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Xu G, Hou L, Wu P. Sustainable Plastics with High Performance and Convenient Processibility. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405301. [PMID: 39031981 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Designing and making sustainable plastics is especially urgent to reduce their ecological and environmental impacts. However, it remains challenging to construct plastics with simultaneous high sustainability and outstanding comprehensive performance. Here, a composite strategy of in situ polymerizing a petroleum-based monomer with the presence of an industrialized bio-derived polymer in a quasi-solvent-free system is introduced, affording the plastic with excellent mechanical robustness, impressive thermal and solvent stability, as well as low energy, consumes during production, processing, and recycling. Particularly, the plastic can be easily processed into diverse shapes through 3D printing, injection molding, etc. during polymerization and further reprocessed into other complex structures via eco-friendly hydrosetting. In addition, the plastic is mechanically robust with Young's modulus of up to 3.7 GPa and tensile breaking strength of up to 150.2 MPa, superior to many commercially available plastics and other sustainable plastics. It is revealed that hierarchical hydrogen bonds in plastic predominate the well-balanced sustainability and performance. This work provides a new path for fabricating high-performance sustainable plastic toward practical applications, contributing to the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lei Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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2
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Zhang J, Zhou X, Hu Q, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Dong S, Zhao G, Zhang S. Concentration-induced spontaneous polymerization of protic ionic liquids for efficient in situ adhesion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4265. [PMID: 38769305 PMCID: PMC11106314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The advancement of contemporary adhesives is often limited by the balancing act between cohesion and interfacial adhesion strength. This study explores an approach to overcome this trade-off by utilizing the spontaneous polymerization of a protic ionic liquid-based monomer obtained through the neutralization of 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid and hydroxylamine. The initiator-free polymerization process is carried out through a gradual increase in monomer concentration in aqueous solutions caused by solvent evaporation upon heating, which results in the in-situ formation of a tough and thin adhesive layer with a highly entangled polymeric network and an intimate interface contact between the adhesive and substrate. The abundance of internal and external non-covalent interactions also contributes to both cohesion and interfacial adhesion. Consequently, the produced protic poly(ionic liquid)s exhibit considerable adhesion strength on a variety of substrates. This method also allows for the creation of advanced adhesive composites with electrical conductivity or visualized sensing functionality by incorporating commercially available fillers into the ionic liquid adhesive. This study provides a strategy for creating high-performance ionic liquid-based adhesives and highlights the importance of in-situ polymerization for constructing adhesive composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Qinyu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Kaijian Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Gai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Shiguo Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410004, China.
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He Q, Qin M, Zhang H, Yue J, Peng L, Liu G, Feng Y, Feng W. Patterned liquid metal embedded in brush-shaped polymers for dynamic thermal management. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:531-544. [PMID: 37982197 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Interface thermal resistance has become a crucial barrier to effective thermal management in high-performance electronics and sensors. The growing complexity of operational conditions, such as irregular and dynamic surfaces, demands thermal interface materials (TIMs) to possess high thermal conductivity and soft elasticity. However, developing materials that simultaneously combine soft elasticity and high thermal conductivity remains a challenging task. Herein, we utilize a vertically oriented graphene aerogel (VGA) and rationally design liquid metal (LM) networks to achieve directional and adjustable pathways within the composite. Subsequently, we leverage the advantages of the low elastic modulus and high deformation capabilities of brush-shaped polydimethylsiloxane (BPDMS), together with the bicontinuous thermal conduction path constructed by VGA and LM networks. Ultimately, the designed composite of patterned liquid metal/vertically oriented graphene aerogel/brush-shaped PDMS (LM-VGA/BPDMS) shows a high thermal conductivity (7.11 W m-1 K-1), an ultra-low elastic modulus (10.13 kPa), excellent resilience, and a low interface thermal resistance (14.1 K mm2 W-1). This LM-VGA/BPDMS soft composite showcases a stable heat dissipation capability at dynamically changing interfaces, as well as excellent adaptability to different irregular surfaces. This strategy holds important application prospects in the fields of interface thermal management and thermal sensing in extremely complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Junwei Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Lianqiang Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Gejun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
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Peng H, Yang F, Wang X, Feng E, Sun K, Hao L, Zhang X, Ma G. Rapid Radiation Synthesis of a Flexible, Self-Healing, and Adhesive Ionogel with Environmental Tolerance for Multifunctional Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37874752 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels are increasingly used in flexible strain sensors, but it is still challenging to incorporate multifunctional properties such as flexibility, self-healing, adhesion, temperature resistance, and electrical conductivity. Herein, a facile and rapid one-step photoinitiated polymerization strategy is employed to prepare multifunctional ionogels by filling a hydrophobic and conductive ionic liquid into a flexible, hydrophobic fluoropolymer matrix. Thanks to the presence of abundant noncovalent interactions (hydrogen-bonding and ion-dipole interactions), the ionogels exhibit high transparency, excellent mechanical properties, self-healing ability, and adhesion. Moreover, rich C-F bonds in the fluoropolymer matrix can eliminate the interference of water molecules, resulting in excellent environmental tolerance such as high and low temperature resistance, waterproofness, and anticorrosion. Furthermore, the ionogel-based wearable strain sensor can sensitively detect and differentiate human movements and subtle muscle movements and serve as a Morse code signal transmitter for information transmission. The presented work provides an effective method to develop versatile flexible conductive ionogels for wearable devices and ionotronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Enke Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, China
| | - Kanjun Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lili Hao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Guofu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Zhang Y, Cai C, Li F, Dong S. Supramolecular Soft Material Enabled by Metal Coordination and Hydrogen Bonding: Stretchability, Self-Healing, Impact Resistance, 3D Printing, and Motion Monitoring. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300857. [PMID: 37035948 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal coordination can significantly improve the macroscopic performance of many materials by enhancing their dynamic features. In this study, two supramolecular interactions, Fe3+ -carboxylic acid coordination, and structural water-induced hydrogen bonding, into an artificial polymer were introduced. Various attractive features, including flexibility and stretchability, are achieved because of the bulk state and dynamic hydrogen bonds of poly(thioctic acid-water) (poly[TA-H]). These unique features are considerably enhanced after the incorporation of Fe3+ cations into poly[TA-H] because metal coordination increased the mobility of the poly[TA-H] chains. Thus, the poly(thioctic acid-water-metal) (poly[TA-HM]) copolymer exhibited better flexibility and stretchability. Moreover, notable underwater/low-temperature self-healing capacity is obtained via the synergistic effect of the metal and hydrogen bonding. Most of the impact energy is quickly absorbed by poly[TA-H] or poly[TA-HM] and effectively and rapidly dissipated via reversible debonding/bonding via the interactions between the metal and hydrogen. Macroscopic plastic deformation or structural failure is not observed during high-speed (50-70 m s-1 ) impact experiments or high-altitude (90 m) falling tests. Furthermore, poly[TA-HM] displayed good thermal molding properties, which enabled its processing via 3D fused deposition modeling printing. Poly[TA-HM] also showed considerable effectiveness for monitoring complicated, dynamic, and irregular biological activities owing to its highly pressure-sensitive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Changyong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Fenfang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Xiao W, Liu J, Lu Z, Zhang P, Wei H, Yu Y. Simultaneous Polymerization Acceleration and Mechanical Enhancement for Printing a Biomimetic PEDOT Adhesive by Coordinative and Orthogonal Ruthenium Photochemistry. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:433-439. [PMID: 36930947 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are promising material candidates in fields ranging from flexible sensors and electronic skin applications to personalized medical monitoring. However, developing intrinsically conductive polymer hydrogels (ICPHs) with high mechanical properties and excellent printability is still challenging. Here, we introduce a simultaneous polymerization acceleration and mechanical enhancement (SPAME) strategy to construct PEDOT-based ICPHs via the rational design of coordinative and orthogonal ruthenium photochemistry (CORP). This orthogonal photochemistry triggers the oxidative polymerization of EDOT and the coupling of phenols within seconds under blue light irradiation. Benefiting from the bifunctional EDTA-Fe design, the photoreleased Fe(III) accelerated the EDOT polymerization and shortened the preparation time of ICPHs to a few seconds. At the same time, the addition of EDTA-Fe enhanced their mechanical properties, and both the critical strains and maximum stresses of the hydrogel doubled. Furthermore, the introduction of phenol residues in PAA-Ph significantly shortened the gelation time from several minutes to about 7 s. Thus, this fast and controllable CORP chemistry is compatible with standard printing techniques for engineering hydrogels for complex multifunctional structures for multifunctional bioelectronics and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jupen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hongqiu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - You Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Dai C, Wang Y, Shan Y, Ye C, Lv Z, Yang S, Cao L, Ren J, Yu H, Liu S, Shao Z, Li J, Chen W, Ling S. Cytoskeleton-inspired hydrogel ionotronics for tactile perception and electroluminescent display in complex mechanical environments. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:136-148. [PMID: 36317638 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emerging applications of hydrogel ionotronics (HIs) in devices and machines require them to maintain their robustness under complex mechanical environments. Nevertheless, existing HIs still suffer from various mechanical limitations, such as the lack of balance between softness, strength, toughness, and fatigue fracture under cyclic loads. Inspired by the structure of the cytoskeleton, this study develops a sustainable HI supported by a double filamentous network. This cytoskeleton-like structure can enhance the strength of the HI by 26 times and its toughness by 3 times. It also enables HI to tolerate extreme mechanical stimuli, such as severe deformation, long-term cyclic loading, and high-frequency shearing and shocking. The advantages of these structurally- and mechanically-optimized HI devices in tactile perception and electroluminescent display, i.e., two practical applications where complex mechanical stimuli need to be sustained, are demonstrated. The findings reported in this study can inspire the design of human skin-like robust and anti-fatigue-fracture HI devices for long-term stable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Dai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yicheng Shan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- School of Textile & Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Zhuochen Lv
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Leitao Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Roulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
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Low Hysteresis and Fatigue-Resistant Polyvinyl Alcohol/Activated Charcoal Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Long-Term Stable Plant Growth Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010090. [PMID: 36616440 PMCID: PMC9824891 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible strain sensor as a measurement tool plays a significant role in agricultural development by long-term stable monitoring of the dynamic progress of plant growth. However, existing strain sensors still suffer from severe drawbacks, such as large hysteresis, insufficient fatigue resistance, and inferior stability, limiting their broad applications in the long-term monitoring of plant growth. Herein, we fabricate a novel conductive hydrogel strain sensor which is achieved through uniformly dispersing the conductive activated charcoal (AC) in high-viscosity polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution forming a continuous conductive network and simple preparation by freezing-thawing. The as-prepared strain sensor demonstrates low hysteresis (<1.5%), fatigue resistance (fatigue threshold of 40.87 J m−2), and long-term sensing stability upon mechanical cycling. We further exhibit the integration and application of PVA-AC strain sensor to monitor the growth of plants for 14 days. This work may offer an effective strategy for monitoring plant growth with conductive hydrogel strain sensor, facilitating the advancement of agriculture.
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Gan J, Sun L, Guan C, Ren T, Zhang Q, Pan S, Zhang Q, Chen H. Preparation and Properties of Salecan-Soy Protein Isolate Composite Hydrogel Induced by Thermal Treatment and Transglutaminase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169383. [PMID: 36012648 PMCID: PMC9409434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salecan (Sal) is a novel marine microbial polysaccharide. In the present research, Sal and soy protein isolate (SPI) were adopted to fabricate Sal–SPI composite hydrogel based on a stepwise process (thermal treatment and transglutaminase induction). The effect of Sal concentration on morphology, texture properties, and the microstructure of the hydrogel was evaluated. As Sal concentration varied from 0.4 to 0.6 wt%, hydrogel elasticity increased from 0.49 to 0.85 mm. Furthermore, the internal network structure of Sal–SPI composite hydrogel also became denser and more uniform as Sal concentration increased. Rheological studies showed that Sal–SPI elastic hydrogel formed under the gelation process. Additionally, FTIR and XRD results demonstrated that hydrogen bonds formed between Sal and SPI molecules, inferring the formation of the interpenetrating network structure. This research supplied a green and simple method to fabricate Sal–SPI double network hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gan
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, No. 30 Qingquan Road, Laishan Strict, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Lirong Sun
- Marine College, Shandong University, No. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Chenxia Guan
- Marine College, Shandong University, No. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Teng Ren
- Marine College, Shandong University, No. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qinling Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, No. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Shihui Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University, No. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, No. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, No. 180 Wenhua West Road, Gao Strict, Weihai 264209, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13366061833
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