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Ma Z, Xia X, Song B, Li R, Wang X, Huang Y. Electrochemical Urea Production over Diatomic Fe-Ni Catalyst: a Mechanism for C-N Coupling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:46323-46331. [PMID: 39180551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Co-electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and nitrate/nitrite as carbon and nitrogen sources to synthesize urea is an effective strategy to solve the energy problem and alleviate environmental pollution. In this work, combined density functional theory calculations with a constant-potential implicit solvent model, we proposed a strategy for the determination of the preferred reaction pathway and the potential window that is guided by the potential-dependent free energy change. It was found that on the FeNi-N6-C surface, the C-N coupling occurs between *NHO and the protonated CO2 in the potential window of -2.43 to -1.34 V for the urea electrochemical production, where the predicted onset potential accords well with the experimental results. The activity originates from the less weak bonding strength of N-O and the negatively charged N atom in *NHO. This study offers a general approach to determining the optimal reaction pathway in electrochemistry and insights into the mechanism of electrochemical synthesis of urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengying Ma
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xueqian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Bowen Song
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Carbon Neutrality Engineering Center, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Renjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Clean Energy of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of New-Energy Vehicle Battery Energy-Storage Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Carbon Neutrality Engineering Center, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yucheng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Carbon Neutrality Engineering Center, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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Cao J, Zhao F, Li C, Zhao Q, Gao L, Ma T, Xu H, Ren X, Liu A. Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Urea: An In-depth Investigation from Material Modification to Mechanism Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403412. [PMID: 38934550 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Industrial urea synthesis production uses NH3 from the Haber-Bosch method, followed by the reaction of NH3 with CO2, which is an energy-consuming technique. More thorough evaluations of the electrocatalytic C-N coupling reaction are needed for the urea synthesis development process, catalyst design, and the underlying reaction mechanisms. However, challenges of adsorption and activation of reactant and suppression of side reactions still hinder its development, making the systematic review necessary. This review meticulously outlines the progress in electrochemical urea synthesis by utilizing different nitrogen (NO3 -, N2, NO2 -, and N2O) and carbon (CO2 and CO) sources. Additionally, it delves into advanced methods in materials design, such as doping, facet engineering, alloying, and vacancy introduction. Furthermore, the existing classes of urea synthesis catalysts are clearly defined, which include 2D nanomaterials, materials with Mott-Schottky structure, materials with artificially frustrated Lewis pairs, single-atom catalysts (SACs), and heteronuclear dual-atom catalysts (HDACs). A comprehensive analysis of the benefits, drawbacks, and latest developments in modern urea detection techniques is discussed. It is aspired that this review will serve as a valuable reference for subsequent designs of highly efficient electrocatalysts and the development of strategies to enhance the performance of electrochemical urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Qidong Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Liguo Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Tingli Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Anmin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
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Yang C, Yang Z, Zhang W, Chen A, Li Y. Catalysts for C-N coupling in urea electrosynthesis under ambient conditions from carbon dioxide and nitrogenous species. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5666-5682. [PMID: 38742398 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00981a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Urea is an indispensable nitrogen-containing organic compound in modern human life. However, the current industrial synthesis of urea involves ammonia, which is produced through the Haber-Bosch process under harsh reaction conditions, causing huge energy consumption and heavy environmental pollution. Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogenous species (N2, NOx- and NO) have achieved significant progress, offering a promising approach for the electrochemical C-N coupling to produce urea under ambient conditions. Urea synthesis driven by renewable electricity represents a suitable alternative to the traditional process, contributing to the goal of carbon neutrality and nitrogen cycles. However, challenges such as low yield rate, poor selectivity and unveiled reaction mechanisms still need to be addressed. This review provides a summary of the latest catalysts utilized in urea electrosynthesis, aiming to provide guidance and prospects for the development of high-performance catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziyan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiping Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuhang Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Wang D, Lu XF, Luan D, Lou XWD. Selective Electrocatalytic Conversion of Nitric Oxide to High Value-Added Chemicals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312645. [PMID: 38271637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The artificial disturbance in the nitrogen cycle has necessitated an urgent need for nitric oxide (NO) removal. Electrochemical technologies for NO conversion have gained increasing attention in recent years. This comprehensive review presents the recent advancements in selective electrocatalytic conversion of NO to high value-added chemicals, with specific emphasis on catalyst design, electrolyte composition, mass diffusion, and adsorption energies of key intermediate species. Furthermore, the review explores the synergistic electrochemical co-electrolysis of NO with specific carbon source molecules, enabling the synthesis of a range of valuable chemicals with C─N bonds. It also provides in-depth insights into the intricate reaction pathways and underlying mechanisms, offering valuable perspectives on the challenges and prospects of selective NO electrolysis. By advancing comprehension and fostering awareness of nitrogen cycle balance, this review contributes to the development of efficient and sustainable electrocatalytic systems for the selective synthesis of valuable chemicals from NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xue Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Deyan Luan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiong Wen David Lou
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Liu M, Balamurugan J, Liang T, Liu C. Mechanism of electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction by borophene supported bimetallic catalysts. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:959-973. [PMID: 38219314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Bimetal atom catalysts (BACs) hold significant potential for various applications as a result of the synergistic interaction between adjacent metal atoms. This interaction leads to improved catalytic performance, while simultaneously maintaining high atomic efficiency and exceptional selectivity, similar to single atom catalysts (SACs). Bimetallic site catalysts (M2β12) supported by β12-borophene were developed as catalysts for electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). The research on density functional theory (DFT) demonstrates that M2β12 exhibits exceptional stability, conductivity, and catalytic activity. Investigating the most efficient reaction pathway for CO2RR by analyzing the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) during potential determining steps (PDS) and choosing a catalyst with outstanding catalytic performance for CO2RR. The overpotential required for Fe2β12 and Ag2β12 to generate CO is merely 0.05 V. This implies that the conversion of CO2 to CO can be accomplished with minimal additional voltage. The overpotential values for Cu2β12 and Ag2β12 during the formation of HCOOH were merely 0.001 and 0.07 V, respectively. Furthermore, the Rh2β12 catalyst exhibits a relatively low overpotential of 0.51 V for CH3OH and 0.65 V for CH4. The Fe2β12 produces C2H4 through the *CO-*CO pathway, while Ag2β12 generates CH3CH2OH via the *CO-*CHO coupling pathway, with remarkably low overpotentials of 0.84 and 0.60 V, respectively. The study provides valuable insights for the systematic design and screening of electrocatalysts for CO2RR that exhibit exceptional catalytic performance and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jayaraman Balamurugan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tongxiang Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.
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Zhong W, Chen D, Wu Y, Yue J, Shen Z, Huang H, Wang Y, Li X, Lang JP, Xia Q, Cao Y. Screening of transition metal and boron atoms co-doped graphdiyne catalysts for electrocatalytic urea synthesis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:80-89. [PMID: 37925971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CN coupling using nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as precursors offers a promising alternative for urea production under mild conditions, compared to traditional synthesis approaches. However, the design and screening of extremely efficient electrocatalysts remains a significant challenge in this field. Hence, we propose a systematic approach to screen efficient double-atom catalysts (DACs) with both metal and boron active sites, employing density functional theory (DFT). A comprehensive evaluation of 27 potential catalysts were performed, taking into account their stability, co-adsorption of N2 and CO2, as well as the potential-determining step (PDS) involved urea formation. The calculated results show that co-doped graphdiyne with CrB and MnB double atoms (CrB@GDY and MnB@GDY) emerge as potential electrocatalysts for urea production, displaying thermodynamic energy barriers of 0.41 eV and 0.66 eV, respectively. More importantly, these two DACs can significantly suppress the ammonia (NH3) and C1 products formation. Furthermore, a catalytic activity relationship between the d-band centers of the DACs and urea production performance were established. This study not only forecasts two promising DACs for subsequent experimental work but also establishes a theoretical framework for the evaluation of DACs in electrocatalytic urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Dixing Chen
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Yuting Wu
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Jingxiu Yue
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Zhangfeng Shen
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Hong Huang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Yangang Wang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Qineng Xia
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China.
| | - Yongyong Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China.
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7
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Zhong W, Yue J, Zhang R, Huang H, Huang H, Shen Z, Jiang L, Xu M, Xia Q, Cao Y. Screening of Transition Metal Supported on Black Phosphorus as Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1035-1045. [PMID: 38171367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) is an effective and economical strategy to eliminate CO2 through conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels. However, exploring and screening suitable 2D material-based single-atom catalysts (SACs) for CO2 reduction are still a great challenge. In this study, 27 (3d, 4d, and 5d, except Tc and Hg) transition metal (TM) atom-doped black phosphorus (TM@BP) electrocatalysts were systematically investigated for CO2RR by density functional theory calculations. According to the stability of SACs and their effectiveness in activating the CO2 molecule, three promising catalysts, Zr@BP, Nb@BP, and Ru@BP, were successfully screened out, exhibiting outstanding catalytic activity for the production of carbon monoxide (CO), methyl alcohol (CH3OH), and methane (CH4) with limiting potentials of -0.79, -0.49, and -0.60 V, respectively. A catalytic relationship between the d-band centers of SACs and the limiting potential of CO2RR was used to estimate the catalytic activity of catalysts. Furthermore, Nb@BP has high selectivity for CO2RR to CH3OH compared to H2 formation, while the hydrogen evolution reaction significantly impacts the synthesis of CO and CH4 on Zr@BP and Ru@BP. Nitrogen atom doping in BP is beneficial for enhancing the selectivity of CO2RR, but it is detrimental to the activity of CO2RR. This study offers theoretical guidance for synthesizing highly efficient CO2RR electrocatalysts and further enhances structural modulation methods for layered 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichan Zhong
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Jingxiu Yue
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Huang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Hong Huang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Zhangfeng Shen
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Lingchang Jiang
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Minhong Xu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P. R. China
| | - Qineng Xia
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
| | - Yongyong Cao
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
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Liu J, Lv X, Ma Y, Smith SC, Gu Y, Kou L. Electrocatalytic Urea Synthesis via N 2 Dimerization and Universal Descriptor. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25667-25678. [PMID: 38095313 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic urea synthesis through N2 + CO2 coreduction and C-N coupling is a promising and sustainable alternative to harsh industrial processes. Despite considerable efforts, limited progress has been made due to the challenges of breaking inert N≡N bonds for C-N coupling, competing side reactions, and the absence of theoretical principles guiding catalyst design. In this study, we propose a mechanism for highly electrocatalytic urea synthesis using two adsorbed N2 molecules and CO as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. This mechanism circumvents the challenging step of N≡N bond breaking and selective CO2 to CO reduction, as the free CO molecule inserts into dimerized *N2 and binds concurrently with two N atoms, forming a specific urea precursor *NNCONN* with both thermodynamic and kinetic feasibility. Through the proposed mechanism, Ti2@C4N3 and V2@C4N3 are identified as highly active catalysts for electrocatalytic urea formation, exhibiting low onset potentials of -0.741 and -0.738 V, respectively. Importantly, taking transition metal atoms anchored on porous graphite-like carbonitride (TM2@C4N3) as prototypes, we introduce a simple descriptor, namely, effective d electron number (Φ), to quantitatively describe the structure-activity relationships for urea formation. This descriptor incorporates inherent atomic properties of the catalyst, such as the number of d electrons, the electronegativity of the metal atoms, and the generalized electronegativity of the substrate atoms, making it potentially applicable to other urea catalysts. Our work advances the comprehension of mechanisms and provides a universal guiding principle for catalyst design in urea electrochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Liu
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Xingshuai Lv
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandong Ma
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Shandanan Street 27, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean C Smith
- Integrated Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University,Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - YuanTong Gu
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Liangzhi Kou
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Chen Z, Liu Y, Wang T. Steering competitive N 2 and CO adsorption toward efficient urea production with a confined dual site. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12707-12714. [PMID: 38020364 PMCID: PMC10646942 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04688e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic urea synthesis under mild conditions via the nitrogen (N2) and carbon monoxide (CO) coupling represents an ideal and green alternative to the energy-intensive traditional synthetic protocol. However, this process is challenging due to the more favorable CO adsorption than N2 at the catalytic site, making the formation of the key urea precursor (*NCON) extremely difficult. Herein, we theoretically construct a spatially isolated dual-site (DS) catalyst with the confinement effect to manipulate the competitive CO and N2 adsorption, which successfully guarantees the dominant horizontal N2 adsorption and subsequent efficient *NCON formation via C-N coupling and achieves efficient urea synthesis. Among all the computationally evaluated candidates, the catalyst with dual V sites anchored on 4N-doped graphene (DS-VN4) stands out and shows a moderate energy barrier for C-N coupling and a low theoretical limiting potential of -0.50 V for urea production, which simultaneously suppresses the ammonia production and hydrogen evolution. The confined dual-site introduced in this computational work has the potential to not only properly address part of the challenges toward efficient urea electrosynthesis from CO and N2 but also provide an elegant theoretical strategy for fine-tuning the strength of chemical bonds to achieve a rational catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang Province China
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University 600 Dunyu Road Hangzhou 310030 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University 600 Dunyu Road Hangzhou 310030 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University 600 Dunyu Road Hangzhou 310030 Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
- Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory Co., Ltd Hangzhou 310000 Zhejiang China
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10
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Wu G, Yang Y, Jiang J, Liu Y, Sun M, Zhang J, Zhang W, Qin Q. Emerging Electrocatalysts in Urea Production. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301619. [PMID: 37403776 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Urea synthesis from abundant CO2 and N-feedstocks via renewable electricity has attracted increasing interests, offering a promising alternative to the industrial-applied Haber-Meiser process. However, the studies toward electrochemical urea production remain scarce and appeal for more research. Herein, in this perspective, an up-to-date overview on the urea electrosynthesis is highlighted and summarized. Firstly, the reaction pathways of urea formation through various feedstocks are comprehensively discussed. Then, we focus on the strategies of materials design to improve C-N coupling efficiency by identifying the descriptor and understanding the reaction mechanism. Finally, the current challenges and disadvantages in this field are reviewed and some future development directions of electrocatalytic urea synthesis are also prospected. This Minireview aims to promote future investigations of the electrochemical urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzheng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Jiadi Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Mengmiao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Jianrui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wuyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Fuel Cells and, Electrolyzers Technology of Zhejiang Province, Qianwan Institute of CNITECH, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Qing Qin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
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11
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Fang C, Zhou J, Zhang L, Wan W, Ding Y, Sun X. Synergy of dual-atom catalysts deviated from the scaling relationship for oxygen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4449. [PMID: 37488102 PMCID: PMC10366111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-atom catalysts, particularly those with heteronuclear active sites, have the potential to outperform the well-established single-atom catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction, but the underlying mechanistic understanding is still lacking. Herein, a large-scale density functional theory is employed to explore the feasibility of *O-*O coupling mechanism, which can circumvent the scaling relationship with improving the catalytic performance of N-doped graphene supported Fe-, Co-, Ni-, and Cu-containing heteronuclear dual-atom catalysts, namely, M'M@NC. Based on the constructed activity maps, a rationally designed descriptor can be obtained to predict homonuclear catalysts. Seven heteronuclear and four homonuclear dual-atom catalysts possess high activities that outperform the minimum theoretical overpotential. The chemical and structural origin in favor of *O-*O coupling mechanism thus leading to enhanced reaction activity have been revealed. This work not only provides additional insights into the fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms, but also offers a guideline for the accelerated discovery of efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Wan
- Max-Plank Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Yuxiao Ding
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, 266101, Qingdao, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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12
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Cao Y, Meng Y, An R, Zou X, Huang H, Zhong W, Shen Z, Xia Q, Li X, Wang Y. Revealing electrocatalytic C N coupling for urea synthesis with metal–free electrocatalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:990-999. [PMID: 36989825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Urea is ubiquitous in agriculture and industry, but its production consumes a lot of energy. The conversion of nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into urea via an electrocatalytic CN coupling reaction under ambient conditions would be a major boon to sustainable development. However, designing a metal - free catalyst with high activity and selectivity for urea remains a major challenge. Herein, by means of density functional theory (DFT) and ab - initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) computations, the B12 cluster doped on nitrogenated graphene (C2N) substrate catalyst (B12@C2N) with superior stability was designed for electrocatalytic urea synthesis starting from the CO2 and N2 through four reaction mechanisms. The nature of the co-adsorption activation of CO2 and N2 on the B12@C2N catalyst was investigated, the electrochemical proton - electron transfer steps and the CN thermochemical coupling led to the synthesis of urea. The study showed that the B12@C2N catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity for urea synthesis with the lowest limiting potential of - 1.01 V following the *HNNH mechanism compared with other mechanisms. The potential - determining step (PDS) is the formation of the *CO+*NH2NH2 species. However, the two - step CN coupling barriers of *NCON species are 0.13 eV and 0.60 eV using AIMD and a "slow - growth" sampling approach in an explicit water molecules model. Calculations also showed that the byproducts of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), methanol (CH3OH), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen (H2) can be inhibited on the B12@C2N catalyst. Therefore, the metal - free catalyst not only has a good performance for the hydrogenation of CO2 and N2 promoting the electrochemical reaction, but also facilitates CN thermochemical coupling for urea synthesis. This work provides new insights into the synthesis of urea via the CN coupling reaction on a metal - free electrocatalyst, a process that could contribute to greenhouse gas mitigation to help meet carbon neutrality targets.
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13
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Xing P, Wei S, Zhang Y, Chen X, Dai L, Wang Y. Electrochemical Co-reduction of N 2 and CO 2 to Urea Using Bi 2S 3 Nanorods Anchored to N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22101-22111. [PMID: 37122051 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Producing "green urea" using renewable energy, N2, and CO2 is a long-considered challenge. Herein, an electrocatalyst, Bi2S3/N-reduced graphene oxide (RGO), was synthesized by loading the Bi2S3 nanorods onto the N-RGO via a hydrothermal method. The Bi2S3/N-RGO composites exhibit the highest yield of urea (4.4 mmol g-1 h-1), which is 12.6 and 3.1 times higher than that of Bi2S3 (0.35 mmol g-1 h-1) and that of N-RGO (1.4 mmol g-1 h-1), respectively. N-RGO, because of its porous and open-layer structure, improves the mass transfer efficiency and stability, while the basic groups (-OH and -NH2) promote the adsorption and activation of CO2. Bi2S3 promotes the absorption and activation of inert N2. Finally, the defect sites and the synergistic effect on the Bi2S3/N-RGO composites work simultaneously to form urea from N2 and CO2. This study provides new insights into urea synthesis under ambient conditions and a strategy for the design and development of a new material for green urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxing Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Green Processes, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shenqi Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Green Processes, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Green Processes, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Green Processes, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liyi Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Green Processes, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Green Processes, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China
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14
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Zhu C, Geng Y, Yao X, Zhu G, Su Z, Zhang M. Fascinating Electrocatalysts with Dispersed Di-Metals in MN 3 -M'N 4 Moiety as Two Active Sites Separately for N 2 and CO 2 Reduction Reactions and Jointly for CN Coupling and Urea Production. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201331. [PMID: 36720016 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The idealized urea electrocatalyst is crucial to boost the CN coupling reaction and simultaneously suppress their isolated reduction process after adsorbing N2 and CO2 molecules. Therefore, the dispersed MN3 -M'N4 moiety is investigated systematically, including 26 homonuclear and 650 heteronuclear di-metal systems. After, 205 stable systems are selected using lowest-energy principle and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. According to three possible pathways, NCON, CO, and OCOH to produce urea, a five-step high-throughput screening method for excellent catalytic activity and a five-aspect high-throughput screening strategy for outstanding catalytic selectivity are proposed, respectively. The potential determined steps and the limiting potential through three pathways are identified. The data indicates both CO pathway and OCOH pathway are more competitive at lower Gibbs free energy. Significantly, the most favorite RuN3 -CoN4 combination possesses an extremely low limiting potential of -0.80 V for urea production, meanwhile it exists a strong foundation for experimental preparation. This work not only broadens electrocatalytic potentiality of developing di-metals as two active sites, but also provides a feasible high-throughput screening recipe for urea production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Zhu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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15
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Sun L, Reddu V, Wang X. Multi-atom cluster catalysts for efficient electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8923-8956. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents recent developments in the synthesis, modulation and characterization of multi-atom cluster catalysts for electrochemical energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Sun
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd (Cambridge CARES), CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Vikas Reddu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd (Cambridge CARES), CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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