Promoting Ge Alloying Reaction via Heterostructure Engineering for High Efficient and Ultra-Stable Sodium-Ion Storage

Olivine-Type Fe2GeX4 (X = S, Se, and Te): A Novel Class of Anode Materials for Exceptional Sodium Storage Performance

The introduction of abundant metals to form ternary germanium-based chalcogenides can dilute the high price and effectively buffer the volume variation of germanium. Herein, olivine-structured Fe2GeX4 (X = S, Se, and Te) are synthesized by a chemical vapor transport method to compare their sodium storage properties. A series of in situ and ex situ measurements validate a combined intercalation-conversion-alloying reaction mechanism of Fe2GeX4. Fe2GeS4 exhibits a high capacity of 477.9 mA h g-1 after 2660 cycles at 8 A g-1, and excellent rate capability. Furthermore, the Na3V2(PO4)3//Fe2GeS4 full cell delivers a capacity of 375.5 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, which is more than three times that of commercial hard carbon, with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 93.23%. Capacity-contribution and kinetic analyses reveal that the alloying reaction significantly contributes to the overall capacity and serves as the rate-determining step within the reaction for both Fe2GeS4 and Fe2GeSe4. Upon reaching a specific cycle threshold, the assessment of the kinetic properties of Fe2GeX4 primarily relies on the ion diffusion process that occurs during charging. This work demonstrates that Fe2GeX4 possesses promising practical potential to outperform hard carbon, offering valuable insights and impetus for the advancement of ternary germanium-based anodes.

Enhancing the Initial Coulombic Efficiency of Sodium-Ion Batteries via Highly Active Na2 S as Presodiation Additive

Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received considerable attention for large-scale energy storage applications. However, the low initial Coulombic efficiency of traditional SIBs severely impedes their further development. Here, a highly active Na2 S-based composite is employed as a self-sacrificial additive for sodium compensation in SIBs. The in situ synthesized Na2 S is wrapped in a carbon matrix with nanoscale particle size and good electrical conductivity, which helps it to achieve a significantly enhanced electrochemical activity as compare to commercial Na2 S. As a highly efficient presodiation additive, the proposed Na2 S/C composite can reach an initial charge capacity of 407 mAh g-1 . When 10 wt.% Na2 S/C additive is dispersed in the Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cathode, and combined with a hard carbon anode, the full cell achieves 24.3% higher first discharge capacity, which corresponds to a 18.3% increase in the energy density from 117.2 to 138.6 Wh kg-1 . Meanwhile, it is found that the Na2 S additive does not generate additional gas during the initial charging process, and under an appropriate content, its reaction product has no adverse impact on the cycling stability and rate performance of SIBs. Overall, this work establishes Na2 S as a highly effective additive for the construction of advanced high-energy-density SIBs.

Co-activation for enhanced K-ion storage in battery anodes

The relative natural abundance of potassium and potentially high energy density has established potassium-ion batteries as a promising technology for future large-scale global energy storage. However, the anodes' low capacity and high discharge platform lead to low energy density, which impedes their rapid development. Herein, we present a possible co-activation mechanism between bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn) that enhances K-ion storage in battery anodes. The co-activated Bi-Sn anode delivered a high capacity of 634 mAh g^-1, with a discharge plateau as low as 0.35 V, and operated continuously for 500 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g^-1, with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.2%. This possible co-activation strategy for high potassium storage may be extended to other Na/Zn/Ca/Mg/Al ion battery technologies, thus providing insights into how to improve their energy storage ability.

Cu Current Collector with Binder-Free Lithiophilic Nanowire Coating for High Energy Density Lithium Metal Batteries

Despite significant efforts to fabricate high energy density (ED) lithium (Li) metal anodes, problems such as dendrite formation and the need for excess Li (leading to low N/P ratios) have hampered Li metal battery (LMB) development. Here, the use of germanium (Ge) nanowires (NWs) directly grown on copper (Cu) substrates (Cu-Ge) to induce lithiophilicity and subsequently guide Li ions for uniform Li metal deposition/stripping during electrochemical cycling is reported. The NW morphology along with the formation of the Li₁₅ Ge₄ phase promotes uniform Li-ion flux and fast charge kinetic, resulting in the Cu-Ge substrate demonstrating low nucleation overpotentials of 10 mV (four times lower than planar Cu) and high Columbic efficiency (CE) efficiency during Li plating/stripping. Within a full-cell configuration, the Cu-Ge@Li - NMC cell delivered a 63.6% weight reduction at the anode level compared to a standard graphite-based anode, with impressive capacity retention and average CE of over 86.5% and 99.2% respectively. The Cu-Ge anodes are also paired with high specific capacity sulfur (S) cathodes, further demonstrating the benefits of developing surface-modified lithiophilic Cu current collectors, which can easily be integrated at the industrial scale.

Carbon confined GeO2 hollow spheres for stable rechargeable Na ion batteries†

Germanium (Ge) based nanomaterials are regarded as promising high-capacity anode materials for Na ion batteries, but suffer fast capacity fading problems caused by the alloying/de-alloying reactions of Na–Ge. Herein, we report a new method for preparing highly dispersed GeO₂ by using molecular-level ionic liquids (ILs) as carbon sources. In the obtained GeO₂@C composite material, GeO₂ exhibits hollow spherical morphology and is uniformly distributed in the carbon matrix. The as-prepared GeO₂@C exhibits improved Na ion storage performances including high reversible capacity (577 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1C), rate property (270 mA h g⁻¹ at 3C), and high capacity retention (82.3% after 500 cycles). The improved electrochemical performance could be attributed to the unique nanostructure of GeO₂@C, the synergistic effect between GeO₂ hollow spheres and the carbon matrix ensures the anode material effectively alleviates the volume expansion and the particle agglomeration problems.

We report a new method for preparing dispersed GeO₂ by using molecular-level ionic liquids as carbon sources. In the obtained GeO₂@C composite material, GeO₂ exhibits hollow spherical morphology and is uniformly distributed in the carbon matrix.

Electron-Extraction Engineering Induced 1T''-1T' Phase Transition of Re0.75 V0.25 Se2 for Ultrafast Sodium Ion Storage

Inducing new phases of transition metal dichalcogenides by controlling the d-electron-count has attracted much interest due to their novel structures and physicochemical properties. 1T'' ReSe₂ is a promising candidate for sodium storage, but the low electronic conductivity and limited active sites hinder its electrochemical capacity. Herein, new-phase 1T' Re_0.75 V_0.25 Se₂ crystals (P2/m) with zig-zag chains are successfully synthesized. The 1T''-1T' phase transition results from the electronic reorganization of 5d orbitals via electron extraction after V-atom doping. The electrical conductivity of 1T' Re_0.75 V_0.25 Se₂ is 2.7 × 10⁵ times higher than that of 1T'' ReSe₂ . Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that 1T' Re_0.75 V_0.25 Se₂ has a larger interlayer spacing, lower bonding energy, and migration energy barrier for Na⁺ ions than 1T'' ReSe₂ . As a result, 1T' Re_0.75 V_0.25 Se₂ electrode shows an excellent rate capability of 203 mAh g^-1 at 50 C with no capacity fading over 5000 cycles for sodium storage, which is superior to most reported sodium-ion anode materials. This 1T' Re_0.75 V_0.25 Se₂ provides a new platform for various applications such as electronics, catalysis, and energy storage.

Phase Conversion Accelerating "Zn-Escape" Effect in ZnSe-CFs Heterostructure for High Performance Sodium-Ion Half/Full Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as a promising large-scale energy storage system owing to the abundant and low-cost sodium resources. However, their practical application still needs to overcome some problems like slow redox kinetics and poor capacity retention rate. Here, a high-performance ZnSe/carbon fibers (ZnSe-CFs) anode is demonstrated with high electrons/Na⁺ transport efficiency for sodium-ion half/full batteries by engineering ZnSe/C heterostructure. The electrochemical behavior of the ZnSe-CFs heterostructure anode is deeply studied via in situ characterizations and theoretical calculations. Phase conversion is revealed to accelerate the "Zn-escape" effect for the formation of robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This leads to the ZnSe-CFs delivering a superior rate performance of 206 mAh g^-1 at 1500 mA g^-1 for half battery and an initial discharge capacity of 197.4 mAh g^-1 at a current density of 1 A g^-1 for full battery. The work here heralds a promising strategy to synthesize advanced heterostructured anodes for SIBs, and provides the guidance for a better understanding of phase conversion anodes.

Tailoring Ultrafast and High-Capacity Sodium Storage via Binding-Energy-Driven Atomic Scissors

Controllably tailoring alloying anode materials to achieve fast charging and enhanced structural stability is crucial for sodium-ion batteries with high rate and high capacity performance, yet remains a significant challenge owing to the huge volume change and sluggish sodiation kinetics. Here, a chemical tailoring tool is proposed and developed by atomically dispersing high-capacity Ge metal into the rigid and conductive sulfide framework for controllable reconstruction of GeS bonds to synergistically realize high capacity and high rate performance for sodium storage. The integrated GeTiS₃ material with stable Ti-S framework and weak GeS bonding delivers high specific capacities of 678 mA h g^-1 at 0.3 C over 100 cycles and 209 mA h g^-1 at 32 C over 10 000 cycles, outperforming most of the reported alloying type anode materials for sodium storage. Interestingly, in situ Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations reveal the formation of well-dispersed Na_x Ge confined in the rigid Ti-S matrix with suppressed volume change after discharge. The synergistically coupled alloying-conversion and surface-dominated redox reactions with enhanced capacitive contribution and high reaction reversibility by a binding-energy-driven atomic scissors method would break new ground on designing a high-rate and high-capacity sodium-ion batteries.

Boosting Fast Sodium Ion Storage by Synergistic Effect of Heterointerface Engineering and Nitrogen Doping Porous Carbon Nanofibers

Heterointerface engineering with multiple electroactive and inactive supporting components is considered an efficient approach to enhance electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to rationally design heterointerface engineering and understand the synergistic effect reaction mechanisms. In this paper, the two-phase heterointerface engineering (Sb₂ S₃ and FeS₂ ) is well designed to incorporate into N-doped porous hollow carbon nanofibers (Sb-Fe-S@CNFs) by proper electrospinning design. The obtained Sb-Fe-S@CNFs are used as anode in SIBs to evaluate the electrochemical performance. It delivers a reversible capacity of 396 mA h g^-1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g^-1 and exhibits an ultra-long high rate cycle life for 16 000 cycles at 10 A g^-1 . The admirable electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the following reasons: The porous carbon nanofibers serve as an accelerator of the electrons/ions and a buffer to alleviate volume expansion upon long cyclic performance. The abundant phase boundaries of Sb₂ S₃ /FeS₂ exert low Na⁺ adsorption energy and greatly promote the charge transfer in the internal electric field calculated by first-principle density functional theory. Therefore, the as-prepared Sb-Fe-S@CNFs represents a promising candidate for an efficient anode electrode material in SIBs.

Sodium-Ion Battery with a Wide Operation-Temperature Range from -70 to 100 °C

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), as one of the potential candidates for grid-scale energy storage systems, are required to tackle extreme weather conditions. However, the all-weather SIBs with a wide operation-temperature range are rarely reported. Herein, we propose a wide-temperature range SIB, which involves a carbon-coated Na₄ Fe₃ (PO₄ )₂ P₂ O₇ (NFPP@C) cathode, a bismuth (Bi) anode, and a diglyme-based electrolyte. We demonstrate that solvated Na⁺ can be directly stored by the Bi anode via an alloying reaction without the de-solvent process. Furthermore, the NFPP@C cathode exhibits a high Na⁺ diffusion coefficient at low temperature. As a result, the Bi//NFPP@C battery exhibits perfect low-temperature behavior. Even at -70 °C, this battery still delivers 70.19 % of the room-temperature capacity. Furthermore, benefitting from the high boiling point of the electrolyte, this battery also works well at a high temperature of up to 100 °C. These results are encouraging for the further exploration of wide-temperature range SIBs.

Interface-Driven Pseudocapacitance Endowing Sandwiched CoSe2/N-Doped Carbon/TiO2 Microcubes with Ultra-Stable Sodium Storage and Long-Term Cycling Stability

Cobalt diselenide (CoSe₂) has drawn great concern as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its considerable theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the poor cycling stability and rate performance still impede its practical implantation. Here, CoSe₂/nitrogen-doped carbon-skeleton hybrid microcubes with a TiO₂ layer (denoted as TNC-CoSe₂) are favorably prepared via a facile template-engaged strategy, in which a TiO₂-coated Prussian blue analogue of Co₃[Co(CN)₆]₂ is used as a new precursor accompanied with a selenization procedure. Such structures can concurrently boost ion and electron diffusion kinetics and inhibit the structural degradation during cycling through the close contact between the TiO₂ layer and NC-CoSe₂. Besides, this hybrid structure promotes the superior Na-ion intercalation pseudocapacitance due to the well-designed interfaces. The as-prepared TNC-CoSe₂ microcubes exhibit a superior cycling capability (511 mA h g^-1 at 0.2 A g^-1 after 200 cycles) and long cycling life (456 mA h g^-1 at 6.4 A g^-1 for 6000 cycles with a retention of 92.7%). Coupled with a sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃)@C cathode, this assembled full cell displays a specific capacity of 281 mA h g^-1 at 0.2 A g^-1 for 100 cycles. This work can be potentially used to improve other metal selenide-based anodes for rechargeable batteries.

Boosting the zinc ion storage capacity and cycling stability of interlayer-expanded vanadium disulfide through in-situ electrochemical oxidation strategy

Metallic vanadium dichalcogenides with high conductivity and large layer spacing are fantastically potential to be cathode candidates for aqueous zinc ion batteries. However, simply reliance on the reversible Zn²⁺ intercalation/deintercalation process in the layer structure of vanadium dichalcogenides makes it suffer from low specific capacity and limited cycling number. Here we report a facile in-situ electrochemical oxidation strategy to boost the zinc ion storage capacity of interlayer-expanded vanadium disulfide (VS₂·NH₃) hollow spheres with satisfying cyclic stability. The hydrated vanadium oxide (V₂O₅·nH₂O) generated from oxidized VS₂·NH₃, are endowed with reduced nanosheet size and subordinated porous structure, which provides abundant accessible sites and accelerates the zinc ion diffusion process. As a result, the VS₂·NH₃ derived cathode after the electrochemical oxidation process delivers a high reversible capacity of 392 mA h g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 and long cyclic stability (110% capacity retention at 3 A g^-1 after 2000 cycles). The efficient oxidation process of VS₂·NH₃ cathode and the storage mechanism in the subsequent cycles are schematically investigated. This work not only reveals the zinc ion storage mechanism of the oxidized VS₂·NH₃ but also sheds light on advanced design for high-performance Zn ion cathode materials.