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Giri I, Chhetri S, John P J, Mondal M, Dey AB, Vijayaraghavan RK. Engineered solid-state aggregates in brickwork stacks of n-type organic semiconductors: a way to achieve high electron mobility. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9630-9640. [PMID: 38939134 PMCID: PMC11206358 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient, economically viable n-type organic semiconductor materials suitable for solution-processed OFET devices with high electron mobility and ambient stability are scarce. Merging these attributes into a single molecule remains a significant challenge and a careful molecular design is needed. To address this, synthetic viability (achievable in fewer than three steps) and using cost-effective starting materials are crucial. Our research presents a strategy that meets these criteria using naphthalene diimide (NDI) core structures. The approach involves a simple synthesis process with a cost of $ 5-10 per gram for the final products. This paper highlights our success in scaling up the production using affordable known reagents, creating ambient condition solution-processed OFET devices with impressive electron mobility, on-off current ratio (1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and I on/I off ∼ 109) and good ambient stability (more than 100 h). We conducted a comprehensive study on EHNDIBr2, a material that demonstrates superior performance due to its unique supramolecular arrangement in its brickwork stack. This was compared with two similar structures to validate our findings. The superior performance of EHNDIBr2 is attributed to the effective interlocking of charge-hopping units within the NDI core in its brickwork stack. Our findings include detailed electronic, spectroscopic, and microscopic analyses of these layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Giri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur Kolkata 741246 India
| | - Shant Chhetri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur Kolkata 741246 India
| | - Jesslyn John P
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur Kolkata 741246 India
| | - Madalasa Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur Kolkata 741246 India
| | - Arka Bikash Dey
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ratheesh K Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohanpur Kolkata 741246 India
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2
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Velusamy A, Chen Y, Lin M, Afraj SN, Liu J, Chen M, Liu C. Diselenophene-Dithioalkylthiophene Based Quinoidal Small Molecules for Ambipolar Organic Field Effect Transistors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305361. [PMID: 38095532 PMCID: PMC10916611 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a series of novel quinoidal organic semiconductors based on diselenophene-dithioalkylthiophene (DSpDST) conjugated cores with various side-chain lengths (-thiohexyl, -thiodecyl, and -thiotetradecyl, designated DSpDSTQ-6, DSpDSTQ-10, and DSpDSTQ-14, respectively). The purpose of this research is to develop solution-processable organic semiconductors using dicyanomethylene end-capped organic small molecules for organic field effect transistors (OFETs) application. The physical, electrochemical, and electrical properties of these new DSpDSTQs are systematically studied, along with their performance in OFETs and thin film morphologies. Additionally, the molecular structures of DSpDSTQ are determined through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The results reveal the presence of intramolecular S (alkyl)···Se (selenophene) interactions, which result in a planar SR-containing DSpDSTQ core, thereby promoting extended π-orbital interactions and efficient charge transport in the OFETs. Moreover, the influence of thioalkyl side chain length on surface morphologies and microstructures is investigated. Remarkably, the compound with the shortest thioalkyl chain, DSpDSTQ-6, demonstrates ambipolar carrier transport with the highest electron and hole mobilities of 0.334 and 0.463 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. These findings highlight the excellence of ambipolar characteristics of solution-processable OFETs based on DSpDSTQs even under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arulmozhi Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Yen‐Yu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Meng‐Hao Lin
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Shakil N. Afraj
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Jia‐Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic ModulesNational Central UniversityTaoyuan32001Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
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3
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Park T, Kim M, Lee EK, Hur J, Yoo H. Overcoming Downscaling Limitations in Organic Semiconductors: Strategies and Progress. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306468. [PMID: 37857588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have great potential to revolutionize electronics by enabling flexible and eco-friendly manufacturing of electronic devices on plastic film substrates. Recent research and development led to the creation of printed displays, radio-frequency identification tags, smart labels, and sensors based on organic electronics. Over the last 3 decades, significant progress has been made in realizing electronic devices with unprecedented features, such as wearable sensors, disposable electronics, and foldable displays, through the exploitation of desirable characteristics in organic electronics. Neverthless, the down-scalability of organic electronic devices remains a crucial consideration. To address this, efforts are extensively explored. It is of utmost importance to further develop these alternative patterning methods to overcome the downscaling challenge. This review comprehensively discusses the efforts and strategies aimed at overcoming the limitations of downscaling in organic semiconductors, with a particular focus on four main areas: 1) lithography-compatible organic semiconductors, 2) fine patterning of printing methods, 3) organic material deposition on pre-fabricated devices, and 4) vertical-channeled organic electronics. By discussing these areas, the full potential of organic semiconductors can be unlocked, and the field of flexible and sustainable electronics can be advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
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4
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Velusamy A, Afraj SN, Guo YS, Ni JS, Huang HL, Su TY, Ezhumalai Y, Liu CL, Chiang CH, Chen MC, Wu CG. Bicyclopentadithiophene-Based Organic Semiconductor for Stable and High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Exceeding 22. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6162-6175. [PMID: 38277509 PMCID: PMC10859901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Well-performing organic-inorganic halide perovskites are susceptible to poor efficiency and instability due to their various defects at the interphases, grain boundaries (GBs), and surfaces. In this study, an in situ method is utilized for effectively passivating the under-coordinated Pb2+ defects of perovskite with new non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) (INXBCDT; X = H, Cl, and Br) through their carbonyl and cyano functional groups during the antisolvent dripping process. It reveals that the bicyclopentadithiophene (BCDT) core with highly electron-withdrawing end-capping groups passivates GBs and boosts perovskite grain growth. This effective defect passivation decreases the trap density to increase the carrier recombination lifetime of the perovskite film. As a result, bromo-substituted dicyanomethylene indanone (INBr)-end-capped BCDT (INBrBCDT-b8; 3a)-passivated devices exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.20% (vs those of 18.09% obtained for perovskite films without passivation) upon an optimized film preparation process. Note that devices treated with more soluble 2-ethylhexyl-substituted compounds (1a, 2a, and 3a) exhibit higher PCE than those treated with less soluble octyl-substituted compounds (1b, 2b, and 3b). It is also worth noting that BCDT is a cost-effective six-ring core that is easier to synthesize with a higher yield and therefore much cheaper than those with highly fused-ring cores. In addition, a long-term stability test in a glovebox for 1500 h reveals that the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on a perovskite absorber treated with compound 3a maintain ∼90% of their initial PCE. This is the first example of the simplest high-conjugation additive for perovskite film to achieve a PCE greater than 22% of the corresponding lead-based PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arulmozhi Velusamy
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shakil N. Afraj
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National
Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Su
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yamuna Ezhumalai
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chiang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Guey Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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5
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Can A, Deneme I, Demirel G, Usta H. Solution-Processable Indenofluorenes on Polymer Brush Interlayer: Remarkable N-Channel Field-Effect Transistor Characteristics under Ambient Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41666-41679. [PMID: 37582254 PMCID: PMC10485804 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of solution-processable n-type molecular semiconductors that exhibit high electron mobility (μe ≥ 0.5 cm2/(V·s)) under ambient conditions, along with high current modulation (Ion/Ioff ≥ 106-107) and near-zero turn on voltage (Von) characteristics, has lagged behind that of other semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Here, we report the design, synthesis, physicochemical and optoelectronic characterizations, and OFET performances of a library of solution-processable, low-LUMO (-4.20 eV) 2,2'-(2,8-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-diylidene)dimalononitrile small molecules, β,β'-Cn-TIFDMTs, having varied alkyl chain lengths (n = 8, 12, 16). An intriguing correlation is identified between the solid-isotropic liquid transition enthalpies and the solubilities, indicating that cohesive energetics, which are tuned by alkyl chains, play a pivotal role in determining solubility. The semiconductors were spin-coated under ambient conditions on densely packed (grafting densities of 0.19-0.45 chains/nm2) ultrathin (∼3.6-6.6 nm) polystyrene-brush surfaces. It is demonstrated that, on this polymer interlayer, thermally induced dispersive interactions occurring over a large number of methylene units between flexible alkyl chains (i.e., zipper effect) are critical to achieve a favorable thin-film crystallization with a proper microstructure and morphology for efficient charge transport. While C8 and C16 chains show a minimal zipper effect upon thermal annealing, C12 chains undergo an extended interdigitation involving ∼6 methylene units. This results in the formation of large crystallites having lamellar stacking ((100) coherence length ∼30 nm) in the out-of-plane direction and highly favorable in-plane π-interactions in a slipped-stacked arrangement. Uninterrupted microstructural integrity (i.e., no face-on (010)-oriented crystallites) was found to be critical to achieving high mobilities. The excellent crystallinity of the C12-substituted semiconductor thin film was also evident in the observed crystal lattice vibrations (phonons) at 58 cm-1 in low-frequency Raman scattering. Two-dimensional micrometer-sized (∼1-3 μm), sharp-edged plate-like grains lying parallel with the substrate plane were observed. OFETs fabricated by the current small molecules showed excellent n-channel behavior in ambient with μe values reaching ∼0.9 cm2/(V·s), Ion/Ioff ∼ 107-108, and Von ≈ 0 V. Our study not only demonstrates one of the highest performing n-channel OFET devices reported under ambient conditions via solution processing but also elucidates significant relationships among chemical structures, molecular properties, self-assembly from solution into a thin film, and semiconducting thin-film properties. The design rationales presented herein may open up new avenues for the development of high-electron-mobility novel electron-deficient indenofluorene and short-axis substituted donor-acceptor π-architectures via alkyl chain engineering and interface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Can
- Department
of Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah
Gül University, 38080 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Deneme
- Department
of Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah
Gül University, 38080 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Demirel
- Bio-inspired
Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL), Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Usta
- Department
of Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah
Gül University, 38080 Kayseri, Turkey
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6
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Ren C, Cao L, Wu T. Meniscus-Guided Deposition of Organic Semiconductor Thin Films: Materials, Mechanism, and Application in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300151. [PMID: 36869409 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processable organic semiconductors are one of the promising materials for the next generation of organic electronic products, which call for high-performance materials and mature processing technologies. Among many solution processing methods, meniscus-guided coating (MGC) techniques have the advantages of large-area, low-cost, adjustable film aggregation, and good compatibility with the roll-to-roll process, showing good research results in the preparation of high-performance organic field-effect transistors. In this review, the types of MGC techniques are first listed and the relevant mechanisms (wetting mechanism, fluid mechanism, and deposition mechanism) are introduced. The MGC processes are focused and the effect of the key coating parameters on the thin film morphology and performance with examples is illustrated. Then, the performance of transistors based on small molecule semiconductors and polymer semiconductor thin films prepared by various MGC techniques is summarized. In the third section, various recent thin film morphology control strategies combined with the MGCs are introduced. Finally, the advanced progress of large-area transistor arrays and the challenges for roll-to-roll processes are presented using MGCs. Nowadays, the application of MGCs is still in the exploration stage, its mechanism is still unclear, and the precise control of film deposition still needs experience accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxing Ren
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Long Cao
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
| | - Ti Wu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing and Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, 102600, P. R. China
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7
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Ren S, Yassar A. Recent Research Progress in Indophenine-Based-Functional Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Optoelectronic Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2474. [PMID: 36984354 PMCID: PMC10056103 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights selected examples, published in the last three to four years, of recent advance in the design, synthesis, properties, and device performance of quinoidal π-conjugated materials. A particular emphasis is placed on emerging materials, such as indophenine dyes that have the potential to enable high-performance devices. We specifically discuss the recent advances and design guidelines of π-conjugated quinoidal molecules from a chemical standpoint. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this review is the first compilation of literature on indophenine-based semiconducting materials covering their scope, limitations, and applications. In the first section, we briefly introduce some of the organic electronic devices that are the basic building blocks for certain applications involving organic semiconductors (OSCs). We introduce the definition of key performance parameters of three organic devices: organic field effect transistors (OFET), organic photovoltaics (OPV), and organic thermoelectric generators (TE). In section two, we review recent progress towards the synthesis of quinoidal semiconducting materials. Our focus will be on indophenine family that has never been reviewed. We discuss the relationship between structural properties and energy levels in this family of molecules. The last section reports the effect of structural modifications on the performance of devices: OFET, OPV and TE. In this review, we provide a general insight into the association between the molecular structure and electronic properties in quinoidal materials, encompassing both small molecules and polymers. We also believe that this review offers benefits to the organic electronics and photovoltaic communities, by shedding light on current trends in the synthesis and progression of promising novel building blocks. This can provide guidance for synthesizing new generations of quinoidal or diradical materials with tunable optoelectronic properties and more outstanding charge carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Ren
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institution, Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin, Guangdong 519000, China;
| | - Abderrahim Yassar
- LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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8
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Chen J, Zhang W, Wang L, Yu G. Recent Research Progress of Organic Small-Molecule Semiconductors with High Electron Mobilities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210772. [PMID: 36519670 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronics has made great progress in the past decades, which is inseparable from the innovative development of organic electronic devices and the diversity of organic semiconductor materials. It is worth mentioning that both of these great advances are inextricably linked to the development of organic high-performance semiconductor materials, especially the representative n-type organic small-molecule semiconductor materials with high electron mobilities. The n-type organic small molecules have the advantages of simple synthesis process, strong intermolecular stacking, tunable molecular structure, and easy to functionalize structures. Furthermore, the n-type semiconductor is a remarkable and important component for constructing complementary logic circuits and p-n heterojunction structures. Therefore, n-type organic semiconductors play an extremely important role in the field of organic electronic materials and are the basis for the industrialization of organic electronic functional devices. This review focuses on the modification strategies of organic small molecules with high electron mobility at molecular level, and discusses in detail the applications of n-type small-molecule semiconductor materials with high mobility in organic field-effect transistors, organic light-emitting transistors, organic photodetectors, and gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Lin L, Wang C, Deng Y, Geng Y. Isomerically Pure Oxindole-Terminated Quinoids for n-Type Organic Thin-Film Transistors Enabled by the Chlorination of Quinoidal Core. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203336. [PMID: 36456528 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Quinoidal compounds have great potential utility as high-performance organic semiconducting materials because of their rigid planar structures and extended π-conjugation. However, the existence of E and Z isomers adversely affects the charge-transport properties of quinoidal compounds. In this study, three isomerically pure oxindole-terminated quinoids were developed by introducing chlorine atoms in the quinoidal core. The synthesized quinoids were confirmed to have a Z,Z configuration by means of 1 H NMR spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Importantly, the strategy of chlorination allowed to maintain low-lying frontier molecular orbital energy levels and ensure favorable intermolecular packing. Consequently, all three quinoidal compounds showed n-type transport characteristics in organic thin-film transistors, with electron mobilities up to 0.35 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest value reported to date for oxindole-terminated quinoids. Our study can provide new guidelines for the design of isomerically pure quinoids with high electron mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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10
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Velusamy A, Afraj SN, Yau S, Liu C, Ezhumalai Y, Kumaresan P, Chen M. Fused thiophene based materials for organic thin‐film transistors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arulmozhi Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Shakil N. Afraj
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Shuehlin Yau
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yamuna Ezhumalai
- Centre for Material Chemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher Education Coimbatore India
| | | | - Ming‐Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
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11
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Chen W, Chen H, Huang Y, Tan Y, Tan C, Xie Y, Yin J. Molecular Design and Photothermal Application of Thienoisoindigo Dyes with Aggregation-Induced Emission. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3428-3437. [PMID: 35748563 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic fluorescent dyes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property have an extensive application range, especially in the fields of imaging, labeling, and adjusting microprocesses in aggregated environments. In particular, the thienoisoindigo skeleton, which exhibits an outstanding electron-withdrawing capacity in optoelectronic materials, has been defined as a promising AIE candidate. For instance, by installing AIE blocks or other rotatable groups at two terminal sites, such as various arylamine groups, thienoisoindigo derivatives can be efficiently turned to be functional AIE structures. In this work, a thienoisoindigo derivative with AIE characteristics, namely, TII-TPE, was developed. This AIE system was expanded by linking typical AIE fragments, namely, tetraphenylethene, with the proposed thienoisoindigo derivative, which exhibited typical AIE fluorescence in the 600-850 nm range and maintained high photostability. Then, employing the reported derivative TII-TPA coating thienoisoindigo and triphenylamine as a contrast, aggregated TII-TPE and TII-TPA nanoparticles were prepared and demonstrated photothermal conversion efficiencies of 36.2 and 35.6%, respectively. Moreover, both nanoparticles were evaluated as photothermal therapeutic (PTT) agents in a tumor mouse model, which showed to significantly inhibit tumor growth after four treatment cycles in vivo. This work not only presents an enriched thienoisoindigo system but also provides a pattern for subsequent construction of functional AIE molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yurou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radioactive and Rare Resource Utilization, Shaoguan 512026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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12
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Xia R, Li C, Yuan X, Wu Q, Jiang B, Xie Z. Facile Preparation of a Thienoisoindigo-Based Nanoscale Covalent Organic Framework with Robust Photothermal Activity for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19129-19138. [PMID: 35446556 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The covalent organic frameworks (COFs) so far are usually built with small aromatic subunits, which makes their absorption spectra mainly located in the high-energy part of the visible region. In this work, we have developed a COF with a low band gap by integrating electron-deficient thienoisoindigo and electron-rich triphenylamine. The intramolecular charge-transfer effect combining the extended length of the π-conjugated backbone of COF endow it with broad absorption even to the second near-infrared region. After optimizing the solvent, a uniform size and colloidal stable COF is obtained. Benefiting from the coplanar structure of the monomer, this COF achieves a considerable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of 48.2%. With these advantages, it displays convincing cancer cell killing effect upon laser irradiation in vitro or in vivo. This work provides a simple and practical method to acquire promising a COF-based phototherapy reagent that is applied in biomedicine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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13
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Sun L, Du T, Wang C, Geng D, Li L, Han Y, Deng Y. Indandione-Terminated Quinoidal Compounds for Low-Bandgap Small Molecules with Strong Near-Infrared Absorption: Effect of Conjugation Length on the Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:17437-17443. [PMID: 34626039 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-bandgap organic semiconductors have attracted much attention for their multiple applications in optoelectronics. However, the realization of narrow bandgap is challenging particularly for small molecules. Herein, we have synthesized four quinoidal compounds, i. e., QSN3, QSN4, QSN5 and QSN6, with electron rich S,N-heteroacene as the quinoidal core and indandione as the end-groups. The optical bandgap of the quinoidal compounds is systematically decreased with the extension of quinoidal skeleton, while maintaining stable closed-shell ground state. QSN6 absorbs an intense absorption in the first and second near-infrared region in the solid state, and has extremely low optical bandgap of 0.74 eV. Cyclic voltammetry analyses reveal that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the four quinoidal compounds all lie below -4.1 eV, resulting in good electron-transporting characteristics in organic thin-film transistors. These results demonstrated that the combination of π-extended quinoidal core and end-groups in quinoidal compounds is an effective strategy for the synthesis of low-bandgap small molecules with good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dongling Geng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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14
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Mok Y, Kim Y, Moon Y, Park JJ, Choi Y, Kim DY. Quinoidal Small Molecule Containing Ring-Extended Termini for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27305-27314. [PMID: 34693151 PMCID: PMC8529684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized and characterized two quinoidal small molecules based on benzothiophene modified and original isatin terminal units, benzothiophene quinoidal thiophene (BzTQuT) and quinoidal thiophene (QuT), respectively, to investigate the effect of introducing a fused ring into the termini of quinoidal molecules. Extending the terminal unit of the quinoidal molecule affected the extension of π-electron delocalization and decreased the bond length alternation, which led to the downshifting of the collective Raman band and dramatically lowering the band gap. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices in neat BzTQuT films showed p-type transport behavior with low hole mobility, which was ascribed to the unsuitable film morphology for charge transport. By blending with an amorphous insulating polymer, polystyrene, and poly(2-vinylnaphthalene), an OFET based on a BzTQuT film annealed at 150 °C exhibited improved mobility up to 0.09 cm2 V-1 s-1. This work successfully demonstrated that the extension of terminal groups into the quinoidal structure should be an effective strategy for constructing narrow band gap and high charge transporting organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yina Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
(SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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15
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Kousseff CJ, Halaksa R, Parr ZS, Nielsen CB. Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction in Small-Molecule Semiconductors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4397-4419. [PMID: 34491034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule organic semiconductors have displayed remarkable electronic properties with a multitude of π-conjugated structures developed and fine-tuned over recent years to afford highly efficient hole- and electron-transporting materials. Already making a significant impact on organic electronic applications including organic field-effect transistors and solar cells, this class of materials is also now naturally being considered for the emerging field of organic bioelectronics. In efforts aimed at identifying and developing (semi)conducting materials for bioelectronic applications, particular attention has been placed on materials displaying mixed ionic and electronic conduction to interface efficiently with the inherently ionic biological world. Such mixed conductors are conveniently evaluated using an organic electrochemical transistor, which further presents itself as an ideal bioelectronic device for transducing biological signals into electrical signals. Here, we review recent literature relevant for the design of small-molecule mixed ionic and electronic conductors. We assess important classes of p- and n-type small-molecule semiconductors, consider structural modifications relevant for mixed conduction and for specific interactions with ionic species, and discuss the outlook of small-molecule semiconductors in the context of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Kousseff
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary S Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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16
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Wang C, Du T, Deng Y, Yao J, Li R, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Wei H, Dang Y, Li R, Geng Y. High-yield and sustainable synthesis of quinoidal compounds assisted by keto-enol tautomerism. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9366-9371. [PMID: 34349908 PMCID: PMC8278874 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01685g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical synthesis of quinoids, which involves Takahashi coupling and subsequent oxidation, often gives only low to medium yields. Herein, we disclose the keto–enol-tautomerism-assisted spontaneous air oxidation of the coupling products to quinoids. This allows for the synthesis of various indandione-terminated quinoids in high isolated yields (85–95%). The origin of the high yield and the mechanism of the spontaneous air oxidation were ascertained by experiments and theoretical calculations. All the quinoidal compounds displayed unipolar n-type transport behavior, and single crystal field-effect transistors based on the micro-wires of a representative quinoid delivered an electron mobility of up to 0.53 cm2 V−1 s−1, showing the potential of this type of quinoid as an organic semiconductor. Facilitated by the highly efficient Pd-catalyzed coupling and keto–enol-tautomerism-assisted spontaneous air oxidation, various indandione-terminated quinoidal compounds have been synthesized in isolated yields up to 95%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Tian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jiarong Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Riqing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xuxia Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Rongjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China .,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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17
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Taguchi T, Chiarella F, Barra M, Chianese F, Kubozono Y, Cassinese A. Balanced Ambipolar Charge Transport in Phenacene/Perylene Heterojunction-Based Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8631-8642. [PMID: 33583173 PMCID: PMC9289882 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices relying on the combination of different conjugated organic materials are considerably appealing for their potential use in many applications such as photovoltaics, light emission, and digital/analog circuitry. In this study, the electrical response of field-effect transistors achieved through the evaporation of picene and PDIF-CN2 molecules, two well-known organic semiconductors with remarkable charge transport properties, was investigated. With the main goal to get a balanced ambipolar response, various device configurations bearing double-layer, triple-layer, and codeposited active channels were analyzed. The most suitable choices for the layer deposition processes, the related characteristic parameters, and the electrode position were identified to this purpose. In this way, ambipolar organic field-effect transistors exhibiting balanced mobility values exceeding 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 for both electrons and holes were obtained. These experimental results highlight also how the combination between picene and PDIF-CN2 layers allows tuning the threshold voltages of the p-type response. Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) images acquired on picene/PDIF-CN2 heterojunctions suggest the presence of an interface dipole between the two organic layers. This feature is related to the partial accumulation of space charge at the interface being enhanced when the electrons are depleted in the underlayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Taguchi
- Research
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Fabio Chiarella
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip. di Fisica “Ettore
Pancini”, P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
- Email
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip. di Fisica “Ettore
Pancini”, P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Chianese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip. di Fisica “Ettore
Pancini”, P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
- Dip.
di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Università “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Yoshihiro Kubozono
- Research
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip. di Fisica “Ettore
Pancini”, P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
- Dip.
di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, Università “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio, 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
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