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Qian M, Wu F, Zhang J, Wang J, Song T, Tan G. Healable and Conductive Two-Dimensional Sulfur Iodide for High-Rate Sodium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:32291-32297. [PMID: 38872393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Self-healing functional materials can repair cracks and damage inside the battery, ensuring the stability of the battery material structure. This feature minimizes performance degradation during the charging and discharging processes, improving the efficiency and stability of the battery. Here, we have developed a novel healing conductive two-dimensional sulfur iodide (SI4) composite cathode. This process integrates both sulfur and iodine compounds into carbon nanocages, forming a SI4@C core-shell structure. This cathode design improves electrical conductivity and repairability, facilitates rapid activation, and ensures structural integrity, resulting in a typical Na-SI4 battery with high capacity and an exceptionally long cycle life. At 10.0 A g-1, the capacity of the Na-SI4 battery can still reach 217.4 mAh g-1 after more than 500 cycles, and the capacity decay rate per cycle is only 0.06%. In addition, the cathode exhibits a cascade redox reaction involving S and I, contributing to its high capacity. The in situ growth of a carbon shell further enhances the conductivity and structural robustness of the entire cathode. The flexibility and bendability of SI4@C-carbon cloth make it applicable for flexible electronic devices, providing more possibilities for battery design. The strategy of engineering a two-dimensional self-healing structure to construct a superior cathode is expected to be widely applied to other electrode materials. This study provides a new pathway for designing novel binary-conversion-type sodium-ion batteries with excellent long-term cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Junfan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Tinglu Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoqiang Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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2
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Ding Q, Han T, Zhou T, Lin X, Liu J. A Temperature-Tolerant Magnesium-Ion Battery Using Ball Cactus-like MgV 2O 4 as High-Performance Cathode. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302978. [PMID: 38116914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Safe and high-performance secondary batteries using for all-climate conditions with different temperatures are highly required. Here, we develop a three-dimensional ball cactus-like MgV2O4 as cathode material for magnesium-ion (Mg-ion) batteries. After cycling 300 times, the capacity maintains 111.7 mAh g-1, while Coulombic efficiency stabilizes at about 100 %. Under temperatures of 45 °C and -5 °C, the capacities remain stable after 200 cycles. After three rounds of rate-performance tests, the capacity keeps quite stable. It is ascribed to the ball cactus-like morphology buffers the volumetric change during Mg2+ insertion/extraction, and provides sufficient pathways for ion diffusion, which has been verified by constant-current intermittent titration technology. It is believed that the good performance enables the Mg-ion batteries to have a all-climate capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of the Ministry of Education Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Tianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of the Ministry of Education Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of the Ministry of Education Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
| | - Xirong Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of the Ministry of Education Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China
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Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX, Si T. Free-Boundary Microfluidic Platform for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304840. [PMID: 37722080 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, with its remarkable capacity to manipulate fluids and droplets at the microscale, has emerged as a powerful platform in numerous fields. In contrast to conventional closed microchannel microfluidic systems, free-boundary microfluidic manufacturing (FBMM) processes continuous precursor fluids into jets or droplets in a relatively spacious environment. FBMM is highly regarded for its superior flexibility, stability, economy, usability, and versatility in the manufacturing of advanced materials and architectures. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in FBMM is provided, encompassing technical principles, advanced material manufacturing, and their applications. FBMM is categorized based on the foundational mechanisms, primarily comprising hydrodynamics, interface effects, acoustics, and electrohydrodynamic. The processes and mechanisms of fluid manipulation are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the manufacturing of advanced materials in various dimensions ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, as well as their diverse applications in material science, biomedical engineering, and engineering are presented. Finally, current progress is summarized and future challenges are prospected. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of FBMM as a powerful tool for advanced materials manufacturing and its wide-ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tianao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fangsheng Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Ding Q, Han T, Lin X, Zhou T, Liu J, Zhang H. A single-crystalline Co 3O 4 nanoparticle-assembled three-dimensional chain as an ultra-stable magnesium-ion battery cathode at different temperatures. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7161-7165. [PMID: 37161790 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineering optimal cathode materials is significant for developing stable magnesium-ion (Mg-ion) batteries. Here, we present a single-crystalline Co3O4 nanoparticle-chain three-dimensional (3D) micro/nanostructure as an Mg-ion battery cathode. The hierarchical morphology is composed of radial nanochains self-assembled by single-crystalline nanoparticles, thus significantly facilitating the transfer of electrons and ions. 3D single-crystalline Co3O4 as an Mg-ion battery cathode displays a stable capacity of 111.7 mA h g-1 after 200 cycles with a decay rate per cycle as low as 0.037%. After four rounds of testing, the rate performance remains stable with a tiny decrease from 125.94 to 124.78 mA h g-1. At temperatures of 45 °C and -5 °C, the cathode still displays good stability and rate-performance. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) results verify a low energy barrier of the Co3O4 cathode. It is expected that the single-crystalline nanoparticle-assembled 3D structure and the stable Mg-storage performance will find broad applications for developing other stable energy-storage materials and their batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
| | - Tianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
| | - Xirong Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
| | - Huigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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Lin X, Yang C, Han T, Li J, Chen Z, Zhang H, Mu K, Si T, Liu J. A graphene oxide scaffold-encapsulated microcapsule for polysulfide-immobilized long life lithium-sulfur batteries. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2185-2191. [PMID: 35543209 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineering high-performance cathodes for high energy-density lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is quite significant to achieve commercialization. Here, we develop a graphene oxide scaffold/sulfur composite-encapsulated microcapsule (GSM) for high-performance Li-S batteries, which is prepared through the co-flow focusing (CFF) approach. The GSM-based cathode displays a high capacity of 1004 mA h g-1 at 0.2C after cycling 200 times, a long-term cycling stability after 1000 cycles at 2C, and a good rate-performance. At temperatures of -5 °C and 45 °C, the electrochemical performance is also excellent. The computational calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) verify the high adsorption energies of the microcapsules towards polysulfides, suppressing the shuttle effect efficiently. It is expected that the GSM system developed based on the CFF method here and its high electrochemical performance will enable it to be applicable for preparing many other emerging energy-storage materials and secondary batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Chaoyu Yang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Tianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
| | - Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- Shenzhen FBTech Electronics Ltd., Shenzhen, Guandong 518100, PR China.
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Kai Mu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
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Yi Y, Du X, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Guan H, Liu X, Pei X, Zhang S, Li D. Coupling of Metallic VSe 2 and Conductive Polypyrrole for Boosted Sodium-Ion Storage by Reinforced Conductivity Within and Outside. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7772-7782. [PMID: 35437985 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although transitional metal dichalcogenides have been regarded as appealing electrodes for sodium/potassium-ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) owing to their high theoretical capacity, it is a key challenge to realize dichalcogenide anodes with long-period cycling performance and high-rate capability because of their poor conductivity and large volumetric change. Herein, polypyrrole-encapsulated VSe2 nanoplates (VSe2@PPy) were prepared by the selenization of VOOH hollow nanospheres and subsequent in situ polymerization and coating by pyrrole. Benefiting from the inherent metallicity of VSe2, the improvement in the conductivity and the structural protection provided by the PPy layer, the VSe2@PPy nanoplates exhibited enhanced sodium/potassium-storage performances, delivering a superior rate capability with a capacity of 260.0 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1 in SIBs and 148.6 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1 in PIBs, as well as revealing an ultrastability in cycling of 324.6 mA h g-1 after 2800 cycles at 4 A g-1 in SIBs. Moreover, the insertion and conversion mechanisms of VSe2@PPy in SIBs with intermediates of Na0.6VSe2, NaVSe2, and VSe were elucidated by in situ/ex situ X-ray diffraction combined with ex situ transmission electron microscopy observation and in situ potentio-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy during the sodiation and desodiation processes. Density functional theory calculations show that the strong coupling between VSe2 and PPy not only causes it to have a stronger total density of states and a built-in electric field, leading to an increased electrical conductivity, but also effectively decreases the ion diffusion barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Du
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Guan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Pei
- Shanxi Supercomputing Center, Lvliang, Shanxi 033000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Zhang X, Zhao G, Hong H, Tang Z, Xu X, Li H, Zhi C, Han C. Ether-Water Hybrid Electrolyte Contributing to Excellent Mg Ion Storage in Layered Sodium Vanadate. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6093-6102. [PMID: 35312293 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium ion batteries have potential for large-scale energy storage. However, the high charge density of Mg2+ ions establishes a strong intercalation energy barrier in host materials, causing sluggish diffusion kinetics and structural degradation. Here, we report that the kinetic and dissolution issues connected to cathode materials can be resolved simultaneously using a tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)-water hybrid electrolyte. The lubricating and shielding effect of water solvent could boost the swift transport of Mg2+, contributing to a high diffusion coefficient within the sodium vanadate (NaV8O20·nH2O) cathode. Meanwhile, the organic TEGDME component can coordinate with water to diminish its activity, thus providing the hybrid electrolyte with a broad electrochemical window of 3.9 V. More importantly, the TEGDME preferentially amassed at the interface, leading to a robust cathode electrolyte interface layer that suppresses the dissolution of vanadium species. Consequently, the NaV8O20·nH2O cathode achieved a specific capacity of 351 mAh g-1 at 0.3 A g-1 and a long cycle life of 1000 cycles in this hybrid electrolyte. A mechanism study revealed the reversible interaction of Mg2+ during cycles. This organic water hybrid electrolyte is effective for overcoming the difficulty of multivalent ion storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Hu Hong
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijie Tang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuiping Han
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering and Low Dimensional Energy Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Zhou T, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Han T, Zhang H, Liu J. A novel "caterpillar with eggs" mesostructured iron sulfide as an anode for a Li-ion battery displaying stable electrochemical performance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1561-1564. [PMID: 35014631 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05421j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Emerging anodes are important for high energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Here, we present a mesostructured FeS2 comprising nanoparticles embedded in a nanoneedle-assembled nanotube to form a novel "caterpillar with eggs" (CWE) structure. The voids alleviated the volumetric change upon charge-discharge; the nanoneedles-assembled shell provided rapid transport pathways for ions and electrons. The FeS2 anode exhibited a high capacity of 805.1 mA h g-1 after 500 cycles at 2 A g-1. When cycling at -10 °C and 45 °C, the anode provided capacities of 754.5 and 744.4 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 1 A g-1, respectively. This good electrochemical performance will enable our special design to find broad applications for developing high-performance energy-storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Yajun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Tianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Huigang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
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Liu J, Zhu Y, Cai J, Zhong Y, Han T, Chen Z, Li J. Encapsulating Metal-Organic-Framework Derived Nanocages into a Microcapsule for Shuttle Effect-Suppressive Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:236. [PMID: 35055255 PMCID: PMC8777985 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stable secondary batteries are highly required. Here, we report a unique microcapsule encapsulated with metal organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived Co3O4 nanocages for a Li-S battery, which displays good lithium-storage properties. ZIF-67 dodecahedra are prepared at room temperature then converted to porous Co3O4 nanocages, which are infilled into microcapsules through a microfluidic technique. After loading sulfur, the Co3O4/S-infilled microcapsules are obtained, which display a specific capacity of 935 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at 0.5C in Li-S batteries. A Coulombic efficiency of about 100% is achieved. The constructed Li-S battery possesses a high rate-performance during three rounds of cycling. Moreover, stable performance is verified under both high and low temperatures of 50 °C and -10 °C. Density functional theory calculations show that the Co3O4 dodecahedra display large binding energies with polysulfides, which are able to suppress shuttle effect of polysulfides and enable a stable electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Yajun Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Junfei Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yan Zhong
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Tianli Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (T.H.)
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- Shenzhen FBTech Electronics Ltd., Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-Electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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10
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Han T, Lin X, Cai J, Li J, Zhu Y, Meng Y, Hu C, Liu J. A novel free-standing metal organic frameworks-derived cobalt sulfide polyhedron array for shuttle effect suppressive lithium-sulfur batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:105401. [PMID: 34818635 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3ce5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic-frameworks-derived nanostructures have received broad attention for secondary batteries. However, many strategies focus on the preparation of dispersive materials, which need complicated steps and some additives for making electrodes of batteries. Here, we develop a novel free-standing Co9S8polyhedron array derived from ZIF-67, which grows on a three-dimensional carbon cloth for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery. The polar Co9S8provides strong chemical binding to immobilize polysulfides, which enables efficiently suppressing of the shuttle effect. The free-standing S@Co9S8polyhedron array-based cathode exhibits ultrahigh capacity of 1079 mAh g-1after cycling 100 times at 0.1 C, and long cycling life of 500 cycles at 1 C, recoverable rate-performance and good temperature tolerance. Furthermore, the adsorption energies towards polysulfides are investigated by using density functional theory calculations, which display a strong binding with polysulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xirong Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoquan Hu
- Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industry, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liu J, Zhu M, Mu K, Han T, Pan Z, Gan Y, Zhang H, Si T. Engineering a novel microcapsule of Cu 9S 5 core and SnS 2 quantum dot/carbon nanotube shell as a Li-ion battery anode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13397-13400. [PMID: 34825912 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05657c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel microcapsule composed of Cu9S5 and SnS2 quantum dots (QDs)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared through a microfluidic approach was developed for a Li-ion battery anode. CNTs enhance the conductivity, while pores in the shell facilitate electrolyte penetration, and void in the microcapsule buffers the volume change. The microcapsule-based anode displayed stable capacity, a Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%, and reversible rate-performance at temperatures of -10 °C and 45 °C, which are significant for developing high-performance energy-storage materials and battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Mengfei Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Mu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Tianli Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Zeng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Gan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Huigang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
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12
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Ding S, Dai X, Tian Y, Song G, Li Z, Meng A, Wang L, Li G, Wang W, Huang J, Li S. Synergy Strategy of Electrical Conductivity Enhancement and Vacancy Introduction for Improving the Performance of VS 4 Magnesium-Ion Battery Cathode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54005-54017. [PMID: 34739752 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of cathode materials with a high electric conductivity and a low polarization effect is crucial for enhancing the electrochemical properties of magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs). Herein, Mo doping and nitrogen-doped tubular graphene (N-TG) introduction are carried out for decorating VS4 (Mo-VS4/N-TG) via the one-step hydrothermal method as a freestanding cathode for MIBs. The results of characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) reveal that rich sulfur vacancies are induced by Mo doping, and N-TG as a high conductive skeleton material serves to disperse the active material and forms a tight connection, all of which collectively improved the electrical conductivity of electrode and increased the adsorption energy of Mg2+ (-6.341 eV). Furthermore, the fast reaction kinetics is also confirmed by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and the pesudocapacitance-like contribution analysis. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of electrical conductivity enhancement and rich vacancy introduction, Mo-VS4/N-TG delivers a steady Mg2+ storage specific capacity of about 140 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1, outstanding cycle stability (80.6% capacity retention ratio after 1200 cycles under 500 mA g-1), and excellent rate capability (specific capacity reaches 77.1 mAh g-1 when the current density reaches 500 mA g-1). In addition, the reversible reaction process, intercalation mechanism, and structural stability during the Mg2+ insertion/extraction process are confirmed by a series of ex situ characterizations. This research provides a sustainable and scalable strategy to spur the development of MIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Tian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Guanying Song
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, International S&T Cooperation Foundation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Manufacture of Ceramic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Alan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Guicun Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, International S&T Cooperation Foundation of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Manufacture of Ceramic Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, Shandong, P. R. China
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13
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Liu M, Wang Q, Ding Y, Jin Y, Fang Z. Co-Salen Complex-Derived CoP Nanoparticles Confined in N-Doped Carbon Microspheres for Stable Sodium Storage. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17151-17160. [PMID: 34705464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The poor rate and cycle performance rooting from the inferior electrical conductivity and large volume change are bottlenecks for further application of the potential anode material in sodium-ion batteries. To address this problem, homogeneous CoP nanoparticles enwrapped in the N-doped carbon (CoP/NC) microspheres are synthesized by the simultaneous carbonization and phosphorization of Co-salen complex microspheres for the first time. The N-doped carbon enhances its conductivity and diminishes the volume stress, and the dispersed CoP nanoparticles in carbon provide more reaction sites, resulting in a superior sodium storage performance. CoP/NC microspheres exhibit the capacity of 373 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 after 100 cycles. Even at 2 A g-1 for 2000 cycles, the capacity of 195 mA h g-1 is also achieved. This work provides an excellent reference for the design and synthesis of sulfide, selenide, and other transition-metal composites. It is also beneficial to expand the application of salen complexes in the design and synthesis of catalysts and energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Clean Energy of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Clean Energy of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yize Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Clean Energy of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Fang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Clean Energy of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
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14
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Liu J, Zhou T, Wang Y, Han T, Hu C, Zhang H. A novel nanosphere-in-nanotube iron phosphide Li-ion battery anode displaying a long cycle life, recoverable rate-performance, and temperature tolerance. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15624-15630. [PMID: 34515284 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, non-ideal anodes restricts the development of long-term stable Li-ion batteries. Several currently available high-capacity anode candidates are suffering from a large volumetric change during charge and discharge and non-stable solid interphase formation. Here, we develop a novel nanosphere-confined one-dimensional yolk-shell anode taking iron phosphide (FeP) as a demonstrating case study. Multiple FeP nanospheres are encapsulated inside an FeP nanotube through a magnetic field-assisted and templated approach, forming a nanosphere-in-nanotube yolk-shell (NNYS) structure. After long-term 1000 cycles at 2 A g-1, the NNYS FeP anode shows a good capacity of 560 mA h g-1, and a coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. A recoverable rate-performance is also obtained after three rounds of tests. Furthermore, the capacities and coulombic efficiency remain stable at temperatures of -10 °C and 45 °C, respectively, indicating good potential for use under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Tianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoquan Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huigang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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15
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Liu J, Zhong Y, Li X, Ying T, Han T, Li J. A novel rose-with-thorn ternary MoS 2@carbon@polyaniline nanocomposite as a rechargeable magnesium battery cathode displaying stable capacity and low-temperature performance. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5576-5580. [PMID: 36133263 PMCID: PMC9417848 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00445j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing high-performance cathode materials for magnesium (Mg) batteries is of great significance. Here, a novel rose-with-thorn ternary MoS2@C@polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite composed of carbon and PANI nanoneedles co-coated on rose-like MoS2 is developed. The conductive PANI needles on the surface of MoS2 improve the conductivity, and the inner MoS2 is wrapped by a carbon layer which is beneficial for the aniline coating. The MoS2@C@PANI-based Mg battery cathode displays a good capacity of 114 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles, and a recoverable rate-performance after repeated measurements. In addition, a stable capacity of 105 mA h g-1 when cycled at a low temperature of -5 °C is also achieved, indicating good potential for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
| | - Tongxin Ying
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
| | - Tianli Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 241002 P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Micro/Nano-electronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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