1
|
Duan Z, Cai F, Chen Y, Chen T, Lu P. Advanced Applications of Porous Materials in Triboelectric Nanogenerator Self-Powered Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3812. [PMID: 38931596 PMCID: PMC11207259 DOI: 10.3390/s24123812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Porous materials possess advantages such as rich pore structures, a large surface area, low relative density, high specific strength, and good breathability. They have broad prospects in the development of a high-performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) and self-powered sensing fields. This paper elaborates on the structural forms and construction methods of porous materials in existing TENG, including aerogels, foam sponges, electrospinning, 3D printing, and fabric structures. The research progress of porous materials in improving TENG performance is systematically summarized, with a focus on discussing design strategies of porous structures to enhance the TENG mechanical performance, frictional electrical performance, and environmental tolerance. The current applications of porous-material-based TENG in self-powered sensing such as pressure sensing, health monitoring, and human-machine interactions are introduced, and future development directions and challenges are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Duan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Z.D.); (F.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Feng Cai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Z.D.); (F.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Z.D.); (F.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tianying Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Z.D.); (F.C.); (Y.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Z.D.); (F.C.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Wang L, Xu R, Zhang X, Zhao J, Liu H, Chen F, Qu L, Tian M. Underwater Gesture Recognition Meta-Gloves for Marine Immersive Communication. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10818-10828. [PMID: 38597459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in immersive communications and artificial intelligence have created a pressing demand for high-performance tactile sensing gloves capable of delivering high sensitivity and a wide sensing range. Unfortunately, existing tactile sensing gloves fall short in terms of user comfort and are ill-suited for underwater applications. To address these limitations, we propose a flexible hand gesture recognition glove (GRG) that contains high-performance micropillar tactile sensors (MPTSs) inspired by the flexible tube foot of a starfish. The as-prepared flexible sensors offer a wide working range (5 Pa to 450 kPa), superfast response time (23 ms), reliable repeatability (∼10000 cycles), and a low limit of detection. Furthermore, these MPTSs are waterproof, which makes them well-suited for underwater applications. By integrating the high-performance MPTSs with a machine learning algorithm, the proposed GRG system achieves intelligent recognition of 16 hand gestures under water, which significantly extends real-time and effective communication capabilities for divers. The GRG system holds tremendous potential for a wide range of applications in the field of underwater communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Liu
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruidong Xu
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jisheng Zhao
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxing Chen
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Health & Protective Smart Textiles Research Center (HPT)/Research Center for Intelligent & Wearable Technology, College of Textiles & Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers & Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tu X, Fang L, Zhang H, Wang Z, Chen C, Wang L, He W, Liu H, Wang P. Performance-Enhanced Flexible Self-Powered Tactile Sensor Arrays Based on Lotus Root-Derived Porous Carbon for Real-Time Human-Machine Interaction of the Robotic Snake. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9333-9342. [PMID: 38345015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors play an important role in the development of wearable electronics and human-machine interaction (HMI) systems. However, poor sensing abilities, an indispensable external energy supply, and limited material selection have significantly constrained their advancement. Herein, a self-powered flexible triboelectric sensor (TES) is proposed by integrating lotus-root-derived porous carbon (PC) into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Owing to the superior charge capturing capability of PC, the PDMS/PC (PPC)-based TES exhibits an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 22.8 V when it is periodically patted by skin at the pressure of 2 N and the frequency of 1 Hz, which is 5 times higher than that of a pristine PDMS-based TES. Furthermore, the as-prepared self-powered TES exhibits a high sensitivity of 3.24 V kPa-1 below 15 kPa for detecting human motion signals, such as finger clicks, joint bends, etc. Last but not the least, after the assembly of a PPC-based TES array and construction of an HMI system, the robotic snake can be controlled remotely by recognizing finger touching signals. This work shows broad potential applications for the self-powered TES in the fields of intelligent robotics, flexible electronics, disaster relief, and intelligence spying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Tu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Lin Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zixun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Longsen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Wen He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Huawang Liu
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peihong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Energy Materials and Devices Key Lab of Anhui Province for Photoelectric Conversion, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electric Manufacturing and Packaging Integration (Wuhan University), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun T, Feng B, Huo J, Xiao Y, Wang W, Peng J, Li Z, Du C, Wang W, Zou G, Liu L. Artificial Intelligence Meets Flexible Sensors: Emerging Smart Flexible Sensing Systems Driven by Machine Learning and Artificial Synapses. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:14. [PMID: 37955844 PMCID: PMC10643743 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent wave of the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution has aroused unprecedented interest in the intelligentialize of human society. As an essential component that bridges the physical world and digital signals, flexible sensors are evolving from a single sensing element to a smarter system, which is capable of highly efficient acquisition, analysis, and even perception of vast, multifaceted data. While challenging from a manual perspective, the development of intelligent flexible sensing has been remarkably facilitated owing to the rapid advances of brain-inspired AI innovations from both the algorithm (machine learning) and the framework (artificial synapses) level. This review presents the recent progress of the emerging AI-driven, intelligent flexible sensing systems. The basic concept of machine learning and artificial synapses are introduced. The new enabling features induced by the fusion of AI and flexible sensing are comprehensively reviewed, which significantly advances the applications such as flexible sensory systems, soft/humanoid robotics, and human activity monitoring. As two of the most profound innovations in the twenty-first century, the deep incorporation of flexible sensing and AI technology holds tremendous potential for creating a smarter world for human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Huo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wengan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjie Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guisheng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing by Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of PR China, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Qu C, Zhang S, Liu H, Xu Y. Miniaturized Flexible Non-Contact Interface Based on Heat Shrinkage Technology. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300316. [PMID: 37289103 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-performance miniaturized flexible sensors are becoming increasingly important in wearable electronics. However, miniaturization of devices often requires high-precision manufacturing processes and equipment, which limits the commercialization of flexible sensors. Therefore, revolutionary technologies for manufacturing miniaturized flexible sensors are highly desired. In this work, a new method for manufacturing miniaturized flexible humidity sensor by utilizing heat shrinkage technology is presented. This method successfully achieves much smaller sensor and denser interdigital electrode. Utilizing this method, a miniaturized flexible humidity sensor and array are presented, fabricated by anchoring nano-Al2 O3 into carbon nano-tube as the humidity sensitive film. This heat shrinkage technology, forming wrinkle structure on the humidity sensitive film, endows the sensor with a high sensitivity over 200% (ΔR/R0 ) at humidity levels ranging from 0 to 90%RH and a fast recovery time (0.5 s). The sensor allows non-contact monitoring human respiration and alerting in case of an asthma attack and the sensor array can be adaptively attached to the wrist as a non-contact human-machine interface to control the mechanical hand or computer. This work provides a general and effective heat shrinkage technology for the development of smaller and more efficient flexible circuits and sensor devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changming Qu
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaochun Zhang
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hanyun Liu
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo ZH, Zhang Z, An K, He T, Sun Z, Pu X, Lee C. A Wearable Multidimensional Motion Sensor for AI-Enhanced VR Sports. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0154. [PMID: 37250953 PMCID: PMC10211429 DOI: 10.34133/research.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Regular exercise paves the way to a healthy life. However, conventional sports events are susceptible to weather conditions. Current motion sensors for home-based sports are mainly limited by operation power consumption, single-direction sensitivity, or inferior data analysis. Herein, by leveraging the 3-dimensional printing technique and triboelectric effect, a wearable self-powered multidimensional motion sensor has been developed to detect both the vertical and planar movement trajectory. By integrating with a belt, this sensor could be used to identify some low degree of freedom motions, e.g., waist or gait motion, with a high accuracy of 93.8%. Furthermore, when wearing the sensor at the ankle position, signals generated from shank motions that contain more abundant information could also be effectively collected. By means of a deep learning algorithm, the kicking direction and force could be precisely differentiated with an accuracy of 97.5%. Toward practical application, a virtual reality-enabled fitness game and a shooting game were successfully demonstrated. This work is believed to open up new insights for the development of future household sports or rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hao Guo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - ZiXuan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Kang An
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering,
North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyiyi He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Zhongda Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Xiong Pu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, People’s Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Su L, Wang Z, Lu C, Ding W, Zhao Y, Zi Y. Persistent triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence for self-powered all-optical wireless user identification and multi-mode anti-counterfeiting. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 36940131 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00172e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Persistent triboelectrification-induced electroluminescence (TIEL) is highly desirable to break the constraints in the transient-emitting behavior of existing TIEL technologies as it addresses the hindrance caused by incomplete information in optical communication. In this work, a novel self-powered persistent TIEL material (SP-PTM) has been created for the first time, by incorporating the long-afterglow phosphors SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ (SAOED) in the material design. It was found that the blue-green transient TIEL derived from ZnS:Cu, Al serves as a reliable excitation source to trigger the persistent photoluminescence (PL) of SAOED. Notably, the aligned dipole moment formed along the vertical direction in the bottom ferroelectric ceramics layer acts as an "optical antenna" to promote variation in the electric field of the upper luminescent layer. Accordingly, the SP-PTM exhibits intense and persistent TIEL for about 10 s in the absence of a continuous power supply. Due to such unique TIEL afterglow behavior, the SP-PTM is applicable in many fields, such as user identification and multi-mode anti-counterfeiting. The SP-PTM proposed in this work not only represents a breakthrough in TIEL materials due to its recording capability and versatile responsivity but also contributes a new strategy to the development of high-performance mechanical-light energy-conversion systems, which may inspire various functional applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Su
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengyue Lu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Yunlong Zi
- Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangdong 511400, China.
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518048, China
| |
Collapse
|