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Gu Z, Ma Q, Gao X, You JW, Cui TJ. Direct electromagnetic information processing with planar diffractive neural network. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado3937. [PMID: 39028808 PMCID: PMC11259158 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Diffractive neural network in electromagnetic wave-driven system has attracted great attention due to its ultrahigh parallel computing capability and energy efficiency. However, recent neural networks based on the diffractive framework still face the bottlenecks of misalignment and relatively large size limiting their further applications. Here, we propose a planar diffractive neural network (pla-NN) with a highly integrated and conformal architecture to achieve direct signal processing in the microwave frequency. On the basis of printed circuit fabrication process, the misalignment could be effectively circumvented while enabling flexible extension for multiple conformal and stacking designs. We first conduct validation on the fashion-MNIST dataset and experimentally build up a system using the proposed network architecture for direct recognition of different geometry structures in the electromagnetic space. We envision that the presented architecture, once combined with the advanced dynamic maneuvering techniques and flexible topology, would exhibit unlimited potentials in the areas of high-performance computing, wireless sensing, and flexible wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Gu
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jian Wei You
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Wu B, Jiang T, Yu Z, Zhou Q, Jiao J, Jin ML. Proximity Sensing Electronic Skin: Principles, Characteristics, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308560. [PMID: 38282110 PMCID: PMC10987137 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The research on proximity sensing electronic skin has garnered significant attention. This electronic skin technology enables detection without physical contact and holds vast application prospects in areas such as human-robot collaboration, human-machine interfaces, and remote monitoring. Especially in the context of the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, there is a pressing need for non-contact detection to ensure safe and hygienic operations. This article comprehensively reviews the significant advancements in the field of proximity sensing electronic skin technology in recent years. It covers the principles, as well as single-type proximity sensors with characteristics such as a large area, multifunctionality, strain, and self-healing capabilities. Additionally, it delves into the research progress of dual-type proximity sensors. Furthermore, the article places a special emphasis on the widespread applications of flexible proximity sensors in human-robot collaboration, human-machine interfaces, and remote monitoring, highlighting their importance and potential value across various domains. Finally, the paper provides insights into future advancements in flexible proximity sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Wu
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of AutomationQingdao UniversityQingdao266071China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
| | - Zhongxiang Yu
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Heart Center, Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao UniversityQingdao UniversityQingdao266033China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesQingdao266000China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Peng Cheng LaboratoryShenzhen518055China
| | - Ming Liang Jin
- Institute for Future, Shandong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, School of AutomationQingdao UniversityQingdao266071China
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Yin J, Wang J, Manshaii F, Xiao X, Zhang T, Bao H, Jiang S, Chen J. Flexible Metasurfaces for Multifunctional Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2685-2707. [PMID: 38241491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating the properties of light with a thickness at the subwavelength scale, have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent decades. This research has been mainly driven by their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional, bulky optical devices. However, most existing optical metasurfaces are confined to planar and rigid designs, functions, and technologies, which greatly impede their evolution toward practical applications that often involve complex surfaces. The disconnect between two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and three-dimensional (3D) curved surfaces is becoming increasingly pronounced. In the past two decades, the emergence of flexible electronics has ushered in an emerging era for metasurfaces. This review delves into this cutting-edge field, with a focus on both flexible and conformal design and fabrication techniques. Initially, we reflect on the milestones and trajectories in modern research of optical metasurfaces, complemented by a brief overview of their theoretical underpinnings and primary classifications. We then showcase four advanced applications of optical metasurfaces, emphasizing their promising prospects and relevance in areas such as imaging, biosensing, cloaking, and multifunctionality. Subsequently, we explore three key trends in optical metasurfaces, including mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces, digitally controlled metasurfaces, and conformal metasurfaces. Finally, we summarize our insights on the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Wang HP, Cao DM, Pang XY, Zhang XH, Wang SY, Hou WY, Nie CC, Li YB. Inverse design of metasurfaces with customized transmission characteristics of frequency band based on generative adversarial networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37763-37777. [PMID: 38017899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.503139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, deep learning (DL) has demonstrated significant potential in the inverse design of metasurfaces, and the generation of metasurfaces with customized transmission characteristics of frequency band remains a challenging and underexplored area. In this study, we propose a DL-assisted method for the inverse design of transmissive metasurfaces. The method consists of a generative adversarial network (GAN)-based graph generator, an electromagnetic response predictor, and a genetic algorithm optimizer. By integrating these components, we can obtain customized metasurfaces with desired transmission characteristics of frequency band. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method through examples of inverse-designed three-layer cascaded transmissive metasurfaces with wideband, dual-band, and stopband responses in the 8∼12 GHz frequency range. Specifically, we realize three different types of dual-band metasurfaces, namely double-wide, front-wide and rear-narrow, and front-narrow and rear-wide configurations. Additionally, we analyze the accuracy and reliability of the inverse design method by employing data from the training dataset, self-defined objectives, and bandwidth-reduced target responses scaled from the wideband type as design inputs. Quantitative evaluation is performed using metrics such as mean absolute error and average precision. The proposed method successfully achieves the desired effect as intended.
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Saifullah Y, He Y, Boag A, Yang G, Xu F. Recent Progress in Reconfigurable and Intelligent Metasurfaces: A Comprehensive Review of Tuning Mechanisms, Hardware Designs, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203747. [PMID: 36117118 PMCID: PMC9685480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent metasurfaces have gained significant importance in recent years due to their ability to dynamically manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves. Their multifunctional characteristics, realized by incorporating active elements into the metasurface designs, have huge potential in numerous novel devices and exciting applications. In this article, recent progress in the field of intelligent metasurfaces are reviewed, focusing particularly on tuning mechanisms, hardware designs, and applications. Reconfigurable and programmable metasurfaces, classified as space gradient, time modulated, and space-time modulated metasurfaces, are discussed. Then, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that can alter their wireless environments, and are considered as a promising technology for sixth-generation communication networks, are explored. Next, the recent progress made in simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) that can achieve full-space EM wave control are summarized. Finally, the perspective on the challenges and future directions of intelligent metasurfaces are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Saifullah
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Yejun He
- College of Electronics and Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Amir Boag
- School of Electrical EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv69978Israel
| | - Guo‐Min Yang
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
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Chen B, Wang X, Li W, Li C, Wang Z, Guo H, Wu J, Fan K, Zhang C, He Y, Jin B, Chen J, Wu P. Electrically addressable integrated intelligent terahertz metasurface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1296. [PMID: 36223473 PMCID: PMC9555782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) play an essential role in various applications, such as next-generation communication, uncrewed vehicles, and vital sign recognizers. However, in the terahertz (THz) region, the development of RISs is limited because of lacking tunable phase shifters and low-cost sensors. Here, we developed an integrated self-adaptive metasurface (SAM) with THz wave detection and modulation capabilities based on the phase change material. By applying various coding sequences, the metasurface could deflect THz beams over an angle range of 42.8°. We established a software-defined sensing reaction system for intelligent THz wave manipulation. In the system, the SAM self-adaptively adjusted the THz beam deflection angle and stabilized the reflected power in response to the detected signal without human intervention, showing vast potential in eliminating coverage dead zones and other applications in THz communication. Our programmable controlled SAM creates a platform for intelligent electromagnetic information processing in the THz regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benwen Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weili Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hangbin Guo
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Kebin Fan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Yunbin He
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Biaobing Jin
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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