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Sun Y, Lu T, Pan J, He H, Xu M, Chen Y, Chen Y, Fang P, Ye X, Li S, Hu H, Yu S. Dual tobramycin and docosahexaenoic acid loaded nanoemulsions combating Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pulmonary infection. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 242:114088. [PMID: 39003845 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) typically forms biofilms in vivo, which exhibit high resistance and complicate eradication efforts. Additionally, persistent inflammation and excessive oxidative stress can lead to severe lung dysfunction, facilitating bacterial colonization and infection. Herein, we prepared oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions (TD-αT NEs) by using PEG5k-block-PCL5k and α-tocopherol to encapsulate tobramycin (TOB). To enhance TOB's drug load, a hydrophobic ion pair (TDIP) composed of TOB and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was pre-prepared. TD-αT NEs was not only easily prepared and aerosolized, but stable in both physics and chemistry. The negatively charged TD-αT NEs facilitated penetration through mucus, reaching infection sites. Subsequently, TD-αT NEs permeated biofilms due to their small size and released drugs via lipase-triggered carrier dissociation, aiding in eradicating internal bacteria within biofilms (with a 16-fold reduction in CFU vs. free TOB group). TD-αT NEs simultaneously exerted superior anti-inflammatory effects, reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (NO, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) while increasing the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). It was achieved through the upregulation of PPAR-γ and downregulation of NF-κB signaling, thus mitigating the lung damage. In addition, TD-αT NEs demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, alleviating the oxidative stress induced by P. aeruginosa. Notably, when administered via inhalation, TD-αT NEs significantly reduced the lung bacterial burden, lung inflammation, and oxidative stress in vivo compared to TOB solution. TD-αT NEs could prove beneficial in treating chronic pulmonary infections induced by P. aeruginosa through a comprehensive strategy, specifically enhancing biofilm eradication, reducing inflammation, and alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tianli Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jieyi Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haonan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Mao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yujun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Pengchao Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Shihui Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Zeng C, Wang Q, Liu X, Wang K, Wang C, Ju X, Wang T, Zhou Q, Fu X, Yu J, Wang Y. Localized Administration of Bcar3 siRNA via Nano-Self-Assembly to Treat Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Disrupting Macrophage-Fibroblast Crosstalk. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1827-1842. [PMID: 38414524 PMCID: PMC10898485 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s444470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe interstitial lung disease characterized by chronic lung injury leading to macrophage infiltration and fibroblast activation. However, there is no effective therapeutic strategy targeting the crucial crosstalk between macrophages and fibroblasts to halt IPF progression. Methods Studies were conducted in IPF patients and fibrotic mice models to elucidate the role of Bcar3 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The effect of Bcar3 on macrophage polarization, fibroblast activation, and related signaling pathways were next investigated to unravel the underlying mechanisms. Results Our study elucidates a marked increase in Bcar3 expression in lung tissues from IPF patients and fibrotic mice, recording 1.7 and 7.8-fold increases compared to control subjects, respectively. Additionally, Bcar3 was found to significantly enhance macrophage activation and fibroblast differentiation, observable in both in vivo and in vitro settings. Mechanistically, the upregulation of Bcar3 in macrophages was reliant on Stat6, while in fibroblasts, it depended on TGFβR1/Smad3. Furthermore, Bcar3 augmented IL-4/Stat6 pathway in macrophages and TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in fibroblasts, supporting a synergistic activation loop that expedited lung fibrogenesis. Notably, intratracheal injection of liposomes containing Bcar3 siRNA precisely delivered gene therapeutics to lung macrophages and fibroblasts, effectively reducing Bcar3 expression to 59% of baseline levels. Importantly, this intervention protected mice from lung fibrosis induced by either FITC or bleomycin, as well as human precision-cut lung slices against TGF-β1 stimulation. Conclusion Our study underscores the pivotal role of Bcar3 in orchestrating the macrophage-fibroblast crosstalk during pulmonary fibrosis progression. Targeting Bcar3 emerges as a novel therapeutic avenue to halt IPF progression and enhance patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhan Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Congjian Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuetao Ju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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Li R, Hu X, Li W, Wu W, Xu J, Lin Y, Shi S, Dong C. Nebulized pH-Responsive Nanospray Combined with Pentoxifylline and Edaravone to Lungs for Efficient Treatments of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8310-8320. [PMID: 38343060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become an unprecedented global medical emergency, resulting in more than 5 million deaths. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by COVID-19, characterized by the release of a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of excessive toxic ROS, is the most common serious complication leading to death. To develop new strategies for treating ARDS caused by COVID-19, a mouse model of ARDS was established by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Subsequently, we have constructed a novel nanospray with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity by loading pentoxifylline (PTX) and edaravone (Eda) on zeolite imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8). This nanospray was endowed with synergetic therapy, which could kill two birds with one stone: (1) the loaded PTX played a powerful anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting the activation of inflammatory cells and the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines; (2) Eda served as a free radical scavenger in ARDS. Furthermore, compared with the traditional intravenous administration, nanosprays can be administered directly and inhaled efficiently and reduce the risk of systemic adverse reactions greatly. This nanospray could not only coload two drugs efficiently but also realize acid-responsive release on local lung tissue. Importantly, ZIF8-EP nanospray showed an excellent therapeutic effect on ARDS in vitro and in vivo, which provided a new direction for the treatment of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Li
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai 201100, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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Diwan R, Bhatt HN, Beaven E, Nurunnabi M. Emerging delivery approaches for targeted pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 204:115147. [PMID: 38065244 PMCID: PMC10787600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive, and life-threatening interstitial lung disease which causes scarring in the lung parenchyma and thereby affects architecture and functioning of lung. It is an irreversible damage to lung functioning which is related to epithelial cell injury, immense accumulation of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines, and irregular recruitment of extracellular matrix. The inflammatory cytokines trigger the differentiation of fibroblasts into activated fibroblasts, also known as myofibroblasts, which further increase the production and deposition of collagen at the injury sites in the lung. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with PF, there is no available treatment that efficiently and effectively treats the disease by reversing their underlying pathologies. In recent years, many therapeutic regimens, for instance, rho kinase inhibitors, Smad signaling pathway inhibitors, p38, BCL-xL/ BCL-2 and JNK pathway inhibitors, have been found to be potent and effective in treating PF, in preclinical stages. However, due to non-selectivity and non-specificity, the therapeutic molecules also result in toxicity mediated severe side effects. Hence, this review demonstrates recent advances on PF pathology, mechanism and targets related to PF, development of various drug delivery systems based on small molecules, RNAs, oligonucleotides, peptides, antibodies, exosomes, and stem cells for the treatment of PF and the progress of various therapeutic treatments in clinical trials to advance PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpy Diwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Himanshu N Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Elfa Beaven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States; The Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
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Aggarwal K, Arora S, Nagpal K. Pulmonary Fibrosis: Unveiling the Pathogenesis, Exploring Therapeutic Targets, and Advancements in Drug Delivery Strategies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:152. [PMID: 37442839 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an ailment with no cure and a very high rate of progression that ultimately leads to death. The exact reason for this disease is still not acknowledged. Many underlying mechanisms of wound healing and various types of stimuli that trigger the pathogenesis of IPF continue to be intensively explored. The exact therapy for the reversal of this disease is not yet known and is constantly in progress. Existing treatments only slow down the process or mitigate the symptoms to enhance the patient's healthcare system. The only two Food and Drug Administration-approved oral medications include pirfenidone and nintedanib whose high dose and systemic circulation can have side effects to a greater extent. Further research on restorative and extra-curative therapies for IPF is necessary due to the absence of viable therapeutic choices. To assure minimum off-targeted site delivery and longer duration of action, techniques that offer a sustainable release of the drug, better bioavailability, and patient compliance can be used.The work is an overview of the main therapeutic targets and pertinent developing therapies for the management of IPF. This study is an attempt to focus on various drug delivery systems that are responsible for showing effectiveness in defense mechanisms against IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Aggarwal
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, U.P, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, U.P, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Kalpana Nagpal
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, U.P, Noida, 201303, India.
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Luo J, Tugade T, Sun E, Pena Diaz AM, O’Gorman DB. Sustained AWT1 expression by Dupuytren's disease myofibroblasts promotes a proinflammatory milieu. J Cell Commun Signal 2022; 16:677-690. [PMID: 35414143 PMCID: PMC9733761 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmar fibromatosis, also known as Dupuytren's disease (DD), is a common and heritable fibrosis of the hand. It is characterized by the formation of myofibroblastic nodules that can progress to palmar-digital contractures and permanent loss of dexterity. The presence of inflammatory cell infiltrate within these nodules has been interpreted to suggest a pathogenesis mediated by a proinflammatory microenvironment. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the formation of pro-fibrotic microenvironments in this and other fibroses remain unclear. To gain insights into this process, we have assessed the contributions of an alternatively spliced, multi-functional transcription factor, Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1), previously shown to be upregulated in primary myofibroblasts derived from DD tissues. Proinflammatory cytokine stimuli of DD myofibroblasts enhanced the expression of several distinct WT1 variants, the most sustained being a 5' truncated version of WT1, alternative WT1 (AWT1). Constitutive adenoviral expression of AWT1 in myofibroblasts derived from phenotypically non-fibrotic palmar fascia significantly induced the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including some with potential as novel therapeutic targets. In summary, these data implicate roles for sustained AWT1 expression in DD as a transcriptional driver of a proinflammatory fascial milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Luo
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Trisiah Tugade
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Emmy Sun
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Ana Maria Pena Diaz
- grid.415847.b0000 0001 0556 2414Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2 Canada
| | - David B. O’Gorman
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada ,grid.415847.b0000 0001 0556 2414Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2 Canada
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Ren N, Hang C, Liu X, Jiang X. Printable Metal-Polymer Conductors for Local Drug Delivery. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7554-7562. [PMID: 36122317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Safe and effective local drug delivery is challenging due to complex physiological barriers that limit the entry of drugs. Here, we report the metal-polymer conductors (MPCs) for local drug delivery via iontophoresis or electroporation. The MPCs are stretchable, conductive, and biocompatible. The flexible MPCs of different geometries are used both on a dry, flat surface (skin) and a moist, curved surface (cornea) with conformability. Conformal integration with the tissues enables good mechanical/electrical properties and realizes application of electrical voltage to the target areas for local drug delivery. By iontophoresis and electroporation, the MPCs achieve efficient delivery of doxorubicin and siRNA, leading to tumor regression and inhibition of corneal neovascularization, respectively. Our work presents an efficient strategy to harness the power of the MPCs to broaden the scope of local drug delivery to dry and wet organs with different surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Chen Hang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
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Fan Y, Yang Z. Inhaled siRNA Formulations for Respiratory Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1193. [PMID: 35745766 PMCID: PMC9227582 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of siRNA technology has provided new opportunities for gene-specific inhibition and knockdown, as well as new ideas for the treatment of disease. Four siRNA drugs have already been approved for marketing. However, the instability of siRNA in vivo makes systemic delivery ineffective. Inhaled siRNA formulations can deliver drugs directly to the lung, showing great potential for treating respiratory diseases. The clinical applications of inhaled siRNA formulations still face challenges because effective delivery of siRNA to the lung requires overcoming the pulmonary and cellular barriers. This paper reviews the research progress for siRNA inhalation formulations for the treatment of various respiratory diseases and summarizes the chemical structural modifications and the various delivery systems for siRNA. Finally, we conclude the latest clinical application research for inhaled siRNA formulations and discuss the potential difficulty in efficient clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China;
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Evaluation of Proteasome Inhibitors in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091543. [PMID: 35563849 PMCID: PMC9099509 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, and it has a worse prognosis than non-small cell lung cancer. The pathomechanism of IPF is not fully understood, but it has been suggested that repeated microinjuries of epithelial cells induce a wound healing response, during which fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts. These activated myofibroblasts express α smooth muscle actin and release extracellular matrix to promote matrix deposition and tissue remodeling. Under physiological conditions, the remodeling process stops once wound healing is complete. However, in the lungs of IPF patients, myofibroblasts re-main active and deposit excess extracellular matrix. This leads to the destruction of alveolar tissue, the loss of lung elastic recoil, and a rapid decrease in lung function. Some evidence has indicated that proteasomal inhibition combats fibrosis by inhibiting the expressions of extracellular matrix proteins and metalloproteinases. However, the mechanisms by which proteasome inhibitors may protect against fibrosis are not known. This review summarizes the current research on proteasome inhibitors for pulmonary fibrosis, and provides a reference for whether proteasome inhibitors have the potential to become new drugs for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Treating Pulmonary Fibrosis with Non-Viral Gene Therapy: From Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040813. [PMID: 35456646 PMCID: PMC9027953 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by irreversible lung scarring, which achieves almost 80% five-year mortality rate. Undeniably, commercially available pharmaceuticals, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, exhibit certain effects on improving the well-being of IPF patients, but the stubbornly high mortality still indicates a great urgency of developing superior therapeutics against this devastating disease. As an emerging strategy, gene therapy brings hope for the treatment of IPF by precisely regulating the expression of specific genes. However, traditional administration approaches based on viruses severely restrict the clinical application of gene therapy. Nowadays, non-viral vectors are raised as potential strategies for in vivo gene delivery, attributed to their low immunogenicity and excellent biocompatibility. Herein, we highlight a variety of non-viral vectors, such as liposomes, polymers, and proteins/peptides, which are employed in the treatment of IPF. By respectively clarifying the strengths and weaknesses of the above candidates, we would like to summarize the requisite features of vectors for PF gene therapy and provide novel perspectives on design-decisions of the subsequent vectors, hoping to accelerate the bench-to-bedside pace of non-viral gene therapy for IPF in clinical setting.
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