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Chen L, Hu K, Lu M, Chen Z, Chen X, Zhou T, Liu X, Yin W, Casiraghi C, Song X. Wearable Sensors for Breath Monitoring Based on Water-Based Hexagonal Boron Nitride Inks Made with Supramolecular Functionalization. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2312621. [PMID: 38168037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Wearable humidity sensors are attracting strong attention as they allow for real-time and continuous monitoring of important physiological information by enabling activity tracking as well as air quality assessment. Amongst 2Dimensional (2D) materials, graphene oxide (GO) is very attractive for humidity sensing due to its tuneable surface chemistry, high surface area, processability in water, and easy integration onto flexible substrates. However, strong hysteresis, low sensitivity, and cross-sensitivity issues limit the use of GO in practical applications, where continuous monitoring is preferred. Herein, a wearable and wireless impedance-based humidity sensor made with pyrene-functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets is demonstrated. The device shows enhanced sensitivity towards relative humidity (RH) (>1010 Ohms/%RH in the range from 5% to 100% RH), fast response (0.1 ms), no appreciable hysteresis, and no cross-sensitivity with temperature in the range of 25-60 °C. The h-BN-based sensor is able to monitor the whole breathing cycle process of exhaling and inhaling, hence enabling to record in real-time the subtlest changes of respiratory signals associated with different daily activities as well as various symptoms of flu, without requiring any direct contact with the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mingyang Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xiwen Chen
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Wuliang Yin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xiuju Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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2
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Lu W, Zhang Q, Liu N, Lei D, Ren Z, Yin J, Jia P, Gao Y. Nylon Fabric/GO Based Self-Powered Humidity Sensor Based on the Galvanic Cell Principle with High Air Permeability and Rapid-Response. Small 2024; 20:e2306463. [PMID: 37899294 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Flexible humidity sensors have received more and more attention in people's lives, and the problems of gas permeability and power supply issues of the device have long been areas in need of improvement. In this work, inspired by the high air permeability of daily wear clothing and galvanic batteries, a self-powered humidity sensor with high air permeability and fast response is designed. A nylon fabric/GO net (as a humidity sensitive layer and solid electrolyte) is obtained by spraying technique. This structure enables the sensor to have fast response/recovery (0.78 s/0.93 s, calculated at 90% of the final value), ultra-high response (0.83 V) and excellent stability (over 150 cycles) at 35 °C. Such sensors are useful for health monitoring, such as non-contact monitoring of human respiratory rate before and after exercise, and monitoring a level of humidity in the palms, arms, and fingers. This research provides an idea for developing a flexible wearable humidity sensor that is both breathable and self-powered and can also be mass-produced similar to wearable clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Lu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Nishuang Liu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Lei
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Ren
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Yin
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Peixue Jia
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Gao
- School of Physics and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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3
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Smith BN, Ballentine P, Doherty JL, Wence R, Hobbie HA, Williams NX, Franklin AD. Aerosol Jet Printing Conductive 3D Microstructures from Graphene Without Post-Processing. Small 2024; 20:e2305170. [PMID: 37946691 PMCID: PMC10960713 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene microstructures have the potential to boost performance in high-capacity batteries and ultrasensitive sensors. Numerous techniques have been developed to create such structures; however, the methods typically rely on structural supports, and/or lengthy post-print processing, increasing cost and complexity. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as printing, show promise in overcoming these challenges. This study employs aerosol jet printing for creating 3D graphene microstructures using water as the only solvent and without any post-print processing required. The graphene pillars exhibit conductivity immediately after printing, requiring no high-temperature annealing. Furthermore, these pillars are successfully printed in freestanding configurations at angles below 45° relative to the substrate, showcasing their adaptability for tailored applications. When graphene pillars are added to humidity sensors, the additional surface area does not yield a corresponding increase in sensor performance. However, graphene trusses, which add a parallel conduction path to the sensing surface, are found to improve sensitivity nearly 2×, highlighting the advantages of a topologically suspended circuit construction when adding 3D microstructures to sensing electrodes. Overall, incorporating 3D graphene microstructures to sensor electrodes can provide added sensitivity, and aerosol jet printing is a viable path to realizing these conductive microstructures without any post-print processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N. Smith
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Peter Ballentine
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - James L. Doherty
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ryan Wence
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hansel Alex Hobbie
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nicholas X. Williams
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Aaron D. Franklin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Chemistry Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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4
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Montes-García V, Samorì P. Humidity Sensing with Supramolecular Nanostructures. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2208766. [PMID: 36810806 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of the humidity level is important for the living comfort and for many applications in various industrial sectors. Humidity sensors have thus become one among the most extensively studied and used chemical sensors by targeting a maximal device performance through the optimization of the components and working mechanism. Among different moisture-sensitive systems, supramolecular nanostructures are ideal active materials for the next generation of highly efficient humidity sensors. Their noncovalent nature guarantees fast response, high reversibility, and fast recovery time in the sensing event. Herein, the most enlightening recent strategies on the use of supramolecular nanostructures for humidity sensing are showcased. The key performance indicators in humidity sensing, including operation range, sensitivity, selectivity, response, and recovery speed are discussed as milestones for true practical applications. Some of the most remarkable examples of supramolecular-based humidity sensors are presented, by describing the finest sensing materials, the operating principles, and sensing mechanisms, the latter being based on the structural or charge-transport changes triggered by the interaction of the supramolecular nanostructures with the ambient humidity. Finally, the future directions, challenges, and opportunities for the development of humidity sensors with performance beyond the state of the art are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Montes-García
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
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5
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Navitski I, Ramanaviciute A, Ramanavicius S, Pogorielov M, Ramanavicius A. MXene-Based Chemo-Sensors and Other Sensing Devices. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 38470777 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
MXenes have received worldwide attention across various scientific and technological fields since the first report of the synthesis of Ti3C2 nanostructures in 2011. The unique characteristics of MXenes, such as superior mechanical strength and flexibility, liquid-phase processability, tunable surface functionality, high electrical conductivity, and the ability to customize their properties, have led to the widespread development and exploration of their applications in energy storage, electronics, biomedicine, catalysis, and environmental technologies. The significant growth in publications related to MXenes over the past decade highlights the extensive research interest in this material. One area that has a great potential for improvement through the integration of MXenes is sensor design. Strain sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, biosensors (both optical and electrochemical), gas sensors, and environmental pollution sensors targeted at volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could all gain numerous improvements from the inclusion of MXenes. This report delves into the current research landscape, exploring the advancements in MXene-based chemo-sensor technologies and examining potential future applications across diverse sensor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Navitski
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Ramanaviciute
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maksym Pogorielov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, 2, Kharkivska Str., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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6
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Oh G, Sim JH, Won M, Jung M, Mantry SP, Kim DS. Integrated Temperature- Humidity Sensors for a Pouch-Type Battery Using 100% Printing Process. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 24:104. [PMID: 38202968 PMCID: PMC10781144 DOI: 10.3390/s24010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The performance, stability, and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries are influenced by variations in the flow of lithium ions with temperature. In electric vehicles, coolants are generally used to maintain the optimal temperature of the battery, leading to an increasing demand for temperature and humidity sensors that can prevent leakage and short circuits. In this study, humidity and temperature sensors were fabricated on a pouch film of a pouch-type battery. IDE electrodes were screen-printed on the pouch film and humidity- and temperature-sensing materials were printed using a dispenser process. Changes in the capacitance of the printed Ag-CNF film were used for humidity sensing, while changes in the resistance of the printed PEDOT:PSS film were used for temperature sensing. The two sensors were integrated into a single electrode for performance evaluation. The integrated sensor exhibited a response of ΔR ≈ 0.14 to temperature variations from 20 °C to 100 °C with 20% RH humidity as a reference, and a response of ΔC ≈ 2.8 to relative humidity changes from 20% RH to 80% RH at 20 °C. The fabricated integrated sensor is expected to contribute to efficient temperature and humidity monitoring applications in various pouch-type lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongseok Oh
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea; (G.O.); (J.-H.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Jae-Ho Sim
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea; (G.O.); (J.-H.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Mijin Won
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea; (G.O.); (J.-H.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Minhun Jung
- Research Institute of Printed Electronics & 3D Printing, Hanbat National University, Yuseng-ku, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.P.M.)
| | - Snigdha Paramita Mantry
- Research Institute of Printed Electronics & 3D Printing, Hanbat National University, Yuseng-ku, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.P.M.)
| | - Dong-Soo Kim
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea; (G.O.); (J.-H.S.); (M.W.)
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7
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Hou Y, Gao M, Gao J, Zhao L, Teo EHT, Wang D, Qi HJ, Zhou K. 3D Printed Conformal Strain and Humidity Sensors for Human Motion Prediction and Health Monitoring via Machine Learning. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2304132. [PMID: 37939292 PMCID: PMC10754119 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have garnered considerable attention due to their flexibility and lightweight characteristics in the realm of healthcare applications. However, developing robust wearable sensors with facile fabrication and good conformity remains a challenge. In this study, a conductive graphene nanoplate-carbon nanotube (GC) ink is synthesized for multi jet fusion (MJF) printing. The layer-by-layer fabrication process of MJF not only improves the mechanical and flame-retardant properties of the printed GC sensor but also bolsters its robustness and sensitivity. The direction of sensor bending significantly impacts the relative resistance changes, allowing for precise investigations of joint motions in the human body, such as those of the fingers, wrists, elbows, necks, and knees. Furthermore, the data of resistance changes collected by the GC sensor are utilized to train a support vector machine with a 95.83% accuracy rate for predicting human motions. Due to its stable humidity sensitivity, the sensor also demonstrates excellent performance in monitoring human breath and predicting breath modes (normal, fast, and deep breath), thereby expanding its potential applications in healthcare. This work opens up new avenues for using MJF-printed wearable sensors for a variety of healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Hou
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate LabSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Ming Gao
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate LabSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Lihua Zhao
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate LabSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- 3D LabHP LabsHP Inc.Palo AltoCA94304USA
| | - Edwin Hang Tong Teo
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - H. Jerry Qi
- The George Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Kun Zhou
- HP‐NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate LabSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
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8
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Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Qu C, Zhang S, Liu H, Xu Y. Miniaturized Flexible Non-Contact Interface Based on Heat Shrinkage Technology. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2300316. [PMID: 37289103 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-performance miniaturized flexible sensors are becoming increasingly important in wearable electronics. However, miniaturization of devices often requires high-precision manufacturing processes and equipment, which limits the commercialization of flexible sensors. Therefore, revolutionary technologies for manufacturing miniaturized flexible sensors are highly desired. In this work, a new method for manufacturing miniaturized flexible humidity sensor by utilizing heat shrinkage technology is presented. This method successfully achieves much smaller sensor and denser interdigital electrode. Utilizing this method, a miniaturized flexible humidity sensor and array are presented, fabricated by anchoring nano-Al2 O3 into carbon nano-tube as the humidity sensitive film. This heat shrinkage technology, forming wrinkle structure on the humidity sensitive film, endows the sensor with a high sensitivity over 200% (ΔR/R0 ) at humidity levels ranging from 0 to 90%RH and a fast recovery time (0.5 s). The sensor allows non-contact monitoring human respiration and alerting in case of an asthma attack and the sensor array can be adaptively attached to the wrist as a non-contact human-machine interface to control the mechanical hand or computer. This work provides a general and effective heat shrinkage technology for the development of smaller and more efficient flexible circuits and sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changming Qu
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaochun Zhang
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hanyun Liu
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Institution of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Stretchable and Flexible Information Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
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9
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Janica I, Montes-García V, Urban F, Hashemi P, Nia AS, Feng X, Samorì P, Ciesielski A. Covalently Functionalized MXenes for Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2201651. [PMID: 36808898 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are an emerging class of 2D materials, which are attracting ever-growing attention due to their remarkable physicochemical properties. The presence of various surface functional groups on MXenes' surface, e.g., F, O, OH, Cl, opens the possibility to tune their properties through chemical functionalization approaches. However, only a few methods have been explored for the covalent functionalization of MXenes and include diazonium salt grafting and silylation reactions. Here, an unprecedented two-step functionalization of Ti3 C2 Tx MXenes is reported, where (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane is covalently tethered to Ti3 C2 Tx and serves as an anchoring unit for subsequent attachment of various organic bromides via the formation of CN bonds. Thin films of Ti3 C2 Tx functionalized with linear chains possessing increased hydrophilicity are employed for the fabrication of chemiresistive humidity sensors. The devices exhibit a broad operation range (0-100% relative humidity), high sensitivity (0.777 or 3.035), a fast response/recovery time (0.24/0.40 s ΔH-1 , respectively), and high selectivity to water in the presence of saturated vapors of organic compounds. Importantly, our Ti3 C2 Tx -based sensors display the largest operating range and a sensitivity beyond the state of the art of MXenes-based humidity sensors. Such outstanding performance makes the sensors suitable for real-time monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Janica
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | | | - Francesca Urban
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Payam Hashemi
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Ali Shaygan Nia
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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10
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Fei X, Huang J, Shi W. Humidity Sensor Composed of Laser-Induced Graphene Electrode and Graphene Oxide for Monitoring Respiration and Skin Moisture. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6784. [PMID: 37571567 PMCID: PMC10422549 DOI: 10.3390/s23156784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory rate and skin humidity are important physiological signals and have become an important basis for disease diagnosis, and they can be monitored by humidity sensors. However, it is difficult to employ high-quality humidity sensors on a broad scale due to their high cost and complex fabrication. Here, we propose a reliable, convenient, and efficient method to mass-produce humidity sensors. A capacitive humidity sensor is obtained by ablating a polyimide (PI) film with a picosecond laser to produce an interdigital electrode (IDE), followed by drop-casting graphene oxide (GO) as a moisture-sensitive material on the electrode. The sensor has long-time stability, a wide relative humidity (RH) detection range from 10% to 90%, and high sensitivity (3862 pF/%RH). In comparison to previous methods, the technology avoids the complex procedures and expensive costs of conventional interdigital electrode preparation. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of the electrode gap size and the amount of graphene oxide on humidity sensor performance, analyze the humidity sensing mechanism by impedance spectrum, and finally perform the monitoring of human respiratory rate and skin humidity change in a non-contact manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiang Fei
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Junyi Huang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Wenqing Shi
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
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11
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Vegas VG, García-Hernán A, Aguilar-Galindo F, Perles J, Amo-Ochoa P. Structural and Theoretical Study of Copper(II)-5-fluoro Uracil Acetate Coordination Compounds: Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Transformation as Possible Humidity Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2827. [PMID: 37447473 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of seven different copper(II) coordination compounds, as well as the formation of a protonated ligand involving all compounds from the same reaction. Their synthesis required hydrothermal conditions, causing the partial in situ transformation of 5-fluoro uracil-1-acetic acid (5-FUA) into an oxalate ion (ox), as well as the protonation of the 4,4'-bipyridine (bipy) ligand through a catalytic process resulting from the presence of Cu(II) within the reaction. These initial conditions allowed obtaining the new coordination compounds [Cu2(5-FUA)2(ox)(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP2), [Cu(5-FUA)2(H2O)(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP3), as well as the ionic pair [(H2bipy)+2 2NO3-] (1). The mother liquor evolved rapidly at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, due to the change in concentration of the initial reagents and the presence of the new chemical species generated in the reaction process, yielding CPs [Cu(5-FUA)2(bipy)]n·3.5n H2O, [Cu3(ox)3(bipy)4]n and [Cu(ox)(bipy)]n. The molecular compound [Cu(5-FUA)2(H2O)4]·4H2O (more thermodynamically stable) ended up in the mother liquor after filtration at longer reaction times at 25 °C and 1 atm., cohabiting in the medium with the other crystalline solids in different proportions. In addition, the evaporation of H2O caused the single-crystal to single-crystal transformation (SCSC) of [Cu(5-FUA)2(H2O)(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP3) into [Cu(5-FUA)2(bipy)]n·2n H2O (CP4). A theoretical study was performed to analyze the thermodynamic stability of the phases. The observed SCSC transformation also involved a perceptible color change, highlighting this compound as a possible water sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Vegas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Hernán
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aguilar-Galindo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de DRX Monocristal, Servicio Interdepartamental de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Mamom J, Ratanadecho P, Mingmalairak C, Rungroungdouyboon B. Humidity-Sensing Mattress for Long-Term Bedridden Patients with Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1178. [PMID: 37374763 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Designing new medical devices with advanced humidity sensors is of great significance for patients with incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD). The primary goal of this study is to test the humidity-sensing mattress system for patients with IAD in clinical settings. The design of the mattress is set at 203 cm, with 10 × 3 sensors, dimensions of 19 × 32 cm, and a weighted bearing of 200 kg. The main sensors consist of a humidity-sensing film, a thin-film electrode (6 × 0.1 mm), and a glass substrate (500 nm). The sensitivity of the test mattress system showed that the resistance-humidity sensor was at a temperature of 35 °C (V0 = 30 V, V0 = 350 mV), with slope at 1.13 V/fF, f = 1 MHz, 20-90% RH, and a response time of 20 s at 2 μm. In addition, the humidity sensor reached 90% RH, with a response time of less than 10 s, a magnitude of 107-104 Ω, 1 mol%, CrO1.5, and FO1.5, respectively. This design is not only a simple, low-cost medical sensing device, but also opens a new pathway for developing humidity-sensing mattresses in the field of flexible sensors, wearable medical diagnostic devices, and health detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpitcha Mamom
- Department of Adult Nursing and the Aged, Faculty of Nursing, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Phadungsak Ratanadecho
- Center of Excellence in Electromagnetic Energy Utilization in Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Mingmalairak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Bunyong Rungroungdouyboon
- Center of Excellence in Creative Engineering Design and Development, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
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13
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Mulla MY, Isacsson P, Dobryden I, Beni V, Östmark E, Håkansson K, Edberg J. Bio-Graphene Sensors for Monitoring Moisture Levels in Wood and Ambient Environment. Glob Chall 2023; 7:2200235. [PMID: 37020627 PMCID: PMC10069311 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an inherently hygroscopic material which tends to absorb moisture from its surrounding. Moisture in wood is a determining factor for the quality of wood being employed in construction, since it causes weakening, deformation, rotting, and ultimately leading to failure of the structures resulting in costs to the economy, the environment, and to the safety of residents. Therefore, monitoring moisture in wood during the construction phase and after construction is vital for the future of smart and sustainable buildings. Employing bio-based materials for the construction of electronics is one way to mitigate the environmental impact of such electronics. Herein, a bio-graphene sensor for monitoring the moisture inside and around wooden surfaces is fabricated using laser-induced graphitization of a lignin-based ink precursor. The bio-graphene sensors are used to measure humidity in the range of 10% up to 90% at 25 °C. Using laser induced graphitization, conductor resistivity of 18.6 Ω sq-1 is obtained for spruce wood and 57.1 Ω sq-1 for pine wood. The sensitivity of sensors fabricated on spruce and pine wood is 2.6 and 0.74 MΩ per % RH. Surface morphology and degree of graphitization are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yusuf Mulla
- Printed‐, Bio‐ and Organic ElectronicsRISE Research Institutes of SwedenBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
- Digital Cellulose CenterBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
| | - Patrik Isacsson
- Digital Cellulose CenterBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN)Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
- Ahlstrom Group InnovationApprieu38140France
| | - Illia Dobryden
- Bioeconomy and HealthRISE Research Institutes of SwedenDrottning Kristinas väg 61StockholmSE‐114 28Sweden
| | - Valerio Beni
- Printed‐, Bio‐ and Organic ElectronicsRISE Research Institutes of SwedenBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
- Digital Cellulose CenterBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
| | - Emma Östmark
- Digital Cellulose CenterBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
- Stora Enso ABInnovation Centre for BiomaterialsBox 70395StockholmSE‐107 24Sweden
| | - Karl Håkansson
- Digital Cellulose CenterBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
- Bioeconomy and HealthRISE Research Institutes of SwedenDrottning Kristinas väg 61StockholmSE‐114 28Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- Printed‐, Bio‐ and Organic ElectronicsRISE Research Institutes of SwedenBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
- Digital Cellulose CenterBredgatan 35NorrköpingSE‐602 21Sweden
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14
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Malinský P, Romanenko O, Havránek V, Cutroneo M, Novák J, Štěpanovská E, Mikšová R, Marvan P, Mazánek V, Sofer Z, Macková A. Graphene Oxide and Polymer Humidity Micro-Sensors Prepared by Carbon Beam Writing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36904307 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel flexible micro-scale humidity sensors were directly fabricated in graphene oxide (GO) and polyimide (PI) using ion beam writing without any further modifications, and then successfully tested in an atmospheric chamber. Two low fluences (3.75 × 1014 cm-2 and 5.625 × 1014 cm-2) of carbon ions with an energy of 5 MeV were used, and structural changes in the irradiated materials were expected. The shape and structure of prepared micro-sensors were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structural and compositional changes in the irradiated area were characterized using micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy (RBS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) spectroscopy. The sensing performance was tested at a relative humidity (RH) ranging from 5% to 60%, where the electrical conductivity of PI varied by three orders of magnitude, and the electrical capacitance of GO varied in the order of pico-farads. In addition, the PI sensor has proven long-term sensing stability in air. We demonstrated a novel method of ion micro-beam writing to prepare flexible micro-sensors that function over a wide range of humidity and have good sensitivity and great potential for widespread applications.
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15
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Noh W, Go Y, An H. Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Fast Resistive Humidity Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1977. [PMID: 36850575 PMCID: PMC9965716 DOI: 10.3390/s23041977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fast humidity sensors are of interest due to their potential application in new sensing technologies such as wearable personal healthcare and environment sensing devices. However, the realization of rapid response/recovery humidity sensors remains challenging primarily due to the sluggish adsorption/desorption of water molecules, which particularly impacts the response/recovery times. Moreover, another key factor for fast humidity sensing, namely the attainment of equal response and recovery times, has often been neglected. Herein, the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polyelectrolyte is demonstrated for application in fast humidity sensors. The resulting sensors exhibit fast response and recovery times of 0.75 and 0.85 s (corresponding to times per RH range of 0.24 and 0.27 s RH-1, respectively), providing a difference of only 0.1 s (corresponding to 0.03 s RH-1). This performance exceeds that of the majority of previously reported graphene oxide (GO)- or rGO-based humidity sensors. In addition, the polyelectrolyte deposition time is shown to be key to controlling the humidity sensing kinetics. The as-developed rapid sensing system is expected to provide useful guidance for the tailorable design of fast humidity sensors.
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16
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Marchi G, Mulloni V, Acerbi F, Donelli M, Lorenzelli L. Tailoring the Performance of a Nafion 117 Humidity Chipless RFID Sensor: The Choice of the Substrate. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1430. [PMID: 36772470 PMCID: PMC9920267 DOI: 10.3390/s23031430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors are not yet widespread in practical applications because of their limited sensitivity and selectivity when compared to more mature sensing technologies. The search for a suitable material to perform the sensing function has often been focused on the most common materials used in electrochemical sensing approaches, but little work has been done to directly relate the performances of chipless or microwave sensors to the characteristics of the materials used to fabricate them. In this work we are simulating the impact of the substrate material on the performances of a chipless RFID sensor for humidity detection. The dielectric parameters of the substrate material turn out to be very important to maximize the sensor performances, in relation to the operative range of the sensor (based on the desired application) and to the effective dielectric properties of the sensitive material used, we verify the simulated results with measurements of real chipless humidity cells with Nafion 117 sensitive material. We show which types of substrate are preferable for low-humidity detection and which substrates' features are instead fundamental to operate in a wider humidity range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Marchi
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Viviana Mulloni
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Fabio Acerbi
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Massimo Donelli
- Department of Civil Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Leandro Lorenzelli
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy
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17
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Petrila I, Tudorache F. Annealing Temperature Effects on Humidity Sensor Properties for Mg 0.5W 0.5Fe 2O 4 Spinel Ferrite. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9182. [PMID: 36501883 PMCID: PMC9739264 DOI: 10.3390/s22239182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of annealing temperature on the structural, physical and humidity sensing properties of stoichiometric Mg0.5W0.5Fe2O4 spinel ferrite are investigated. In order to highlight the influence of sintering temperature on the structural, magnetic and electrical properties, ferrite samples were sintered for 2 h at 850 °C, 900 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C and the physical properties and humidity influence on magnesium-tungsten ferrite materials were analyzed. X-ray diffraction investigations confirmed the formation of magnesium-tungsten ferrite in the analyzed samples. SEM micrographs revealed the influence of annealing temperature on the microstructures of the samples and provided information related to their porosity and crystallite shape and size. This material, treated at different temperatures, is used as an active element in the construction of capacitive and resistive humidity sensors, whose characteristics were also investigated in order to determine the most suitable sintering temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Petrila
- Faculty of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Str. Dimitrie Mangeron, No. 27, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Tudorache
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Department of Exact Science and Natural Sciences, Ramtech Center, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Boulevard Carol I, No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
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18
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Ullah A, Zulfiqar MH, Khan MA, Ali M, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Massoud Y. Garage-Fabricated, Ultrasensitive Capacitive Humidity Sensor Based on Tissue Paper. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22207885. [PMID: 36298240 PMCID: PMC9609380 DOI: 10.3390/s22207885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of humidity sensors in different industries and field applications, such as agriculture, food monitoring, biomedical equipment, heating, and ventilation, is well known. However, most commercially available humidity sensors are based on polymers or electronic materials that are not degradable and thus contribute to electronic waste. Here, we report a low-cost, flexible, easy-to-fabricate, and eco-friendly parallel-plate capacitive humidity sensor for field applications. The sensor is fabricated from copper tape and tissue paper, where copper tape is used to create the plates of the capacitor, and tissue paper is used as a dielectric sensing layer. Along with the low cost, the high sensitivity, better response and recovery times, stability, and repeatability make this sensor unique. The sensor was tested for relative humidity (RH), ranging from 40% to 99%, and the capacitance varied linearly with RH from 240 pF to 720 pF, as measured by an Arduino. The response time of the sensor is ~1.5 s, and the recovery time is ~2.2 s. The experiment was performed 4-5 times on the same sensor, and repeatable results were achieved with an accuracy of ±0.1%. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits a stable response when tested at different temperatures. Due to the above advantages, the presented sensor can find ready applications in different areas.
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19
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Chen Q, Liu D, Huang XH, Yao Y, Mao KL. Impedance Analysis of Chitin Nanofibers Integrated Bulk Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensor with Asymmetric Electrode Configuration. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12173035. [PMID: 36080072 PMCID: PMC9457807 DOI: 10.3390/nano12173035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper fabricated a high-performance chitin nanofibers (ChNFs)-integrated bulk acoustic wave (BAW) humidity sensor with an asymmetric electrode configuration. The ChNFs were successfully prepared from crab shells and used as moisture-sensitive materials to compare the performance of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) humidity sensors with symmetric and asymmetric electrode structures. The QCM humidity sensor with a smaller electrode area exhibited high sensitivity of 58.84 Hz/%RH, competitive response/recovery time of 30/3.5 s, and low humidity hysteresis of 2.5% RH. However, it is necessary to choose a suitable electrode diameter to balance the stability and sensitivity because the impedance analysis result showed that the reduction of the electrode diameter leads to a sharp decrease in the Q value (stability). Next, the possible humidity-sensitive mechanism of the ChNFs-integrated asymmetric n-m electrode QCM humidity sensor was discussed in detail. Finally, the reasons for the highest sensitivity of the asymmetric n-m electrode QCM humidity sensors having a smaller electrode diameter were analyzed in detail in terms of both mass sensitivity and fringing field effect. This work not only demonstrates that the chitin nanofiber is an excellent potential material for moisture detection, but also provides a new perspective for designing high-performance QCM humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yao Yao
- Correspondence: (X.-H.H.); (Y.Y.)
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20
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Chen X, Li Y, Wang X, Yu H. Origami Paper-Based Stretchable Humidity Sensor for Textile-Attachable Wearable Electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:36227-36237. [PMID: 35912486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable humidity sensors for wearable purposes have become increasingly important in health care and physiological signal monitoring. However, to the authors' knowledge, there is no report on flexible and stretchable paper-based humidity sensors that are low-cost, easily fabricated, and environmentally friendly. In this work, for the first time, we propose a stretchable, textile-compatible paper-based origami humidity sensor (POHS). The POHS can achieve good stretchability by integrating origami folding structures with a paper substrate, in which an airlaid paper acts as both a sensing material and a sensor substrate. This sensor has high sensitivity, good response, and recovery properties with excellent stability during deformation. This sensor has proved to be capable of dynamically monitoring the breathing rate after 300 folding and unfolding cycles. The flexible and stretchable nature of our POHS ensures that it is compatible for textile attachment and its utility for wearable applications, including respiration rate monitoring and diaper wetting detection. The facile fabrication process and convenient disposal method of the POHS proposed in this study provide feasible solutions for the development of low-cost wearable humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yongkai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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21
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Le X, Shi Q, Sun Z, Xie J, Lee C. Noncontact Human-Machine Interface Using Complementary Information Fusion Based on MEMS and Triboelectric Sensors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201056. [PMID: 35585678 PMCID: PMC9313506 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Current noncontact human-machine interfaces (HMIs) either suffer from high power consumption, complex signal processing circuits, and algorithms, or cannot support multidimensional interaction. Here, a minimalist, low-power, and multimodal noncontact interaction interface is realized by fusing the complementary information obtained from a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) humidity sensor and a triboelectric sensor. The humidity sensor composed of a two-port aluminum nitride (AlN) bulk wave resonator operating in its length extensional mode and a layer of graphene oxide (GO) film with uniform and controllable thickness, possesses an ultra-tiny form factor (200 × 400 µm2 ), high signal strength (Q = 1729.5), and low signal noise level (±0.31%RH), and is able to continuously and steadily interact with an approaching finger. Meanwhile, the facile triboelectric sensor made of two annular aluminum electrodes enables the interaction interface to rapidly recognize the multidirectional finger movements. By leveraging the resonant frequency changes of the humidity sensor and output voltage waveforms of the triboelectric sensor, the proposed interaction interface is successfully demonstrated as a game control interface to manipulate a car in virtual reality (VR) space and a password input interface to enter high-security 3D passwords, indicating its great potential in diversified applications in the future Metaverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Le
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117583Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117583Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
| | - Zhongda Sun
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117583Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic SystemsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer EngineeringNational University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore117583Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM)National University of Singapore5 Engineering Drive 1Singapore117608Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI)Suzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou215123China
- NUS Graduate School‐Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP)National University of SingaporeSingapore119077Singapore
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22
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Tambwe K, Ross N, Baker P, Bui TT, Goubard F. Humidity Sensing Applications of Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Nanomaterials. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4146. [PMID: 35744205 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, perovskite-based nanomaterials have gained notoriety within the scientific community and have been used for a variety of viable applications. The unique structural properties of these materials, namely good direct bandgap, low density of defects, large absorption coefficient, high sensitivity, long charge carrier lifetime, good selectivity, acceptable stability at room temperature, and good diffusion length have prompted researchers to explore their potential applications in photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, transistors, sensors, and other areas. Perovskite-based devices have shown very excellent sensing performances to numerous chemical and biological compounds in both solid and liquid mediums. When used in sensing devices, Perovskite nanomaterials are for the most part able to detect O2, NO2, CO2, H2O, and other smaller molecules. This review article looks at the use of lead-free halide perovskite materials for humidity sensing. A complete description of the underlying mechanisms and charge transport characteristics that are necessary for a thorough comprehension of the sensing performance will be provided. An overview of considerations and potential recommendations for the creation of new lead-free perovskite nanostructure-based sensors is presented.
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23
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Yang J, Feng L, Chen Y, Feng L, Lu J, Du L, Guo J, Cheng Z, Shi Z, Zhao L. High-Sensitivity and Environmentally Friendly Humidity Sensors Deposited with Recyclable Green Microspheres for Wireless Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:15608-15622. [PMID: 35319203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The reliable, high-sensitive, wireless, and affordable requirements for humidity sensors are needed in high-precision measurement fields. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) based on the piezoelectric effect can accurately detect the mass changes at the nanogram level. However, water-capture materials deposited on the surface of QCM generally show disadvantages in either cost, sensitivity, or recyclability. Herein, novel QCM-based humidity sensors (NQHSs) are developed by uniformly depositing green microspheres (GMs) of natural polymers prepared by the chemical synthesis of the emulsification/inner gel method on QCM as humidity-sensitive materials. The NQHSs demonstrate high accuracy and sensitivity (27.1 Hz/% RH) owing to the various hydrophilic groups and porous nano-3D deposition structure. Compared with the devices deposited with a smooth film, the frequency of the NQHSs shows almost no changes during the cyclic test and exhibits long-term stability. The NQHSs have been successfully applied to non-contact sensing human activities and remote real-time humidity monitoring via Bluetooth transmission. In addition, the deposited humidity-sensitive GMs and QCM substrate are fully recycled and reused (72% of the original value). This work has provided an innovative idea to construct environmental-friendly, high-sensitivity, and wireless humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueying Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liying Feng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lihui Feng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jihua Lu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Le Du
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junqiang Guo
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhekun Cheng
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhongyu Shi
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Yu J, Feng Y, Sun D, Ren W, Shao C, Sun R. Highly Conductive and Mechanically Robust Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Antifreezing and Antidehydration Performances for Flexible Humidity Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:10886-10897. [PMID: 35179371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are emerging as an appealing material platform for flexible electronic devices owing to their attractive mechanical flexibility and conductive properties. However, the conventional water-based conductive hydrogels tend to inevitably freeze at subzero temperature and suffer from continuous water evaporation under ambient conditions, leading to a decrease in their electrical conductivities and mechanical properties. Thus, it is extremely necessary, but generally challenging, to create an antifreezing and antidehydration conductive gel for maintaining high and stable performances in terms of electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Herein, we fabricated a cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-reinforced and highly ion-conductive organogel featuring excellent antifreezing and antidehydration performances by immersing it in the CaCl2/sorbitol solution for solvent displacement. The incorporation of a rigid CNF serving as a dynamic connected bridge provided a hierarchical honeycomb-like cellular structure for the obtained CS-nanocomposite (NC) organogel networks, facilitating significant mechanical reinforcement. The synergy effects of sorbitol and CaCl2 allowed high-performance integration with excellent antifreezing tolerance, antidehydration ability, and ionic conductivity. Strong hydrogen bonds were formed between water molecules and sorbitol molecules to impede the formation of ice crystals and water evaporation, thereby imparting the CS-NC organogels with extreme-temperature tolerance as low as -50 °C and pre-eminent antidehydration performance with over 90% weight retention. Furthermore, this CS-NC organogel exhibited high humidity sensitivity in a wide humidity detection range (23∼97% relative humidity) because of the ready formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and numerous hydrophilic groups in the binary solvent and elaborated polymer chains, which can be assembled as a stretchable humidity sensor to monitor human respiration with a fast response. This work provides a new prospect for fabricating intrinsically stretchable and high-performance humidity sensors using cellulose-based humidity-responsive materials for the emerging wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yufan Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenfeng Ren
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Changyou Shao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Runcang Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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25
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Foucaud M, Renka S, Klaser T, Popović J, Skoko Ž, Mošner P, Koudelka L, Šantić A. Sodium-Ion Conductivity and Humidity-Sensing Properties of Na 2O-MoO 3-P 2O 5 Glass-Ceramics. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12020240. [PMID: 35055258 PMCID: PMC8778350 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of glass-ceramics were prepared by heat-treatments of 40Na2O-30MoO3-30P2O5 (in mol%) glass in a temperature range from 380 (Tg) to 490 °C (Tc) and for 1-24 h. The prepared glass-ceramics contain from 2 to 25 wt.% of crystalline NaMoO2PO4. The sodium-ion conductivity in these materials decreases up to one order of magnitude with an increase in the degree of crystallization due to the immobilization of sodium ions in crystalline NaMoO2PO4. The transport of sodium ions in these materials occurs primarily through the dominant continuous glassy phase, and it is weakly affected by the sporadically distributed crystalline grains. However, the prepared glass-ceramics exhibit high proton conductivity in a humid atmosphere and remarkable humidity-sensing properties; this could be related to crystalline NaMoO2PO4, which provides sites for water adsorption. The glass-ceramic prepared at 450 °C for 24 h shows the best humidity-sensing performance among all samples, showing an increase in proton conductivity for more than seven orders of magnitude with the increase in relative humidity from 0% to 95%. Under a highly humid atmosphere (95% relative humidity and 25 °C), the proton conductivity of this glass-ceramic reaches 5.2 × 10-3 (Ω cm)-1. Moreover, the electrical response of these materials on the change in the relative humidity is linear and reversible in the entire range of the relative humidity, which indicates that they are novel promising candidates for application as humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallaurie Foucaud
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.F.); (S.R.); (T.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Sanja Renka
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.F.); (S.R.); (T.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Teodoro Klaser
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.F.); (S.R.); (T.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Jasminka Popović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.F.); (S.R.); (T.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Željko Skoko
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Petr Mošner
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Ladislav Koudelka
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (P.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Ana Šantić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.F.); (S.R.); (T.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Acharya B. Humidity-Responsive Photonic Films and Coatings Based on Tuned Cellulose Nanocrystals/Glycerol/Polyethylene Glycol. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213695. [PMID: 34771254 PMCID: PMC8588499 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been extensively reported that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can represent structural colors due to their unique chiral-nematic self-assembly. However, the application of this remarkable structure does need further investigation. It has been challenging to keep the selective reflection band (SRB) resulting from the CNC structure in the visible spectrum. Herein, composition of CNC colloidal suspensions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glycerol (Gly) have been studied to develop humidity-responsive sensors in the form of coatings and films. The fabricated samples were characterized for their mechanical properties, optical properties, water uptake capacity, water contact angle, and surface roughness. Additionally, the chemical structure of the samples was studied with FTIR spectroscopy. The produced humidity indicators on microbial glass slides were maintained and tested in a different relative humidity range from 20% to 98% with a different color response from blue to red, respectively. The color change of the humidity sensors was reversible for several cycles. It should be noted that the color change can be detected easily by the naked eye. The water uptake test showed that pure CNC and CNC/Gly had the lowest (34%) and highest (83%) water absorption levels. The mechanical tests for CNC/PEG composites showed the highest tensile strength (40.22 MPa). Moreover, microstructural characterizations confirmed the CNC pitch formation in all the samples. Addition of the fillers increased the CNC pitch, resulting in a mesoporous film formation. These produced humidity sensors are promising candidates in food and drug packaging due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness.
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27
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Jarulertwathana N, Mohd-Noor S, Hyun JK. Mesoporous Solid and Yolk-Shell Titania Microspheres as Touchless Colorimetric Sensors with High Responsivity and Ultrashort Response Times. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:44786-44796. [PMID: 34510887 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Touchless user interfaces offer an attractive pathway toward hygienic, remote, and interactive control over devices. Exploiting the humidity generated from fingers or human speech is a viable avenue for realizing such technology. Herein, titania microspheres including solid and yolk-shell structures with varying microstructural characteristics were demonstrated as high-performance, ultrafast, and stable optical humidity sensors aimed for touchless control. When water molecules enter the microporous network of the microspheres, the effective refractive index of the microsphere increases, causing a detectable change in the light scattering behavior. The microstructural properties of the microspheres, namely, the pore characteristics, crystallinity, and particle size, were examined in relation to the humidity-sensing performance, establishing optimum structural conditions for realizing humidity-responsive wavelength shifts above 100 nm, near full-scale relative humidity (RH) responsivity, ultrashort response times below 30 ms, and prolonged lifetimes. These optimized microspheres were used to demonstrate a colorimetric touchless sensor that responds to humidity from a finger and a microcontroller-based detector that translates the moisture pattern from human speech to electrical signals in real time. These results provide practical strategies for enabling humidity-based touchless user interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syazwani Mohd-Noor
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerome K Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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28
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Xie G, Li J, Wang Y, Liu X, Zang Z. Dual Resistance and Impedance Investigation: Ultrasensitive and Stable Humidity Detection of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheet-Polyethylene Oxide Hybrids. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:25250-25259. [PMID: 34014635 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an imperative demand for real-time relative humidity (RH) discrimination with excellent sensitivity and robust operation stability over a broad RH range at room temperature (22 °C). Of diverse two-dimensional (2D) materials, p-type molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a typical gas-sensing candidate has been rarely harnessed for humidity detection due to tiny response and undesirable stability induced by the conversion from electron to proton conduction with increasing RH. To overcome these issues, MoS2-polyethylene oxide (PEO) inorganic-organic nanocomposites as the sensing layer were facilely prepared in this work. The results showed that the composition-optimized composite film sensor surpassed the isolated MoS2 counterpart in terms of repeatability, response, hysteresis, stability, and selectivity. Both DC-resistance and AC-impedance analyses unveiled different roles of MoS2 and PEO components within composites. MoS2 strengthened the film structure, while hydrophilic PEO enlarged the water-adsorption capacity and thus improved the response and detection reliability via water-triggered ionic conductivity. This work afforded a feasible strategy via inorganic-organic combination to distinguish trace RH and improved the operation stability of 2D material-based sensors, simultaneously demonstrating realistic monitoring applications of exhaled gas detection and distance variation of moisture-emitting objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guangzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhigang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and System of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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29
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Xiao P, Mencarelli D, Chavez-Angel E, Joseph CH, Cataldo A, Pierantoni L, Sotomayor Torres CM, Sledzinska M. Reversing the Humidity Response of MoS 2- and WS 2-Based Sensors Using Transition-Metal Salts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:23201-23209. [PMID: 33950679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are attractive candidates for sensing applications due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, chemically active edges, and good electrical properties. However, their electrical response to humidity is still under debate and experimental reports remain inconclusive. For instance, in different studies, the impedance of MoS2-based sensors has been found to either decrease or increase with increasing humidity, compromising the use of MoS2 for humidity sensing. In this work, we focus on understanding the interaction between water and TMDs. We fabricated and studied humidity sensors based on MoS2 and WS2 coated with copper chloride and silver nitrate. The devices exhibited high chemical stability and excellent humidity sensing performance in relative humidity between 4 and 80%, with response and recovery times of 2 and 40 s, respectively. We have systematically investigated the humidity response of the materials as a function of the type and amount of induced metal salt and observed the reverse action of sensing mechanisms. This phenomenon is explained based on a detailed structural analysis of the samples considering the Grotthuss mechanism in the presence of charge trapping, which was represented by an appropriate lumped-element model. Our findings open up a possibility to tune the electrical response in a facile manner and without compromising the high performance of the sensor. They offer an insight into the time-dependent performance and aging of the TMD-based sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Mencarelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 1, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Emigdio Chavez-Angel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher Hardly Joseph
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 1, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonino Cataldo
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 1, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 1, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianna Sledzinska
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Ahoulou S, Perret E, Nedelec JM. Functionalization and Characterization of Silicon Nanowires for Sensing Applications: A Review. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:999. [PMID: 33924658 PMCID: PMC8070586 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are attractive materials from the point of view of their electrical properties or high surface-to-volume ratio, which makes them interesting for sensing applications. However, they can achieve a better performance by adjusting their surface properties with organic/inorganic compounds. This review gives an overview of the main techniques used to modify silicon nanowire surfaces as well as characterization techniques. A comparison was performed with the functionalization method developed, and some applications of modified silicon nanowires and their advantages on those non-modified are subsequently presented. In the final words, the future opportunities of functionalized silicon nanowires for chipless tag radio frequency identification (RFID) have been depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ahoulou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- LCIS, INP, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-26000 Valence, France;
| | - Etienne Perret
- LCIS, INP, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-26000 Valence, France;
| | - Jean-Marie Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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31
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Pei Y, Zhang X, Hui Z, Zhou J, Huang X, Sun G, Huang W. Ti 3C 2T X MXene for Sensing Applications: Recent Progress, Design Principles, and Future Perspectives. ACS Nano 2021; 15:3996-4017. [PMID: 33705113 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensors are becoming increasingly significant in our daily life because of the rapid development in electronic and information technologies, including Internet of Things, wearable electronics, home automation, intelligent industry, etc. There is no doubt that their performances are primarily determined by the sensing materials. Among all potential candidates, layered nanomaterials with two-dimensional (2D) planar structure have numerous superior properties to their bulk counterparts which are suitable for building various high-performance sensors. As an emerging 2D material, MXenes possess several advantageous features of adjustable surface properties, tunable bandgap, and excellent mechanical strength, making them attractive in various applications. Herein, we particularly focus on the recent research progress in MXene-based sensors, discuss the merits of MXenes and their derivatives as sensing materials for collecting various signals, and try to elucidate the design principles and working mechanisms of the corresponding MXene-based sensors, including strain/stress sensors, gas sensors, electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, and humidity sensors. In the end, we analyze the main challenges and future outlook of MXene-based materials in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Zengyu Hui
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
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32
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Ahmad W, Jabbar B, Ahmad I, Mohamed Jan B, Stylianakis MM, Kenanakis G, Ikram R. Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors Based on Polyethylene Oxide/CuO/Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Nanofibers. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1037. [PMID: 33671689 DOI: 10.3390/ma14041037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymer composites are favorite materials for sensing applications due to their low cost and easy fabrication. In the current study, composite nanofibers consisting of polyethylene oxide (PEO), oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles with 1% and 3% of fillers (i.e., PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 1%, and PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 3%) were successfully developed through electrospinning for humidity sensing applications. The composite nanofibers were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX analysis. Firstly, they were loaded on an interdigitated electrode (IDE), and then the humidity sensing efficiency was investigated through a digital LCR meter (E4980) at different frequencies (100 Hz–1 MHz), as well as the percentage of relative humidity (RH). The results indicated that the composite nanofibers containing 1% and 3% MWCNT, combined with CuO in PEO polymer matrix, showed potent resistive and capacitive response along with high sensitivity to humidity at room temperature in an RH range of 30–90%. More specifically, the PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 1% nanocomposite displayed a resistive rapid response time within 3 s and a long recovery time of 22 s, while the PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 3% one exhibited 20 s and 11 s between the same RH range, respectively.
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33
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Liang R, Luo A, Zhang Z, Li Z, Han C, Wu W. Research Progress of Graphene-Based Flexible Humidity Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5601. [PMID: 33007834 PMCID: PMC7582584 DOI: 10.3390/s20195601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a new type of carbon material with a flexible, two-dimensional structure. Due to the excellent stability of its lattice structure and its mechanical flexibility, graphene-based materials can be applied in flexible humidity sensors. At present, the application of graphene-based flexible humidity sensors in the fields of medical care and environmental monitoring is attracting widespread attention. In this review, the basic properties of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as moisture-sensitive materials and methods for their preparation were introduced. Moreover, three methods for improving the performance of moisture-sensitive materials were discussed. The working principle of different types of graphene-based humidity sensors were introduced. The progress in the research on graphene-based flexible humidity sensors in four respects: Human respiration, skin moisture, human sweat, and environmental humidity were discussed. Finally, the future research, following the development trends and challenges, to develop the potential of integrated, graphene-based flexible humidity sensors were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxuan Liang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.L.); (A.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.H.)
- Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ansheng Luo
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.L.); (A.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.H.)
- Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.L.); (A.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.H.)
- Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhantong Li
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.L.); (A.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.H.)
- Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chongyang Han
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.L.); (A.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.H.)
- Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.L.); (A.L.); (Z.Z.); (Z.L.); (C.H.)
- Division of Citrus Machinery, China Agriculture Research System, Guangzhou 510642, China
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34
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Wang Y, Hou S, Li T, Jin S, Shao Y, Yang H, Wu D, Dai S, Lu Y, Chen S, Huang J. Flexible Capacitive Humidity Sensors Based on Ionic Conductive Wood-Derived Cellulose Nanopapers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:41896-41904. [PMID: 32829628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
With the growing requirements for the renewability and sustainability of electronic products, environmentally friendly cellulose-based materials have attracted immense research interests and gained increasing prominence for electronic devices. Humidity sensors play an essential role in industries, agriculture, climatology, medical services, and daily life. Here, for the first time, we fabricate capacitive humidity sensors based on ionic conductive wood-derived cellulose nanopapers (WCNs). The WCN-based humidity sensors exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity, fast response, small hysteresis, and more importantly, a wide working range of relative humidity (RH). The sensors showed >104 times increase in the sensing signal over the 7-94% RH range at 20 Hz, while many reported humidity sensors with high sensitivity often have the working range limited to high RH levels. Our sensors can realize the distinction of nuances in humidity and exhibit outstanding noncontact skin humidity sensing properties. Flexible WCN-based humidity sensors were also fabricated, and they displayed excellent sensing properties with long-time stability, endowing them with multifunctional applications. The contrast humidity sensing experiment compared to the existing commercial humidity sensor further demonstrated the higher and faster response of our WCN-based sensors. Thus, this work provides effective guidance for the design of high-performance humidity sensors using nanopapers and opens a new dimension for a variety of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200060, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Hou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Shu Jin
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200060, P. R. China
| | - Yinlin Shao
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200060, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shilei Dai
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shaojiang Chen
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200060, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Rojas-Lema S, Terol J, Fages E, Balart R, Quiles-Carrillo L, Prieto C, Torres-Giner S. Microencapsulation of Copper(II) Sulfate in Ionically Cross-Linked Chitosan by Spray Drying for the Development of Irreversible Moisture Indicators in Paper Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092039. [PMID: 32911669 PMCID: PMC7564463 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper(II) sulfate-loaded chitosan microparticles were herein prepared using ionic cross-linking with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) followed by spray drying. The microencapsulation process was optimal using an inlet temperature of 180 °C, a liquid flow-rate of 290 mL/h, an aspiration rate of 90%, and an atomizing gas flow-rate of 667 nL/h. Chitosan particles containing copper(II) sulfate of approximately 4 µm with a shrunken-type morphology were efficiently attained and, thereafter, fixated on a paper substrate either via cross-linking with STPP or using a chitosan hydrogel. The latter method led to the most promising system since it was performed at milder conditions and the original paper quality was preserved. The developed cellulose substrates were reduced and then exposed to different humidity conditions and characterized using colorimetric measurements in order to ascertain their potential as irreversible indicators for moisture detection. The results showed that the papers coated with the copper(II) sulfate-containing chitosan microparticles were successfully able to detect ambient moisture shown by the color changes of the coatings from dark brown to blue, which can be easily seen with the naked eye. Furthermore, the chitosan microparticles yielded no cytotoxicity in an in vitro cell culture experiment. Therefore, the cellulose substrates herein developed hold great promise in paper packaging as on-package colorimetric indicators for monitoring moisture in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rojas-Lema
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (S.R.-L.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Jorge Terol
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.T.); (E.F.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.T.); (E.F.)
| | - Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (S.R.-L.); (L.Q.-C.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (S.T.-G.); Tel.: +34-963-900-022 (S.T.-G.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (S.R.-L.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (S.T.-G.); Tel.: +34-963-900-022 (S.T.-G.)
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Wu J, Yin C, Zhou J, Li H, Liu Y, Shen Y, Garner S, Fu Y, Duan H. Ultrathin Glass-Based Flexible, Transparent, and Ultrasensitive Surface Acoustic Wave Humidity Sensor with ZnO Nanowires and Graphene Quantum Dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:39817-39825. [PMID: 32805852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices are normally based on organic polymer substrate. In this work, an ultrathin glass-based flexible, transparent, and ultrasensitive ZnO/glass surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensor is developed using a composite sensing layer of ZnO nanowires (NWs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs). It shows much larger effective electromechanical coupling coefficients and signal amplitudes, compared to those of flexible polymer-based SAW devices reported in the literature. Attributed to large specific surface areas of ZnO NWs, large numbers of hydrophilic functional groups of GQDs, as well as the formation of p-n heterojunctions between GQDs and ZnO NWs, the developed ZnO/glass flexible SAW sensor shows an ultrahigh humidity sensitivity of 40.16 kHz/% RH, along with its excellent stability and repeatability. This flexible and transparent SAW sensor has demonstrated insignificant deterioration of humidity sensing performance, when it is bent on a curved surface with a bending angle of 30°, revealing its potential applications for sensing on curved and complex surfaces. The humidity sensing and human breathing detection have further been demonstrated for wearable electronic applications using ultrathin glass-based devices with completely inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Automotive Electrics and Control Technology, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Changshuai Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Automotive Electrics and Control Technology, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Automotive Electrics and Control Technology, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Honglang Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, P. R. China
| | - Sean Garner
- Corning Research & Development Corporation, One River Front Plaza, Corning, New York 14831, United States
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Huigao Duan
- Engineering Research Center of Automotive Electrics and Control Technology, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Tai H, Duan Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Jiang Y. Paper-Based Sensors for Gas, Humidity, and Strain Detections: A Review. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:31037-31053. [PMID: 32584534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Paper, as a flexible, low-cost, lightweight, tailorable, environmental-friendly, degradable, and renewable material, is emerging in electronic devices. Especially, many kinds of paper-based (PB) sensors have been reported for wearable applications in recent years. Among them, the PB gas, humidity, and strain sensors are widely studied for monitoring gas, humidity, and strain from the human body and the environment. However, gas, humidity, and strain often coexist and interact, and the paper itself is hydrophilic and flexible, resulting in that it is still challenging to develop high-performance PB sensors specialized for gas, humidity, and strain detections. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and discuss them systematically. In this review, we focus on summarizing the state-of-art studies of the PB gas, humidity, and strain sensors. Specifically, the fabrications (electrodes and sensing materials) and applications of PB gas, humidity, and strain sensors are summarized and discussed. The current challenges and the potential trends of PB sensors for gas, humidity, and strain detections are also outlined. This review not only can help readers to understand the development status of the PB gas, humidity, and strain sensors but also is helpful for readers to find out and solve the problems in this field through comparative reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zaihua Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Si Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
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Abstract
This paper highlights interest in the implementation of microwave sensors based on resonant elements, the subject of a special issue in the journal. A classification of these sensors on the basis of the operating principle is presented, and the advantages and limitations of the different sensor types are pointed out. Finally, the paper summarizes the different contributions to the special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Martín
- CIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-581-35-22
| | - Paris Vélez
- CIMITEC, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Marta Gil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Audiovisual y Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
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Jeong W, Song J, Bae J, Nandanapalli KR, Lee S. Breathable Nanomesh Humidity Sensor for Real-Time Skin Humidity Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:44758-44763. [PMID: 31693333 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of monitoring the condition of skin is increasing as its relevance to health is becoming more well understood. Inappropriate humidity levels can cause atopic dermatitis or hair loss. However, conventional film substrates used in electronic skin monitoring devices cause accumulation of sweat or gas between the device and biological tissue, leading to negative effects in long-term humidity measurements. Thus, real-time measurements of skin humidity over long periods are difficult using conventional film devices. Here, a breathable nanomesh humidity sensor that can monitor skin humidity for a long time is developed by using biocompatible materials such as gold, poly(vinyl alcohol), and Parylene C. The sensor presents excellent gas and sweat permeability and precisely detects the humidity level of an object for a long time. This study demonstrates the successful real-time detection of the humidity level from human skin and also detects the relative humidity of a plant surface over a prolonged period. This sensor is expected to have wide applicability for cultivating delicate plants as well as to reveal correlations between skin humidity and disease for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseong Jeong
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyu Song
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Bae
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873 , Republic of Korea
| | - Koteeswara Reddy Nandanapalli
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Lee
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711-873 , Republic of Korea
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40
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Kim IH, Im TH, Lee HE, Jang JS, Wang HS, Lee GY, Kim ID, Lee KJ, Kim SO. Janus Graphene Liquid Crystalline Fiber with Tunable Properties Enabled by Ultrafast Flash Reduction. Small 2019; 15:e1901529. [PMID: 31259486 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flash photothermal treatment via Xenon lamp with a broad wavelength spectrum can effectively remove oxygen functionalities and restore sp2 domains at graphitic carbon materials. The chemical composition and relevant structure formation of flash reduced graphene oxide liquid crystal (GOLC) fibers are investigated in accordance with flash irradiation conditions. Owing to the spatial controllability of reduction level via anisotropic flash irradiation, the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of graphene fibers can be delicately counterbalanced to attain desired properties. High sensitivity humidity sensors can be fabricated from the flash reduced fibers demonstrating notably higher sensitivity over the thermally reduced counterparts. This ultrafast flash reduction holds great promise for multidimensional macroscopic GO based structures, enabling a wide range of potential applications, including textile electronics and wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ho Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hong Im
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Eol Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Jang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Yong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Jae Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Popov VI, Kotin IA, Nebogatikova NA, Smagulova SA, Antonova IV. Graphene-PEDOT: PSS Humidity Sensors for High Sensitive, Low-Cost, Highly-Reliable, Flexible, and Printed Electronics. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E3477. [PMID: 31652892 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the structure and sensitivity of humidity sensors prepared from graphene (G)-PEDOT: PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) composite material on flexible and solid substrates is performed. Upon an increase in humidity, the G: PEDOT: PSS composite films ensure a response (a linear increase in resistance versus humidity) up to 220% without restrictions typical of sensors fabricated from PEDOT: PSS. It was found that the response of the examined sensors depends not only on the composition of the layer and on its thickness but, also, on the substrate used. The capability of flexible substrates to absorb the liquid component of the ink used to print the sensors markedly alters the structure of the film, making it more porous; as a result, the response to moisture increases. However, in the case of using paper, a hysteresis of resistance occurs during an increase or decrease of humidity; that hysteresis is associated with the capability of such substrates to absorb moisture and transfer it to the sensing layer of the sensor. A study of the properties of G: PEDOT: PSS films and test device structures under deformation showed that when the G: PEDOT: PSS films or structures are bent to a bending radius of 3 mm (1.5% strain), the properties of those films and structures remain unchanged. This result makes the composite humidity sensors based on G: PEDOT: PSS films promising devices for use in flexible and printed electronics.
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Yang J, Shi R, Lou Z, Chai R, Jiang K, Shen G. Flexible Smart Noncontact Control Systems with Ultrasensitive Humidity Sensors. Small 2019; 15:e1902801. [PMID: 31373177 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of noncontact humidity sensors with high sensitivity, rapid response, and a facile fabrication process is urgently desired for advanced noncontact human-machine interaction (HMI) applications. Here, a flexible and transparent humidity sensor based on MoO3 nanosheets is developed with a low-cost and easily manufactured process. The designed humidity sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity, fast response, great stability, and high selectivity, exceeding the state-of-the-art humidity sensors. Furthermore, a wearable moisture analysis system is assembled for real-time monitoring of ambient humidity and human breathing states. Benefiting from the sensitive and rapid response to fingertip humidity, the sensors are successfully applied to both a smart noncontact multistage switch and a novel flexible transparent noncontact screen for smart mobile devices, demonstrating the potential of the MoO3 nanosheets-based humidity sensors in future HMI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juehan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ruilong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruiqing Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Institute and Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Key Laboratory of Digital Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Lv C, Hu C, Luo J, Liu S, Qiao Y, Zhang Z, Song J, Shi Y, Cai J, Watanabe A. Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Humidity Sensors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E422. [PMID: 30871077 PMCID: PMC6474033 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humidity sensors are a common, but important type of sensors in our daily life and industrial processing. Graphene and graphene-based materials have shown great potential for detecting humidity due to their ultrahigh specific surface areas, extremely high electron mobility at room temperature, and low electrical noise due to the quality of its crystal lattice and its very high electrical conductivity. However, there are still no specific reviews on the progresses of graphene-based humidity sensors. This review focuses on the recent advances in graphene-based humidity sensors, starting from an introduction on the preparation and properties of graphene materials and the sensing mechanisms of seven types of commonly studied graphene-based humidity sensors, and mainly summarizes the recent advances in the preparation and performance of humidity sensors based on pristine graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, and a wide variety of graphene based composite materials, including chemical modification, polymer, metal, metal oxide, and other 2D materials. The remaining challenges along with future trends in high-performance graphene-based humidity sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lv
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Cun Hu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Junhong Luo
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Yan Qiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Song
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China.
| | - Jinguang Cai
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China.
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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Chen HY, Chen C. Determination of Optimal Measurement Points for Calibration Equations-Examples by RH Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19051213. [PMID: 30857332 PMCID: PMC6427136 DOI: 10.3390/s19051213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The calibration points for sensors must be selected carefully. This study uses accuracy and precision as the criteria to evaluate the required numbers of calibration points required. Two types of electric relative humidity (RH) sensors were used to illustrate the method and the standard RH environments were maintained using different saturated salt solutions. The best calibration equation is determined according to the t-value for the highest-order parameter and using the residual plots. Then, the estimated standard errors for the regression equation are used to determine the accuracy of the sensors. The combined uncertainties from the calibration equations for different calibration points for the different saturated salt solutions were then used to evaluate the precision of the sensors. The accuracy of the calibration equations is 0.8% RH for a resistive humidity sensor using 7 calibration points and 0.7% RH for a capacitance humidity sensor using 5 calibration points. The precision is less than 1.0% RH for a resistive sensor and less than 0.9% RH for a capacitive sensor. The method that this study proposed for the selection of calibration points can be applied to other sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Chiachung Chen
- Department of Bio-industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National ChungHsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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Zhang J, Wang XX, Zhang B, Ramakrishna S, Yu M, Ma JW, Long YZ. In Situ Assembly of Well-Dispersed Ag Nanoparticles throughout Electrospun Alginate Nanofibers for Monitoring Human Breath-Smart Fabrics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:19863-19870. [PMID: 29782141 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alginate nanofibers assembled with silver nanoparticles throughout the whole nanofiber were fabricated by three steps including electrospinning of Na-alginate nanofibers, ion exchange between the sodium and silver ions, and in situ reduction of silver nanoparticles. The content, distribution, and size of the nanoparticles are controllable by tuning reaction conditions. Ag/alginate nanofibers exhibit good humidity sensitivity in a wide humidity range from 20% ambient relative humidity (RH) to 85% RH. Interestingly, these humidity sensors can be attached to a 3M-9001V mask for monitoring human breath during exercise and emotion changes, and this smart mask exhibits accurate and continuous human breath tracking, no matter how fast or slow as well as how deep or shallow is the human breathing. The obtained frequencies of respiration during normal, running, delight, and sadness conditions were 16, 13, 14, and 8 times per minute, respectively. Moreover, the signal waveform obtained under emotion changes is distinguishable, implying its potential applications in lie detection and interrogation. Thanks to this smart mask, it could accurately capture the rate and depth of respiration, providing an effective, low-cost, and convenient approach for tracking respiration, and it was utilized as smart fabrics in avoiding sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117574 , Singapore
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Columbia University , New York 10027 , United States
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Abstract
An overview of the numerous latest research in microfiber humidity sensors is carried out with a specific focus on measurement methods, humidity sensitive materials, probe structures, and sensing properties of different sensors. First, five mainstream measurement structures, including taper, fiber grating, coupler, resonator, and interferometer are reviewed. It is concluded that these measurement structures sense the physicochemical property variations of microfibers or sensitive films and exhibit the change of optical signal when exposed to environment. Second, the basic preparation methods, humidity-sensing properties, and their advantages and disadvantages as humidity sensitive material are addressed. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of all the above sensing structures are also discussed and compared. Finally, the main existing problems and potential solutions of microfiber humidity sensors are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Mao-Qing Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Feng Xia
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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47
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Zhen Z, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Chen Q, Yang T, Zhu H. Formation of Uniform Water Microdroplets on Wrinkled Graphene for Ultrafast Humidity Sensing. Small 2018; 14:e1703848. [PMID: 29517135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Portable humidity sensors with ultrafast responses fabricated in wearable devices have promising application prospects in disease diagnostics, health status monitoring, and personal healthcare data collecting. However, prolonged exposures to high-humidity environments usually cause device degradation or failure due to excessive water adsorbed on the sensor surface. In the present work, a graphene film based humidity sensor with a hydrophobic surface and uniformly distributed ring-like wrinkles is designed and fabricated that exhibits excellent performance in breath sensing. The wrinkled morphology of the graphene sensor is able to effectively prevent the aggregation of water microdroplets and thus maximize the evaporation rate. The as-fabricated sensor responds to and recovers from humidity in 12.5 ms, the fastest response of humidity sensors reported so far, yet in a very stable manner. The sensor is fabricated into a mask and successfully applied to monitoring sudden changes in respiratory rate and depth, such as breathing disorder or arrest, as well as subtle changes in humidity level caused by talking, cough and skin evaporation. The sensor can potentially enable long-term daily monitoring of breath and skin evaporation with its ultrafast response and high sensitivity, as well as excellent stability in high-humidity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zechen Li
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuanliang Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yujia Zhong
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Choi SJ, Yu H, Jang JS, Kim MH, Kim SJ, Jeong HS, Kim ID. Nitrogen-Doped Single Graphene Fiber with Platinum Water Dissociation Catalyst for Wearable Humidity Sensor. Small 2018; 14:e1703934. [PMID: 29443449 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Humidity sensors are essential components in wearable electronics for monitoring of environmental condition and physical state. In this work, a unique humidity sensing layer composed of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (nRGO) fiber on colorless polyimide film is proposed. Ultralong graphene oxide (GO) fibers are synthesized by solution assembly of large GO sheets assisted by lyotropic liquid crystal behavior. Chemical modification by nitrogen-doping is carried out under thermal annealing in H2 (4%)/N2 (96%) ambient to obtain highly conductive nRGO fiber. Very small (≈2 nm) Pt nanoparticles are tightly anchored on the surface of the nRGO fiber as water dissociation catalysts by an optical sintering process. As a result, nRGO fiber can effectively detect wide humidity levels in the range of 6.1-66.4% relative humidity (RH). Furthermore, a 1.36-fold higher sensitivity (4.51%) at 66.4% RH is achieved using a Pt functionalized nRGO fiber (i.e., Pt-nRGO fiber) compared with the sensitivity (3.53% at 66.4% RH) of pure nRGO fiber. Real-time and portable humidity sensing characteristics are successfully demonstrated toward exhaled breath using Pt-nRGO fiber integrated on a portable sensing module. The Pt-nRGO fiber with high sensitivity and wide range of humidity detection levels offers a new sensing platform for wearable humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Jin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hayoung Yu
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonrabuk-do, 565-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Su Jeong
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonrabuk-do, 565-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nanosensor Research Center, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Chen LH, Chen C. Uncertainly Analysis of Two Types of Humidity Sensors by a Humidity Generator with a Divided-Flow System. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E637. [PMID: 29466313 DOI: 10.3390/s18020637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Humidity measurement is an important technique for the agricultural, foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemical industries. For the sake of convenience, electrical relative humidity (RH) sensors have been widely used. These sensors need to be calibrated to ensure their accuracy and the uncertainty measurement of these sensors has become a major concern. In this study, a self-made divided-flow generator was established to calibrate two types of electrical humidity sensors. The standard reference humidity was calculated from dew-point temperature and air dry-bulb temperature measured by a chilled mirror monitor. This divided-flow generator could produce consistent result of RH measurement results. The uncertainty of the reference standard increased with the increase of RH values. The combined uncertainty with the adequate calibration equations were ranged from 0.82% to 1.45% RH for resistive humidity sensors and 0.63% to 1.4% for capacitive humidity sensors, respectively. This self-made, divided-flow generator, and calibration method are cheap, time-saving, and easy to be used. Thus, the proposed approach can easily be applied in research laboratories.
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Dubourg G, Segkos A, Katona J, Radović M, Savić S, Niarchos G, Tsamis C, Crnojević-Bengin V. Fabrication and Characterization of Flexible and Miniaturized Humidity Sensors Using Screen-Printed TiO₂ Nanoparticles as Sensitive Layer. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1854. [PMID: 28800063 DOI: 10.3390/s17081854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication and the characterization of an original example of a miniaturized resistive-type humidity sensor, printed on flexible substrate in a large-scale manner. The fabrication process involves laser ablation for the design of interdigitated electrodes on PET (Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate) substrate and a screen-printing process for the deposition of the sensitive material, which is based on TiO2 nanoparticles. The laser ablation process was carefully optimized to obtain micro-scale and well-resolved electrodes on PET substrate. A functional paste based on cellulose was prepared in order to allow the precise screen-printing of the TiO2 nanoparticles as sensing material on the top of the electrodes. The current against voltage (I–V) characteristic of the sensor showed good linearity and potential for low-power operation. The results of a humidity-sensing investigation and mechanical testing showed that the fabricated miniaturized sensors have excellent mechanical stability, sensing characteristics, good repeatability, and relatively fast response/recovery times operating at room temperature.
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