conductive fiber that can realize fast deformation with stretchability for multifunctional applications is still highly appealing. Here, we present a deformable conductive fiber (DCF) fabricated by injecting liquid metal (LM) into a hollow thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber; the DCF can be shaped into a 2D or 3D shape by an electrothermal method at the thermoplastic transition point of TPU. Combined with the solid-liquid phase transition characteristics of the LM at its melting point, the DCF exhibits a variable shape memory feature at two transition points. We have demonstrated that the double-torsional DCF and the helical DCF can act as a capacitive sensor and an inductive sensor, respectively, and they have both been used for human motion monitoring. In addition, the helical DCF can also act as a stretchable electrode with excellent electrical properties (resistance change <2%) under a maximal mechanical strain of 3300%. Overall, the DCF presents great potential for applications in human motion monitoring, soft robotics and smart electronic textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jieyu Xiao
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Da Xu
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shangbi Chen
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai 200233, China
- Shanghai Xin Yue Lian Hui Electronic Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Bin Sheng
- School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instruments and Systems, Shanghai 200093, China
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16
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Gulyuk AV, LaJeunesse DR, Collazo R, Ivanisevic A. Tuning Microbial Activity via Programmatic Alteration of Cell/Substrate Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004655. [PMID: 34028885 PMCID: PMC10167751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide portfolio of advanced programmable materials and structures has been developed for biological applications in the last two decades. Particularly, due to their unique properties, semiconducting materials have been utilized in areas of biocomputing, implantable electronics, and healthcare. As a new concept of such programmable material design, biointerfaces based on inorganic semiconducting materials as substrates introduce unconventional paths for bioinformatics and biosensing. In particular, understanding how the properties of a substrate can alter microbial biofilm behavior enables researchers to better characterize and thus create programmable biointerfaces with necessary characteristics on demand. Herein, the current status of advanced microorganism-inorganic biointerfaces is summarized along with types of responses that can be observed in such hybrid systems. This work identifies promising inorganic material types along with target microorganisms that will be critical for future research on programmable biointerfacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Gulyuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Dennis R LaJeunesse
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Ramon Collazo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Albena Ivanisevic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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17
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Moon S, Kim H, Lee K, Park J, Kim Y, Choi SQ. 3D Printable concentrated liquid metal composite with high thermal conductivity. iScience 2021; 24:103183. [PMID: 34703989 PMCID: PMC8524151 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat dissipation materials in which fillers are dispersed in a polymer matrix typically do not exhibit both high thermal conductivity (k) and processability due to a trade-off. In this paper, we fabricate heat dissipation composites which overcome the trade-off using liquid metal (LM). By exceeding the conventional filler limit, ten times higher k is achieved for a 90 vol% LM composite compared with k of 50 vol% LM composite. Further, an even higher k is achieved by introducing h-BN between the LM droplets, and the highest k in this study was 17.1 W m-1 K-1. The LM composite is processable at room temperature and used as inks for 3D printing. This combination of high k and processability not only allows heat dissipation materials to be processed on demand under ambient conditions but it also increases the surface area of the LM composite, which enables rapid heat dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hanul Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyoungmun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinwon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yunho Kim
- Advanced Functional Polymers Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Siyoung Q Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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18
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Levine DJ, Turner KT, Pikul JH. Materials with Electroprogrammable Stiffness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007952. [PMID: 34245062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness is a mechanical property of vital importance to any material system and is typically considered a static quantity. Recent work, however, has shown that novel materials with programmable stiffness can enhance the performance and simplify the design of engineered systems, such as morphing wings, robotic grippers, and wearable exoskeletons. For many of these applications, the ability to program stiffness with electrical activation is advantageous because of the natural compatibility with electrical sensing, control, and power networks ubiquitous in autonomous machines and robots. The numerous applications for materials with electrically driven stiffness modulation has driven a rapid increase in the number of publications in this field. Here, a comprehensive review of the available materials that realize electroprogrammable stiffness is provided, showing that all current approaches can be categorized as using electrostatics or electrically activated phase changes, and summarizing the advantages, limitations, and applications of these materials. Finally, a perspective identifies state-of-the-art trends and an outlook of future opportunities for the development and use of materials with electroprogrammable stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Levine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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19
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Bhuyan P, Singh VK, Park S. 2D and 3D Structuring of Freestanding Metallic Wires Enabled by Room-Temperature Welding for Soft and Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36644-36652. [PMID: 34310104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a facile and cost-effective approach to assemble metallic wires into two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) freestanding geometries by room-temperature welding is demonstrated. The low melting point of gallium (29.8 °C) enables the welding at room temperature without the aid of high-energy sources required for high-melting-point metals and alloys. The welding enables assembly of solid gallium wires into 2D and 3D geometries that could create freestanding architectures with multiple junctions along any inclined direction. These 2D and 3D freestanding metallic structures are freeze-cast in soft elastomers to obtain stretchable and soft devices: a 2D stretchable resistive and capacitive sensor patterned with parallel metal lines, a 2D stretchable capacitive sensor patterned with an interdigitated metal structure with capacitive changes on stretching in both x- and y-axes, and a 3D compressive sensor by assembly of liquid metal helices, which could sense foot pressure compression. We also developed a facile method to interconnect between soft circuits and external electronics, suppressing stress during mechanical deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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20
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Hong K, Choe M, Kim S, Lee HM, Kim BJ, Park S. An Ultrastretchable Electrical Switch Fiber with a Magnetic Liquid Metal Core for Remote Magnetic Actuation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2407. [PMID: 34372010 PMCID: PMC8348917 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we describe a soft and ultrastretchable fiber with a magnetic liquid metal (MLM) core for electrical switches used in remote magnetic actuation. MLM was prepared by removing the oxide layer on the liquid metal and subsequent mixing with magnetic iron particles. We used SEBS (poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene]) and silicone to prepare stretchable elastic fibers. Once hollow elastic fibers form, MLM was injected into the core of the fiber at ambient pressure. The fibers are soft (Young's modulus of 1.6~4.4 MPa) and ultrastretchable (elongation at break of 600~5000%) while maintaining electrical conductivity and magnetic property due to the fluidic nature of the core. Magnetic strength of the fibers was characterized by measuring the maximum effective distance between the magnet and the fiber as a function of iron particle concentration in the MLM core and the polymeric shell. The MLM core facilitates the use of the fiber in electrical switches for remote magnetic actuation. This ultrastretchable and elastic fiber with MLM core can be used in soft robotics, and wearable and conformal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmin Hong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Minjae Choe
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Hye-Min Lee
- R&D Division, Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence Technology, Jeonju 54853, Korea;
| | - Byung-Joo Kim
- Department of Carbon-Nanomaterials Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
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21
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Bhuyan P, Wei Y, Sin D, Yu J, Nah C, Jeong KU, Dickey MD, Park S. Soft and Stretchable Liquid Metal Composites with Shape Memory and Healable Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28916-28924. [PMID: 34102837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory composites are fascinating materials with the ability to preserve deformed shapes that recover when triggered by certain external stimuli. Although elastomers are not inherently shape memory materials, the inclusion of phase-change materials within the elastomer can impart shape memory properties. When this filler changes the phase from liquid to solid, the effective modulus of the polymer increases significantly, enabling stiffness tuning. Using gallium, a metal with a low melting point (29.8 °C), it is possible to create elastomeric materials with metallic conductivity and shape memory properties. This concept has been used previously in core-shell (gallium-elastomer) fibers and foams, but here, we show that it can also be implemented in elastomeric films containing microchannels. Such microchannels are appealing because it is possible to control the geometry of the filler and create metallically conductive circuits. Stretching the solidified metal fractures the fillers; however, they can heal by body heat to restore conductivity. Such conductive, shape memory sheets with healable conductivity may find applications in stretchable electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yuwen Wei
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Dongho Sin
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Jaesang Yu
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Korea
| | - Changwoon Nah
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and Bio-Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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22
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Zheng L, Zhu M, Wu B, Li Z, Sun S, Wu P. Conductance-stable liquid metal sheath-core microfibers for stretchy smart fabrics and self-powered sensing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4041. [PMID: 34049879 PMCID: PMC8163087 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Highly conductive and stretchy fibers are crucial components for smart fabrics and wearable electronics. However, most of the existing fiber conductors are strain sensitive with deteriorated conductance upon stretching, and thus, a compromised strategy via introducing merely geometric distortion of conductive path is often used for stable conductance. Here, we report a coaxial wet-spinning process for continuously fabricating intrinsically stretchable, highly conductive yet conductance-stable, liquid metal sheath-core microfibers. The microfiber can be stretched up to 1170%, and upon fully activating the conductive path, a very high conductivity of 4.35 × 104 S/m and resistance change of only 4% at 200% strain are realized, arising from both stretch-induced channel opening and stretching out of tortuous serpentine conductive path of the percolating liquid metal network. Moreover, the microfibers can be easily woven into an everyday glove or fabric, acting as excellent joule heaters, electrothermochromic displays, and self-powered wearable sensors to monitor human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Baohu Wu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Zhaoling Li
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shengtong Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology & Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Zhou N, Jiang B, He X, Li Y, Ma Z, Zhang H, Zhang M. A Superstretchable and Ultrastable Liquid Metal-Elastomer Wire for Soft Electronic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19254-19262. [PMID: 33852285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) elastic conductors are an important component for constructing a wide range of soft electronic devices due to their small footprint, light weight, and integration ability. Here, we report the fabrication of an elastic conductive wire by employing a liquid metal (LM) and a porous thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as building blocks. Such an LM-TPE composite wire was prepared by electrospinning of TPE microfibers and coating of a liquid metal. An additional layer of electrospun TPE microfibers was deposited on the wire for encapsulation. The porous structure of the TPE substrate that is composed of electrospun fibers can substantially improve the stretchability and electrical stability of the composite LM-TPE wire. Compared with the wire using a nonporous TPE as a substrate, the break strain of the LM-TPE wire was increased by 67% (up to ∼2300% strain). Meanwhile, the resistance increase of the wire during 1900% strain of stretching could be controlled as low as 12 times, which is much more stable than that of other LM-based 1D elastic conductors. We demonstrate that a light-emitting diode and an audio playing setup, which use the LM-TPE wire as an electrical circuit, can work with low-intensity attenuation or waveform deformation during large-strain (1000%) stretching. For a proof-of-concept application, an elastic inductance coil was made using the LM-TPE wire as building blocks, and its potential applications in strain sensing and magnetic field detection were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Bofan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yushan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhijun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Laser Materials and Applied Techniques, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Research, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Mingji Zhang
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
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Self-powered multifunctional sensing based on super-elastic fibers by soluble-core thermal drawing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1416. [PMID: 33658511 PMCID: PMC7930051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-developed preform-to-fiber thermal drawing technique owns the benefit to maintain the cross-section architecture and obtain an individual micro-scale strand of fiber with the extended length up to thousand meters. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a two-step soluble-core fabrication method by combining such an inherently scalable manufacturing method with simple post-draw processing to explore the low viscosity polymer fibers and the potential of soft fiber electronics. As a result, an ultra-stretchable conductive fiber is achieved, which maintains excellent conductivity even under 1900% strain or 1.5 kg load/impact freefalling from 0.8-m height. Moreover, by combining with triboelectric nanogenerator technique, this fiber acts as a self-powered self-adapting multi-dimensional sensor attached on sports gears to monitor sports performance while bearing sudden impacts. Next, owing to its remarkable waterproof and easy packaging properties, this fiber detector can sense different ion movements in various solutions, revealing the promising applications for large-area undersea detection.
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25
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Byun SH, Kim CS, Agno KC, Lee S, Li Z, Cho BJ, Jeong JW. Design Strategy for Transformative Electronic System toward Rapid, Bidirectional Stiffness Tuning using Graphene and Flexible Thermoelectric Device Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007239. [PMID: 33491832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronics with tunable shape and stiffness can be applied in broad range of applications because their tunability allows their use in either rigid handheld form or soft wearable form, depending on needs. Previous research has enabled such reconfigurable electronics by integrating a thermally tunable gallium-based platform with flexible/stretchable electronics. However, supercooling phenomenon caused in the freezing process of gallium impedes reliable and rapid bidirectional rigid-soft conversion, limiting the full potential of this type of "transformative" electronics. Here, materials and electronics design strategies are reported to develop a transformative system with a gallium platform capable of fast reversible mechanical switching. In this electronic system, graphene is used as a catalyst to accelerate the heterogeneous nucleation of gallium to mitigate the degree of supercooling. Additionally, a flexible thermoelectric device is integrated as a means to provide active temperature control to further reduce the time for the solid-liquid transition of gallium. Analytical and experimental results establish the fundamentals for the design and optimized operation of transformative electronics for accelerated bidirectional transformation. Proof-of-concept demonstration of a reconfigurable system, which can convert between rigid handheld electronics and a flexible wearable biosensor, demonstrates the potential of this design approach for highly versatile electronics that can support multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyuk Byun
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Sun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen-Christian Agno
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Simok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Byung Jin Cho
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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26
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Wei Y, Lee S, Choe M, Bhuyan P, Kim E, Jeon H, Kang G, Nah C, Park S. Non‐polymeric thin wires by drawing materials near room temperature. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wei
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Minjae Choe
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Priyanuj Bhuyan
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Eunseon Kim
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Hongchan Jeon
- Interior System Plastic Materials Development Team, Research & Development Division Hyundai Motor Group Hwaseong 18280 Korea
| | - Gun Kang
- Interior System Plastic Materials Development Team, Research & Development Division Hyundai Motor Group Hwaseong 18280 Korea
| | - Changwoon Nah
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bio‐Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
- Department of Polymer‐Nano Science and Technology Jeonbuk National University Jeonju 54896 Korea
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27
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Wang X, Liu X, Bi P, Zhang Y, Li L, Guo J, Zhang Y, Niu X, Wang Y, Hu L, Fan Y. Electrochemically Enabled Embedded Three-Dimensional Printing of Freestanding Gallium Wire-like Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53966-53972. [PMID: 33179912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to pattern planar and freestanding 3D metallic architectures would enable numerous applications, including flexible electronics, displays, sensors, and antennas. Low melting point metals, such as gallium, have recently drawn considerable attention especially in the fields of flexible and stretchable electronics and devices owing to its unique properties, such as excellent electrical conductivity and fluidity. However, the large surface tension, low viscosity, and large density pose great challenges to 3D printing of freestanding gallium structures in a large scale, which hinder its further applications. In this article, we first propose an electrochemically enabled embedded 3D printing (3e-3DP) method for creating planar and freestanding gallium wire-like structures assisted with supporting hydrogel. After an enhanced solidification process and the removal of hydrogel, various freestanding 2D and 3D wire-like structures are realized. By simply reassembling the gallium structure into soft elastomer, a gallium-based flexible conductor and a 3D-spiral pressure sensor are demonstrated. Above all, this study presents a brand-new and economical way for the fabrication of 2D and 3D freestanding gallium structures, which has great prospects in wide applications in flexible and stretchable electronics and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Liangtao Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiarui Guo
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xufeng Niu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beihang Univeristy, Beijing 100083, China
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28
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Zhang W, Chen J, Li X, Lu Y. Liquid Metal-Polymer Microlattice Metamaterials with High Fracture Toughness and Damage Recoverability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2004190. [PMID: 33103341 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials exhibit excellent fracture toughness due to their ability to dissipate energy during crack propagating through the combination of various constituents with different stiffnesses. Replicating this mechanism in engineering materials is important in mechanical systems and emerging applications such as flexible electronics and soft robotics. Here a novel liquid metal (LM)-filled polymer microlattice metamaterial, fabricated by projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) 3D printing and vacuum filling of gallium (Ga), exhibiting high fracture toughness of 0.8 MJ m-3 , is reported. Moreover, the LM metamaterials demonstrate shape memory effect and even essentially recover its original shape upon severe fractures. These unique features arise from the tunable properties of gallium at a relatively low temperature range. The result offers new insights into design and manufacturing mechanical metamaterials with tunable properties and high recoverability for soft robots, flexible electronics, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Juzheng Chen
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Nano-Manufacturing Laboratory (NML), City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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29
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Liquid metal-integrated ultra-elastic conductive microfibers from microfluidics for wearable electronics. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1752-1759. [PMID: 36659248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) has shown potential values in different areas. Attempts to implement LM are tending to develop new functions and make it versatile to improve its performance for practical applications. Here, we present an unprecedented LM-integrated ultra-elastic microfiber with distinctive features for wearable electronics. The microfiber with a polyurethane shell and an LM core was continuously generated by using a sequenced microfluidic spinning and injection method. Due to the precise fluid manipulation of microfluidics, the resultant microfiber could be tailored with tunable morphologies and responsive conductivities. We have demonstrated that the microfiber could act as dynamic force sensor and motion indicator when it was embedded into elastic films. In addition, the values of the LM-integrated ultra-elastic microfiber on energy conversions such as electro-magnetic or electro-thermal conversions have also been realized. These features indicate that LM-integrated microfiber will open up new frontiers in LM-integrated materials and the wearable electronics field.
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30
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Kuang X, Roach DJ, Hamel CM, Yu K, Qi HJ. Materials, design, and fabrication of shape programmable polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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31
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Zha XJ, Zhang ST, Pu JH, Zhao X, Ke K, Bao RY, Bai L, Liu ZY, Yang MB, Yang W. Nanofibrillar Poly(vinyl alcohol) Ionic Organohydrogels for Smart Contact Lens and Human-Interactive Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23514-23522. [PMID: 32329606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel bioelectronics as one of the next-generation wearable and implantable electronics ensures excellent biocompatibility and softness to link the human body and electronics. However, volatile, opaque, and fragile features of hydrogels due to the sparse and microscale three-dimensional network seriously limit their practical applications. Here, we report a type of smart and robust nanofibrillar poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) organohydrogels fabricated via one-step physical cross-linking. The nanofibrillar network cross-linked by numerous PVA nanocrystallites enables the formation of organohydrogels with high transparency (90%), drying resistance, high toughness (3.2 MJ/m3), and tensile strength (1.4 MPa). For strain sensor application, the PVA ionic organohydrogel after soaking in NaCl solution shows excellent linear sensitivity (GF = 1.56, R2 > 0.998) owing to the homogeneous nanofibrillar PVA network. We demonstrate the potential applications of the nanofibrillar PVA-based organohydrogel in smart contact lens and emotion recognition. Such a strategy paves an effective way to fabricate strong, tough, biocompatible, and ionically conductive organohydrogels, shedding light on multifunctional sensing applications in next-generation flexible bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Zha
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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32
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Tang P, Zheng X, Yang H, He J, Zheng Z, Yang W, Zhou S. Intrinsically Stretchable and Shape Memory Conducting Nanofiber for Programmable Flexible Electronic Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48202-48211. [PMID: 31763813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible and stretchable electronic films have been drawing increasing attention but are limited by the nature of elastomeric materials and the embedded structure; thus, these films cannot achieve long-term and stable electrical performance at certain deformation states in practical applications. Here, we report intrinsically stretchable and shape memory polycaprolactone/polyethylene glycol/silver nanowires films (PPAFs) based on a dual-layer network structure of nanofibers that can achieve both shape-fixable and deformation-reversible conductivity in the elongation range. We also demonstrate the resistance characteristic of PPAFs at the same/different deformation rates, which shows the unique memorable resistance and the variable conversion of a "conductive-insulation-conductive" state. Importantly, the change in sheet resistance of the PPAFs fixed at any rate of deformation could sustainably recover the initial sheet resistance even after cyclic thermal responses. Furthermore, we successfully develop the programmable conductivity of PPAFs as a monitoring, switching, and alarming device for shape memory cycles through the ingenious design of a microcircuit and simulation analysis using Proteus software. PPAFs show great potential for changeable characteristics in both shape and resistance for use in flexible electronic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandeng Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Huikai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Jing He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Zhiwen Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
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33
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Lendlein A, Balk M, Tarazona NA, Gould OEC. Bioperspectives for Shape-Memory Polymers as Shape Programmable, Active Materials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3627-3640. [PMID: 31529957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Within the natural world, organisms use information stored in their material structure to generate a physical response to a wide variety of environmental changes. The ability to program synthetic materials to intrinsically respond to environmental changes in a similar manner has the potential to revolutionize material science. By designing polymeric devices capable of responsively changing shape or behavior based on information encoded into their structure, we can create functional physical behavior, including a shape-memory and an actuation capability. Here we highlight the stimuli-responsiveness and shape-changing ability of biological materials and biopolymer-based materials, plus their potential biomedical application, providing a bioperspective on shape-memory materials. We address strategies to incorporate a shape-memory (actuation) function in polymeric materials, conceptualized in terms of its relationship with inputs (environmental stimuli) and outputs (shape change). Challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of several functions in a single material body to achieve multifunctionality are discussed. Finally, we describe how elements that sense, convert, and transmit stimuli have been used to create multisensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Maria Balk
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
| | - Natalia A Tarazona
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
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