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Sun J, Li X, Yu K, Yin J. A novel supported ionic liquid membrane reactor for catalytic CO2 conversion. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Klemm E, Lobo CMS, Löwe A, Schallhart V, Renninger S, Waltersmann L, Costa R, Schulz A, Dietrich R, Möltner L, Meynen V, Sauer A, Friedrich KA. CHEMampere
: Technologies for sustainable chemical production with renewable electricity and
CO
2
,
N
2
,
O
2
, and
H
2
O
. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Klemm
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Chemistry Stuttgart Germany
| | - Carlos M. S. Lobo
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Chemistry Stuttgart Germany
| | - Armin Löwe
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Chemistry Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Stephan Renninger
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Photovoltaics Stuttgart Germany
| | - Lara Waltersmann
- Fraunhofer‐Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rémi Costa
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andreas Schulz
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ralph‐Uwe Dietrich
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Vera Meynen
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Alexander Sauer
- Fraunhofer‐Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Energy Efficiency in Production Stuttgart Germany
| | - K. Andreas Friedrich
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Stuttgart Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Building Energetics, Thermal Engineering and Energy Storage Stuttgart Germany
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3
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Zheng Q, Xie Y, Tan J, Xu Z, Luo P, Wang T, Liu Z, Liu F, Zhang K, Fang Z, Zhang G, Jin W. Coupling of dielectric barrier discharge plasma with oxygen permeable membrane for highly efficient low-temperature permeation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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High-Temperature Electrochemical Devices Based on Dense Ceramic Membranes for CO2 Conversion and Utilization. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Luo P, Xu Z, Zheng Q, Tan J, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhang G, Jin W. Tailoring of a catalyst La 0.8Ce 0.1Ni 0.4Ti 0.6O 3−δ interlayer via in situ exsolution for a catalytic membrane reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tailored nickel nanoparticles on La0.8Ce0.1Ni0.4Ti0.6O3−δ surfaces were prepared by in situ exsolution and used in the Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ catalytic membrane reactor for high-efficient partial oxidation of methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
| | - Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
| | - Qiankun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
| | - Jinkun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
| | - Zhengkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
| | - Guangru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
| | - Wanqin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- PR China
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6
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Zhu X, Yang W. Microstructural and Interfacial Designs of Oxygen-Permeable Membranes for Oxygen Separation and Reaction-Separation Coupling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902547. [PMID: 31418945 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixed ionic-electronic conducting oxygen-permeable membranes can rapidly separate oxygen from air with 100% selectivity and low energy consumption. Combining reaction and separation in an oxygen-permeable membrane reactor significantly simplifies the technological scheme and reduces the process energy consumption. Recently, materials design and mechanism investigations have provided insight into the microstructural and interfacial effects. The microstructures of the membrane surfaces and bulk are closely related to the interfacial oxygen exchange kinetics and bulk diffusion kinetics. Therefore, the permeability and stability of oxygen-permeable membranes with a single-phase structure and a dual-phase structure can be adjusted through their microstructural and interfacial designs. Here, recent advances in the development of oxygen permeation models that provide a deep understanding of the microstructural and interfacial effects, and strategies to simultaneously improve the permeability and stability through microstructural and interfacial design are discussed in detail. Then, based on the developed high-performance membranes, highly effective membrane reactors for process intensification and new technology developments are highlighted. The new membrane reactors will trigger innovations in natural gas conversion, ammonia synthesis, and hydrogen-related clean energy technologies. Future opportunities and challenges in the development of oxygen-permeable membranes for oxygen separation and reaction-separation coupling are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weishen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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7
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Simultaneous production of synthesis gases H2/N2 and H2/CO in a dual-phase mixed conducting membrane reactor. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Li L, Zhang H, Li X, Kong X, Xu R, Tay K, Tu X. Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion in a gliding arc discharge: Improving performance by optimizing the reactor design. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Deibert W, Ivanova ME, Baumann S, Guillon O, Meulenberg WA. Ion-conducting ceramic membrane reactors for high-temperature applications. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Aerts R, Somers W, Bogaerts A. Carbon dioxide splitting in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma: a combined experimental and computational study. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:702-16. [PMID: 25641832 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for the splitting of CO2 into CO and O2 . We have performed experiments to study this process in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma with a wide range of parameters. The frequency and dielectric material did not affect the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency, but the discharge gap can have a considerable effect. The specific energy input has the most important effect on the CO2 conversion and energy efficiency. We have also presented a plasma chemistry model for CO2 splitting, which shows reasonable agreement with the experimental conversion and energy efficiency. This model is used to elucidate the critical reactions that are mostly responsible for the CO2 conversion. Finally, we have compared our results with other CO2 splitting techniques and we identified the limitations as well as the benefits and future possibilities in terms of modifications of DBD plasmas for greenhouse gas conversion in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Aerts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk (Belgium).
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11
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Enhanced stability of membrane reactor for thermal decomposition of CO2 via porous-dense-porous triple-layer composite membrane. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Zhu J, Dong Z, Liu Z, Zhang K, Zhang G, Jin W. Multichannel mixed-conducting hollow fiber membranes for oxygen separation. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Ziye Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Zhengkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Guangru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Wanqin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering; Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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13
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Zheng Q, Xue J, Liao Q, Wei Y, Li Z, Wang H. CO2-tolerant alkaline-earth metal-free single phase membrane for oxygen separation. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Jiang W, Zhang G, Liu Z, Zhang K, Jin W. A novel porous-dense dual-layer composite membrane reactor with long-term stability. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering, Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road; Nanjing; 210009; P. R. China
| | - Guangru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering, Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road; Nanjing; 210009; P. R. China
| | - Zhengkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering, Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road; Nanjing; 210009; P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering, Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road; Nanjing; 210009; P. R. China
| | - Wanqin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering, Nanjing University of Technology; 5 Xinmofan Road; Nanjing; 210009; P. R. China
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Wei Y, Wang Y, Tang J, Li Z, Wang H. Oxy-fuel combustion for CO2capture using a CO2-tolerant oxygen transporting membrane. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Wei
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Zhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Haihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; 510640 Guangzhou China
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Wei YY, Huang L, Tang J, Zhou LY, Li Z, Wang HH. Syngas production in a novel perovskite membrane reactor with co-feed of CO2. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Wei Y, Tang J, Zhou L, Xue J, Li Z, Wang H. Oxygen separation through U-shaped hollow fiber membrane using pure CO2 as sweep gas. AIChE J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Dong X, Jin W, Xu N, Li K. Dense ceramic catalytic membranes and membrane reactors for energy and environmental applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10886-902. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Luo H, Efimov K, Jiang H, Feldhoff A, Wang H, Caro J. CO2-Stable and Cobalt-Free Dual-Phase Membrane for Oxygen Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:759-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Luo H, Efimov K, Jiang H, Feldhoff A, Wang H, Caro J. CO2-stabile und cobaltfreie Zweiphasenmembranen zur Sauerstoffabtrennung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Luo H, Jiang H, Efimov K, Caro J, Wang H. Influence of the preparation methods on the microstructure and oxygen permeability of a CO2-stable dual phase membrane. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Zhang C, Jin W, Yang C, Xu N. Decomposition of CO2 coupled with POM in a thin tubular oxygen-permeable membrane reactor. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Ge L, Shao Z, Zhang K, Ran R, Diniz da Costa J, Liu S. Evaluation of mixed-conducting lanthanum-strontium-cobaltite ceramic membrane for oxygen separation. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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CHANG X, ZHANG C, HE Y, DONG X, JIN W, XU N. A Comparative Study of the Performance of Symmetric and Asymmetric Mixed-conducting Membranes. Chin J Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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The oxidative stream reforming of methane to syngas in a thin tubular mixed-conducting membrane reactor. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Jin W, Zhang C, Chang X, Fan Y, Xing W, Xu N. Efficient catalytic decomposition of CO2 to CO and O2 over Pd/ mixed-conducting oxide catalyst in an oxygen-permeable membrane reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:3064-3068. [PMID: 18497167 DOI: 10.1021/es702913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The thermal decomposition of CO2 to CO and O2 is a potential route for the consumption and utilization of CO2. However, this reaction is limited by both the thermodynamic equilibrium and the kinetic barrier. In this study, we reported an innovative catalytic process to decompose CO2 in an oxygen-permeation membrane reactor packed with a mixed-conducting oxide supported noble metal catalyst, or Pd/SrCo0.4Fe0.5Zr0.1O3-delta (Pd/ SCFZ), which is of high activity in the decomposition of CO2 into CO and O2. Pd/SCFZ catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation of the SCFZ powders with an aqueous solution of PdCl2, and the CO2 sorption/desorption property was examined by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption-mass spectrometry technologies. It was shown that there appeared a typical of bridged carbonyls (Pd-CO) on the surface of the Pd/SCFZ catalyst formed after CO2 decomposition. Both CO2 and CO could be detected in the species desorbed from Pd/SCFZ catalyst, which implied that the Pd/SCFZ catalyst could effectively activate the CO2 molecule. During the catalytic process, furthermore, the activity of the Pd/SCFZ catalyst can self-regenerate by removing the produced lattice oxygen through the dense oxygen-permeable ceramic membrane. At 900 degrees C, this catalytic process attains 100% of CO formation selectivity at 15.8% of CO2 conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Membrane Science and Technology Research Center, Nanjing University of Technology, 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Zhang C, Xu Z, Chang X, Zhang Z, Jin W. Preparation and characterization of mixed-conducting thin tubular membrane. J Memb Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Zhang C, Chang X, Fan Y, Jin W, Xu N. Improving Performance of a Dense Membrane Reactor for Thermal Decomposition of CO2 via Surface Modification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie060913n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Membrane Science and Technology Research Center, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Chang
- Membrane Science and Technology Research Center, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqun Fan
- Membrane Science and Technology Research Center, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqin Jin
- Membrane Science and Technology Research Center, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanping Xu
- Membrane Science and Technology Research Center, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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