1
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Liu Y, Gould OEC, Kratz K, Lendlein A. On Demand Sequential Release of (Sub)Micron Particles Controlled by Size and Temperature. Small 2022; 18:e2104621. [PMID: 34825471 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric devices capable of releasing submicron particles (subMP) on demand are highly desirable for controlled release systems, sensors, and smart surfaces. Here, a temperature-memory polymer sheet with a programmable smooth surface served as matrix to embed and release polystyrene subMP controlled by particle size and temperature. subMPs embedding at 80 °C can be released sequentially according to their size (diameter D of 200 nm, 500 nm, 1 µm) when heated. The differences in their embedding extent are determined by the various subMPs sizes and result in their distinct release temperatures. Microparticles of the same size (D ≈ 1 µm) incorporated in films at different programming temperatures Tp (50, 65, and 80 °C) lead to a sequential release based on the temperature-memory effect. The change of apparent height over the film surface is quantified using atomic force microscopy and the realization of sequential release is proven by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The demonstration and quantification of on demand subMP release are of technological impact for assembly, particle sorting, and release technologies in microtechnology, catalysis, and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Deng Z, Wang W, Xu X, Nie Y, Liu Y, Gould OEC, Ma N, Lendlein A. Biofunction of Polydopamine Coating in Stem Cell Culture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:10748-10759. [PMID: 33594879 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stem cell expansion often lead to replicative senescence. Here, a polydopamine (PDA)-coated substrate was used to scavenge extracellular ROS for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) expansion. The PDA-coated substrate could reduce the oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in replicative senescent MSCs. The expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase of MSCs from three human donors (both bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived) was suppressed on PDA. The MSCs on the PDA-coated substrate showed a lower level of interleukin 6 (IL-6), one of the senescence-associated inflammatory components. Cellular senescence-specific genes, such as p53 and p21, were downregulated on the PDA-coated substrate, while the stemness-related gene, OCT4, was upregulated. The PDA-coated substrate strongly promoted the proliferation rate of MSCs, while the stem cell character and differentiation potential were retained. Large-scale expansion of stem cells would greatly benefit from the PDA-coated substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Deng
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Xun Xu
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Yan Nie
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 14513 Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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3
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El-Zubir O, Kynaston EL, Gwyther J, Nazemi A, Gould OEC, Whittell GR, Horrocks BR, Manners I, Houlton A. Bottom-up device fabrication via the seeded growth of polymer-based nanowires. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6222-6228. [PMID: 32953017 PMCID: PMC7480267 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living crystallisation-driven self-assembly facilitates the bottom-up assembly of electronic devices.
The bottom-up assembly of nanoelectronic devices from molecular building blocks is a target of widespread interest. Herein we demonstrate an in situ seeded growth approach to produce a nanowire-based electrical device. This exploits the chemisorption of block terpolymer-based seed fibres with a thiophene-functionalised corona onto metal electrodes as the initial step. We then use these surface-bound seeds to initiate the growth of well-defined one-dimensional fibre-like micelles via the seeded growth method known as “Living crystallisation-driven self-assembly’’ and demonstrate that they are capable of spanning an interelectrode gap. Finally, a chemical oxidation step was used to transform the nanofibres into nanowires to generate a two-terminal device. This seeded growth approach of growing well-defined circuit elements provides a useful new design tool for bottom-up device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama El-Zubir
- Chemical Nanoscience Labs , School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , UK .
| | - Emily L Kynaston
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Jessica Gwyther
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Ali Nazemi
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK
| | - George R Whittell
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK
| | - Benjamin R Horrocks
- Chemical Nanoscience Labs , School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , UK .
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK.,Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , V8W 3V6 , British Columbia , Canada .
| | - Andrew Houlton
- Chemical Nanoscience Labs , School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , UK .
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Tung WT, Zou J, Sun X, Wang W, Gould OEC, Kratz K, Ma N, Lendlein A. Coaxial electrospinning of PEEU/gelatin to fiber meshes with enhanced mesenchymal stem cell attachment and proliferation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74:53-66. [PMID: 31743992 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microfibers with a core-shell structure can be produced by co-axial electrospinning, allowing for the functionalization of the outer layer with bioactive molecules. In this study, a thermoplastic, degradable polyesteretherurethane (PEEU), consisting of poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) segments with different PPDO to PCL weight ratios, were processed into fiber meshes by co-axial electrospinning with gelatin. The prepared PEEU fibers have a diameter of 1.3±0.5 μm and an elastic modulus of around 5.1±1.0 MPa as measured by tensile testing in a dry state at 37°C, while the PEEU/Gelatin core-shell fibers with a gelatin content of 12±6 wt% and a diameter of 1.5±0.5 μm possess an elastic modulus of 15.0±1.1 MPa in a dry state at 37 °C but as low as 0.7±0.7 MPa when hydrated at 37 °C. Co-axial electrospinning allowed for the homogeneous distribution of the gelatin shell along the whole microfiber. Gelatin with conjugated Fluorescein (FITC) remained stable on the PEEU fibers after 7 days incubation in Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C. The gelatin coating on PEEU fibers lead to enhanced human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cell (hADSC) attachment and a proliferation rate 81.7±34.1 % higher in cell number in PEEU50/Gelatin fibers after 7 days of cell culture when compared to PEEU fibers without coating. In this work, we demonstrate that water-soluble gelatin can be incorporated as the outer shell of a polymer fiber via molecular entanglement, with a sustained presence and role in enhancing stem cell attachment and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Tai Tung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jie Zou
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Xianlei Sun
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Izraylit V, Gould OEC, Rudolph T, Kratz K, Lendlein A. Controlling Actuation Performance in Physically Cross-Linked Polylactone Blends Using Polylactide Stereocomplexation. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:338-348. [PMID: 31746189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the field of shape-changing materials, synthetic chemical modification has been widely used to introduce key structural units and subsequently expand the mechanical functionality of actuator devices. The introduction of architectural elements that facilitate in situ control over mechanical properties and complete geometric reconfiguration of a device is highly desirable to increase the morphological diversity of polymeric actuator materials. The subject of the present study is a multiblock copolymer with semicrystalline poly(l-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLLA-PCL) segments. By harnessing the stereocomplexation of copolymer chains with a poly(d-lactide) oligomer (PDLA), we provide anchoring points for physical network formation and demonstrate how a blending process can be used to efficiently vary the mechanical properties of a shape-memory actuator. We investigate the effect of molecular structure on the actuation performance of the material in cyclic thermomechanical tests, with a maximum reversible shape change εrev' = 13.4 ± 1.5% measured at 3.1 wt % of polylactide stereocomplex content in the multiblock copolymer matrix. The thermophysical properties, crystalline structure, and phase morphology were analyzed by DSC, WAXS and AFM respectively, elucidating the structure-to-function relationship in physically cross-linked blended materials. The work demonstrates a one-step technique for manufacturing a polymeric actuator and tuning its performance in situ. This approach should greatly improve the efficiency of physically cross-linked actuator fabrication, allowing composition and physical behavior to be precisely and easily controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Izraylit
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse , 14513 Teltow , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse , 14513 Teltow , Germany
| | - Tobias Rudolph
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse , 14513 Teltow , Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse , 14513 Teltow , Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse , 14513 Teltow , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustrasse 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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6
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Tung WT, Wang W, Liu Y, Gould OEC, Kratz K, Ma N, Lendlein A. Mechanical characterization of electrospun polyesteretherurethane (PEEU) meshes by atomic force microscopy. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 73:229-236. [PMID: 31561331 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of electrospun fiber meshes typically are measured by tensile testing at the macro-scale without precisely addressing the spatial scale of living cells and their submicron architecture. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) enables the examination of the nano- and micro-mechanical properties of the fibers with potential to correlate the structural mechanical properties across length scales with composition and functional behavior. In this study, a polyesteretherurethane (PEEU) polymer containing poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) segments was electrospun into fiber meshes or suspended single fibers. We employed AFM three point bending testing and AFM force mapping to measure the elastic modulus and stiffness of individual micro/nanofibers and the fiber mesh. The local stiffness of the fiber mesh including the randomized, intersecting structure was also examined for each individual fiber. Force mapping results with a set point of 50 nN demonstrated the dependence of the elasticity of a single fiber on the fiber mesh architecture. The non-homogeneous stiffness along the same fiber was attributed to the intersecting structure of the supporting mesh morphology. The same fiber measured at a point with and without axial fiber support showed a remarkable difference in stiffness, ranging from 0.2 to 10 nN/nm respectively. For the region, where supporting fibers densely intersected, the stiffness was found to be considerably higher. In the region where the degrees of freedom of the fibers was not restricted, allowing greater displacement, the stiffness were observed to be lower. This study elucidates the relationship between architecture and the mechanical properties of a micro/nanofiber mesh. By providing a greater understanding of the role of spatial arrangement and organization on the surface mechanical properties of such materials, we hope to provide insight into the design of microenvironments capable of regulating cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Tai Tung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Sun X, Tung W, Wang W, Xu X, Zou J, Gould OEC, Kratz K, Ma N, Lendlein A. The effect of stiffness variation of electrospun fiber meshes of multiblock copolymers on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 73:219-228. [PMID: 31561335 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning has attracted significant attention as a method to produce cell culture substrates whose fibrous structure mimics the native extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, the influence of E-modulus of fibrous substrates on the lineage commitment of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) was studied using fiber meshes prepared via the electrospinning of a polyetheresterurethane (PEEU) consisting of poly(ρ-dioxanone) (PPDO) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) segments. The PPDO: PCL weight ratio was varied from 40:60 to 70:30 to adjust the physiochemical properties of the PEEU fibers. The cells attached on stiffer PEEU70 (PPDO:PCL,= 70:30) fiber meshes displayed an elongated morphology compared to those cultured on softer fibers. The nuclear aspect ratio (width vs. length of a nucleus) of hADSCs cultured on softer PEEU40 (PPDO:PCL = 40:60) fibers was lower than on stiffer fibers. The osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs was enhanced by culturing on stiffer fibers. Compared to PEEU40, a 73% increase of osteocalcin expression and a 34% enhancement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was observed in cells on PEEU70. These results demonstrated that the differentiation commitment of stem cells could be regulated via tailoring the mechanical properties of electrospun fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlei Sun
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wingtai Tung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Xun Xu
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Jie Zou
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Within the natural world, organisms use information stored in their material structure to generate a physical response to a wide variety of environmental changes. The ability to program synthetic materials to intrinsically respond to environmental changes in a similar manner has the potential to revolutionize material science. By designing polymeric devices capable of responsively changing shape or behavior based on information encoded into their structure, we can create functional physical behavior, including a shape-memory and an actuation capability. Here we highlight the stimuli-responsiveness and shape-changing ability of biological materials and biopolymer-based materials, plus their potential biomedical application, providing a bioperspective on shape-memory materials. We address strategies to incorporate a shape-memory (actuation) function in polymeric materials, conceptualized in terms of its relationship with inputs (environmental stimuli) and outputs (shape change). Challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of several functions in a single material body to achieve multifunctionality are discussed. Finally, we describe how elements that sense, convert, and transmit stimuli have been used to create multisensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25 , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Maria Balk
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
| | - Natalia A Tarazona
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science , Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Kantstrasse 55 , Teltow , Germany
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9
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Fang L, Gould OEC, Lysyakova L, Jiang Y, Sauter T, Frank O, Becker T, Schossig M, Kratz K, Lendlein A. Implementing and Quantifying the Shape-Memory Effect of Single Polymeric Micro/Nanowires with an Atomic Force Microscope. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2078-2084. [PMID: 29683553 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of shape-memory effects (SME) in polymeric micro- or nano-objects currently relies on the application of indirect macroscopic manipulation techniques, for example, stretchable molds or phantoms, to ensembles of small objects. Here, we introduce a method capable of the controlled manipulation and SME quantification of individual micro- and nano-objects in analogy to macroscopic thermomechanical test procedures. An atomic force microscope was utilized to address individual electro-spun poly(ether urethane) (PEU) micro- or nanowires freely suspended between two micropillars on a micro-structured silicon substrate. In this way, programming strains of 10±1% or 21±1% were realized, which could be successfully fixed. An almost complete restoration of the original free-suspended shape during heating confirmed the excellent shape-memory performance of the PEU wires. Apparent recovery stresses of σmax,app =1.2±0.1 and 33.3±0.1 MPa were obtained for a single microwire and nanowire, respectively. The universal AFM test platform described here enables the implementation and quantification of a thermomechanically induced function for individual polymeric micro- and nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,Current address: College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Oliver E C Gould
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Liudmila Lysyakova
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Yi Jiang
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauter
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,Current address: Evonik Industries AG, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, 45772, Marl, Germany
| | - Oliver Frank
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Tino Becker
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Michael Schossig
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Karl Kratz
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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10
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Hayward DW, Lunn DJ, Seddon A, Finnegan JR, Gould OEC, Magdysyuk O, Manners I, Whittell GR, Richardson RM. Structure of the Crystalline Core of Fiber-like Polythiophene Block Copolymer Micelles. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Oxana Magdysyuk
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
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11
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Li X, Wolanin PJ, MacFarlane LR, Harniman RL, Qian J, Gould OEC, Dane TG, Rudin J, Cryan MJ, Schmaltz T, Frauenrath H, Winnik MA, Faul CFJ, Manners I. Uniform electroactive fibre-like micelle nanowires for organic electronics. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15909. [PMID: 28649998 PMCID: PMC5490183 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Micelles formed by the self-assembly of block copolymers in selective solvents have attracted widespread attention and have uses in a wide variety of fields, whereas applications based on their electronic properties are virtually unexplored. Herein we describe studies of solution-processable, low-dispersity, electroactive fibre-like micelles of controlled length from π-conjugated diblock copolymers containing a crystalline regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) core and a solubilizing, amorphous regiosymmetric poly(3-hexylthiophene) or polystyrene corona. Tunnelling atomic force microscopy measurements demonstrate that the individual fibres exhibit appreciable conductivity. The fibres were subsequently incorporated as the active layer in field-effect transistors. The resulting charge carrier mobility strongly depends on both the degree of polymerization of the core-forming block and the fibre length, and is independent of corona composition. The use of uniform, colloidally stable electroactive fibre-like micelles based on common π-conjugated block copolymers highlights their significant potential to provide fundamental insight into charge carrier processes in devices, and to enable future electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Piotr J. Wolanin
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Liam R. MacFarlane
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Robert L. Harniman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jieshu Qian
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Oliver E. C. Gould
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Thomas G. Dane
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - John Rudin
- Folium Optics Ltd, Unit 28, Cooper Road, Thornbury, Bristol BS35 3UP, UK
| | - Martin J. Cryan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Thomas Schmaltz
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL–STI–IMX–LMOM, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL–STI–IMX–LMOM, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Charl F. J. Faul
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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12
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Qiu H, Gao Y, Boott CE, Gould OEC, Harniman RL, Miles MJ, Webb SED, Winnik MA, Manners I. Uniform patchy and hollow rectangular platelet micelles from crystallizable polymer blends. Science 2016; 352:697-701. [PMID: 27151866 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of colloidally stable, self-assembled materials with tailorable solid or hollow two-dimensional (2D) structures represents a major challenge. We describe the formation of uniform, monodisperse rectangular platelet micelles of controlled size by means of seeded-growth methods that involve the addition of blends of crystalline-coil block copolymers and the corresponding crystalline homopolymer to cylindrical micelle seeds. Sequential addition of different blends yields solid platelet block comicelles with concentric rectangular patches with distinct coronal chemistries. These complex nano-objects can be subject to spatially selective processing that allows their disassembly to form perforated platelets, such as well-defined hollow rectangular rings. The solid and hollow 2D micelles provide a tunable platform for further functionalization and potential for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Qiu
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | | | | | - Mervyn J Miles
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Stephen E D Webb
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Mitchell A Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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13
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Gould OEC, Qiu H, Lunn DJ, Rowden J, Harniman RL, Hudson ZM, Winnik MA, Miles MJ, Manners I. Transformation and patterning of supermicelles using dynamic holographic assembly. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10009. [PMID: 26627644 PMCID: PMC4686664 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the solution self-assembly of block copolymers has enabled the fabrication of a broad range of complex, functional nanostructures, their precise manipulation and patterning remain a key challenge. Here we demonstrate that spherical and linear supermicelles, supramolecular structures held together by non-covalent solvophobic and coordination interactions and formed by the hierarchical self-assembly of block copolymer micelle and block comicelle precursors, can be manipulated, transformed and patterned with mediation by dynamic holographic assembly (optical tweezers). This allows the creation of new and stable soft-matter superstructures far from equilibrium. For example, individual spherical supermicelles can be optically held in close proximity and photocrosslinked through controlled coronal chemistry to generate linear oligomeric arrays. The use of optical tweezers also enables the directed deposition and immobilization of supermicelles on surfaces, allowing the precise creation of arrays of soft-matter nano-objects with potentially diverse functionality and a range of applications. Block copolymers can form micelles and assemblies of micelles (supermicelles) when placed in suitable solvents. Here, the authors use optical tweezers to control the arrangement and deposition of supermicelles into higher-order patterned nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E C Gould
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Huibin Qiu
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - David J Lunn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - John Rowden
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | | | | | - Mitchell A Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Mervyn J Miles
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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14
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Kynaston EL, Gould OEC, Gwyther J, Whittell GR, Winnik MA, Manners I. Fiber-Like Micelles from the Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of Poly(3-heptylselenophene)-block
-Polystyrene. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Gwyther
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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15
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Finnegan JR, Lunn DJ, Gould OEC, Hudson ZM, Whittell GR, Winnik MA, Manners I. Gradient Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly: Cylindrical Micelles with “Patchy” Segmented Coronas via the Coassembly of Linear and Brush Block Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13835-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507121h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Finnegan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Lunn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver E. C. Gould
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - George R. Whittell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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