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Huang K, Pei S, Wei Q, Zhang Q, Guo J, Ma C, Cheng HM, Ren W. Highly Thermally Conductive and Flexible Thermal Interface Materials with Aligned Graphene Lamella Frameworks. ACS NANO 2024; 18:23468-23476. [PMID: 39149802 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Highly thermally conductive and flexible thermal interface materials (TIMs) are desirable for heat dissipation in modern electronic devices. Here, we fabricated a high-crystalline aligned graphene lamella framework (AGLF) with precisely controlled lamella thickness, pore structure, and excellent intergraphene contact by manipulating the thermal expansion behavior of scanning centrifugal casted graphene oxide films. The rational design of the AGLF balances the trade-off between the thermal conductivity and flexibility of TIMs. The AGLF-based TIM (AGLF-TIM) shows a record thermal conductivity of 196.3 W m-1 K-1 with a graphene loading of only 9.4 vol %, which is about 4 times higher than those of reported TIMs at a similar graphene loading. Meanwhile, good flexibility remains comparable to that of commercial TIMs. As a result, an LED device achieves an additional temperature decrease of ∼8 °C with the use of AGLF-TIM compared to high-performance commercial TIMs. This work offers a strategy for the controlled fabrication of graphene macrostructures, showing the potential use of graphene as filler frameworks in thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Songfeng Pei
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Qinwei Wei
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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Lu J, Ming X, Cao M, Liu Y, Wang B, Shi H, Hao Y, Zhang P, Li K, Wang L, Li P, Gao W, Cai S, Sun B, Yu ZZ, Xu Z, Gao C. Scalable Compliant Graphene Fiber-Based Thermal Interface Material with Metal-Level Thermal Conductivity via Dual-Field Synergistic Alignment Engineering. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18560-18571. [PMID: 38941591 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
High-performance thermal interface materials (TIMs) are highly desired for high-power electronic devices to accelerate heat dissipation. However, the inherent trade-off conflict between achieving high thermal conductivity and excellent compliance of filler-enhanced TIMs results in the unsatisfactory interfacial heat transfer efficiency of existing TIM solutions. Here, we report the graphene fiber (GF)-based elastic TIM with metal-level thermal conductivity via mechanical-electric dual-field synergistic alignment engineering. Compared with state-of-the-art carbon fiber (CF), GF features both superb high thermal conductivity of ∼1200 W m-1 K-1 and outstanding flexibility. Under dual-field synergistic alignment regulation, GFs are vertically aligned with excellent orientation (0.88) and high array density (33.5 mg cm-2), forming continuous thermally conductive pathways. Even at a low filler content of ∼17 wt %, GF-based TIM demonstrates extraordinarily high through-plane thermal conductivity of up to 82.4 W m-1 K-1, exceeding most CF-based TIMs and even comparable to commonly used soft indium foil. Benefiting from the low stiffness of GF, GF-based TIM shows a lower compressive modulus down to 0.57 MPa, an excellent resilience rate of 95% after compressive cycles, and diminished contact thermal resistance as low as 7.4 K mm2 W-1. Our results provide a superb paradigm for the directed assembly of thermally conductive and flexible GFs to achieve scalable and high-performance TIMs, overcoming the long-standing bottleneck of mechanical-thermal mismatch in TIM design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Ming
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Min Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Center for Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Hangzhou Gaoxi Technol Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311113, China
| | - Hang Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peijuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kaiwen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengying Cai
- Center for Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, China
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Dai W, Wang Y, Li M, Chen L, Yan Q, Yu J, Jiang N, Lin CT. 2D Materials-Based Thermal Interface Materials: Structure, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311335. [PMID: 38847403 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The challenges associated with heat dissipation in high-power electronic devices used in communication, new energy, and aerospace equipment have spurred an urgent need for high-performance thermal interface materials (TIMs) to establish efficient heat transfer pathways from the heater (chip) to heat sinks. Recently, emerging 2D materials, such as graphene and boron nitride, renowned for their ultrahigh basal-plane thermal conductivity and the capacity to facilitate cross-scale, multi-morphic structural design, have found widespread use as thermal fillers in the production of high-performance TIMs. To deepen the understanding of 2D material-based TIMs, this review focuses primarily on graphene and boron nitride-based TIMs, exploring their structures, properties, and applications. Building on this foundation, the developmental history of these TIMs is emphasized and a detailed analysis of critical challenges and potential solutions is provided. Additionally, the preparation and application of some other novel 2D materials-based TIMs are briefly introduced, aiming to offer constructive guidance for the future development of high-performance TIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yandong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Maohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qingwei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Yu H, Peng L, Chen C, Qin M, Feng W. Regulatable Orthotropic 3D Hybrid Continuous Carbon Networks for Efficient Bi-Directional Thermal Conduction. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:198. [PMID: 38758464 PMCID: PMC11101387 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Vertically oriented carbon structures constructed from low-dimensional carbon materials are ideal frameworks for high-performance thermal interface materials (TIMs). However, improving the interfacial heat-transfer efficiency of vertically oriented carbon structures is a challenging task. Herein, an orthotropic three-dimensional (3D) hybrid carbon network (VSCG) is fabricated by depositing vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) on the surface of a horizontally oriented graphene film (HOGF). The interfacial interaction between the VACNTs and HOGF is then optimized through an annealing strategy. After regulating the orientation structure of the VACNTs and filling the VSCG with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), VSCG/PDMS composites with excellent 3D thermal conductive properties are obtained. The highest in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivities of the composites are 113.61 and 24.37 W m-1 K-1, respectively. The high contact area of HOGF and good compressibility of VACNTs imbue the VSCG/PDMS composite with low thermal resistance. In addition, the interfacial heat-transfer efficiency of VSCG/PDMS composite in the TIM performance was improved by 71.3% compared to that of a state-of-the-art thermal pad. This new structural design can potentially realize high-performance TIMs that meet the need for high thermal conductivity and low contact thermal resistance in interfacial heat-transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiang Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
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Hu Z, Sun X, Zhang X, Jia X, Feng X, Cui M, Gao E, Qian L, Gao X, Zhang J. Kinetic Modulation of Carbon Nanotube Growth in Direct Spinning for High-Strength Carbon Nanotube Fibers. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38600631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
With impressive individual properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show great potential in constructing high-performance fibers. However, the tensile strength of as-prepared carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) is plagued by the weak intertube interaction between the essential CNTs. Here, we developed a chlorine (Cl)/water (H2O)-assisted length furtherance FCCVD (CALF-FCCVD) method to modulate the intertube interaction of CNTs and enhance the mechanical strength of macroscopic fibers. The CNTs acquired by the CALF-FCCVD method show an improvement of 731% in length compared to that by the conventional iron-based FCCVD system. Moreover, CNTFs prepared by CALF-FCCVD spinning exhibit a high tensile strength of 5.27 ± 0.27 GPa (4.62 ± 0.24 N/tex) and reach up to 5.61 GPa (4.92 N/tex), which outperforms most previously reported results. Experimental measurements and density functional theory calculations show that Cl and H2O play a crucial role in the furtherance of CNT growth. Cl released from the decomposition of methylene dichloride greatly accelerates the growth of the CNTs; H2O can remove amorphous carbon on the floating catalysts to extend their lifetime, which further modulates the growth kinetics and improves the purity of the as-prepared fibers. Our design of the CALF-FCCVD platform offers a powerful way to tune CNT growth kinetics in direct spinning toward high-strength CNTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuncheng Hu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiucai Sun
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Xinshi Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Xiangzheng Jia
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xueting Feng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingwei Cui
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Enlai Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liu Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China
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Wu Z, Wang E, Zhang G, Shen Y, Shao G. Recent Progress of Vertical Graphene: Preparation, Structure Engineering, and Emerging Energy Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307923. [PMID: 38009514 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Vertical graphene (VG) nanosheets have garnered significant attention in the field of electrochemical energy applications, such as supercapacitors, electro-catalysis, and metal-ion batteries. The distinctive structures of VG, including vertically oriented morphology, exposed, and extended edges, and separated few-layer graphene nanosheets, have endowed VG with superior electrode reaction kinetics and mass/electron transportation compared to other graphene-based nanostructures. Therefore, gaining insight into the structure-activity relationship of VG and VG-based materials is crucial for enhancing device performance and expanding their applications in the energy field. In this review, the authors first summarize the fabrication methods of VG structures, including solution-based, and vacuum-based techniques. The study then focuses on structural modulations through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to tailor defects and morphology, aiming to obtain desirable architectures. Additionally, a comprehensive overview of the applications of VG and VG-based hybrids d in the energy field is provided, considering the arrangement and optimization of their structures. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of VG-based energy-related applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Wu
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Materials Genome Institute (ZMGI), Building 2, Zhongyuanzhigu, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, 450100, China
| | - Erhao Wang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Gongkai Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yonglong Shen
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Materials Genome Institute (ZMGI), Building 2, Zhongyuanzhigu, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, 450100, China
| | - Guosheng Shao
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Materials Genome Institute (ZMGI), Building 2, Zhongyuanzhigu, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, 450100, China
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Zhang TT, Lv BH, Fan CC, Shi BY, Cao QJ, Wang W, Tao FF, Dou WD. Controllable Fabrication of Vertical Graphene with Tunable Growth Nature by Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36245-36252. [PMID: 37810641 PMCID: PMC10552111 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
As an important member of the graphene family, vertical graphene (VG) has broad applications like field emission, energy storage, and sensors owing to its fascinating physical and chemical properties. Among various fabrication methods for VG, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is most employed because of the fast growth rate at relatively low temperature for the high-quality VG. However, to date, relations between growth manner of VG and growth parameters such as growth temperature, dosage of gaseous carbon source, and electric power to generate plasma are still less known, which in turn hinder the massive production of VG for further applications. In this study, the growth behavior of VG was studied as functions of temperature, plasma power, and gas composition (or chamber pressure). It was found that the growth behavior of VG is sensitive to the growth conditions mentioned above. Although conditions with high growth temperature, large flow rate of mixed gas of methane and carrier gases, and high plasma power may be helpful for the fast growth of VG, brunching of VG is simultaneously enhanced, which in turn decreases the vertical growth nature of VG. High-quality VG can be achieved by optimizing the growth parameters. It was revealed that the vertical growth nature of VG is governed by the electric field at the interfacial layer between VG and the substrate, for which its strength is influenced by the density of plasma. These findings are important for the general understanding of the VG growth and provided a feasible way for the controllable fabrication of VG using the remote PECVD method which is usually believed to be unsuitable for the fabrication of VG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Bing-Hao Lv
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Chen-Chen Fan
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Bi-Yun Shi
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Qiao-Jun Cao
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School
of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Fei-Fei Tao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing
University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Wei-Dong Dou
- Laboratory
of Low-dimensional Carbon Materials and Department of Physics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
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8
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Bertran-Serra E, Rodriguez-Miguel S, Li Z, Ma Y, Farid G, Chaitoglou S, Amade R, Ospina R, Andújar JL. Advancements in Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Producing Vertical Graphene Nanowalls. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2533. [PMID: 37764562 PMCID: PMC10537120 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, vertical graphene nanowalls (VGNWs) have gained significant attention due to their exceptional properties, including their high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, scalability, and compatibility with transition metal compounds. These attributes position VGNWs as a compelling choice for various applications, such as energy storage, catalysis, and sensing, driving interest in their integration into next-generation commercial graphene-based devices. Among the diverse graphene synthesis methods, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) stands out for its ability to create large-scale graphene films and VGNWs on diverse substrates. However, despite progress in optimizing the growth conditions to achieve micrometer-sized graphene nanowalls, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying physicochemical mechanisms that govern nanostructure formation remains elusive. Specifically, a deeper exploration of nanometric-level phenomena like nucleation, carbon precursor adsorption, and adatom surface diffusion is crucial for gaining precise control over the growth process. Hydrogen's dual role as a co-catalyst and etchant in VGNW growth requires further investigation. This review aims to fill the knowledge gaps by investigating VGNW nucleation and growth using PECVD, with a focus on the impact of the temperature on the growth ratio and nucleation density across a broad temperature range. By providing insights into the PECVD process, this review aims to optimize the growth conditions for tailoring VGNW properties, facilitating applications in the fields of energy storage, catalysis, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Bertran-Serra
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shahadev Rodriguez-Miguel
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhuo Li
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yang Ma
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ghulam Farid
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefanos Chaitoglou
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Amade
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rogelio Ospina
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Escuela de Física, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9 Ciudad Universitaria, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - José-Luis Andújar
- ENPHOCAMAT (FEMAN) Group, Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Shen C, Xu S, Chen Z, Ji N, Yang J, Zhang J. Fluorobenzene and Water-Promoted Rapid Growth of Vertical Graphene Arrays by Electric-Field-Assisted PECVD. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207745. [PMID: 36650988 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vertical graphene (VG) arrays show exposed sharp edges, ultra-low electrical resistance, large surface-to-volume ratio, and low light reflectivity, thus having great potential in emerging applications, including field emission, sensing, energy storage devices, and stray light shields. Although plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is regarded as an effective approach for the synthesis of VG, it is still challenging to increase the growth rate and height of VG arrays simultaneously. Herein, a fluorobenzene and water-assisted method to rapidly grow VG arrays in an electric field-assisted PECVD system is developed. Fluorobenzene-based carbon sources are used to produce highly electronegative fluorine radicals to accelerate the decomposition of methanol and promote the growth of VG. Water is applied to produce hydroxyl radicals in order to etch amorphous carbon and accelerate the VG growth. The fastest growth rate can be up to 15.9 µm h-1 . Finally, VG arrays with a height of 144 µm are successfully synthesized at an average rate of 14.4 µm h-1 . As a kind of super black material, these VG arrays exhibit an ultra-low reflectance of 0.25%, showing great prospect in stray light shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Shichen Xu
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Ji
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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10
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Dai W, Ren XJ, Yan Q, Wang S, Yang M, Lv L, Ying J, Chen L, Tao P, Sun L, Xue C, Yu J, Song C, Nishimura K, Jiang N, Lin CT. Ultralow Interfacial Thermal Resistance of Graphene Thermal Interface Materials with Surface Metal Liquefaction. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 15:9. [PMID: 36484932 PMCID: PMC9733747 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing advanced thermal interface materials (TIMs) to bridge heat-generating chip and heat sink for constructing an efficient heat transfer interface is the key technology to solve the thermal management issue of high-power semiconductor devices. Based on the ultra-high basal-plane thermal conductivity, graphene is an ideal candidate for preparing high-performance TIMs, preferably to form a vertically aligned structure so that the basal-plane of graphene is consistent with the heat transfer direction of TIM. However, the actual interfacial heat transfer efficiency of currently reported vertically aligned graphene TIMs is far from satisfactory. In addition to the fact that the thermal conductivity of the vertically aligned TIMs can be further improved, another critical factor is the limited actual contact area leading to relatively high contact thermal resistance (20-30 K mm2 W-1) of the "solid-solid" mating interface formed by the vertical graphene and the rough chip/heat sink. To solve this common problem faced by vertically aligned graphene, in this work, we combined mechanical orientation and surface modification strategy to construct a three-tiered TIM composed of mainly vertically aligned graphene in the middle and micrometer-thick liquid metal as a cap layer on upper and lower surfaces. Based on rational graphene orientation regulation in the middle tier, the resultant graphene-based TIM exhibited an ultra-high thermal conductivity of 176 W m-1 K-1. Additionally, we demonstrated that the liquid metal cap layer in contact with the chip/heat sink forms a "liquid-solid" mating interface, significantly increasing the effective heat transfer area and giving a low contact thermal conductivity of 4-6 K mm2 W-1 under packaging conditions. This finding provides valuable guidance for the design of high-performance TIMs based on two-dimensional materials and improves the possibility of their practical application in electronic thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Jie Ren
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengding Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Ying
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peidi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Kazuhito Nishimura
- Advanced Nano-Processing Engineering Lab, Mechanical Systems Engineering, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng-Te Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Yan D, Li Z, Kong N, Huang M, Tian Y, Ye C, Fu L, Wen B, Liu J, Tan R, Han F. Multi-scale hybrid spherical graphite composites: a light weight thermal interface material with high thermal conductivity and simple processing technology. RSC Adv 2022; 12:29414-29422. [PMID: 36320742 PMCID: PMC9558129 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04633d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In consideration of low density and high intrinsic thermal conductivity, spherical graphite powders can act as promising fillers for light weight thermal interface materials. Herein, spherical artificial graphite derived composites exhibit a similar thermal conductivity and significantly reduced bulk density compared with traditional Al2O3-derived composites. Further, based on the particle packing theory, an innovatively optimized calculation method has been proposed by introducing the quadratic programming method into the traditional calculation method to acquire the optimum formulation of multi-scale spherical graphite particles. The thermal conductivity of the optimum formulation-derived composites attains 1.994 W m−1 K−1, which is 1.72 times higher than that of the single particle size-derived composites (1.156 W m−1 K−1), accompanied by a low density of 1.812 g cm−3vs. the 2.31 g cm−3 of the traditional Al2O3-derived composites. Besides, the relationships between the tap density of the graphite powders, thermal conductivity and maximum filling content of the composites are creatively established, which are available for predicting the thermal conductivities of composites by simply testing the tap density of the fillers. This present work provides an instructional strategy to optimize spherical filler particles for thermal management of electronic devices. A new carbon-based thermal conductive filler, a new calculation method of multi-scale spherical particle mixing and a model for predicting thermal conductivity by tap density.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbang Yan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Zexian Li
- School of Mathematics, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Nizao Kong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Min Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Yexin Tian
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Chong Ye
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China,Hunan Province Engineering Research Center for High Performance Pitch-based Carbon Materials, Hunan Toyi Carbon Material Technology Co., LtdChangsha 410000P. R. China
| | - Liqin Fu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Wen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Jinshui Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Ruixuan Tan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
| | - Fei Han
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Applied Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082P. R. China
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