Study on the release behavior and mechanism by monitoring the morphology changes of the large-sized drug-LDH nanohybrids

Nanohybrids-assisted photocatalytic removal of pharmaceutical pollutants to abate their toxicological effects - A review

Advancement in medication by health care sector has undoubtedly improved our life but at the same time increased the chemical burden on our natural ecosystem. The residuals of pharmaceutical products become part of wastewater streams by different sources such as excretion after their usage, inappropriate way of their disposal during production etc. Hence, they are serious health hazards for human, animal, and aquatic lives. Due to rapid urbanization, the increased demand for clean drinking water is a burning global issue. In this regard it is need of the present era to explore efficient materials which could act as photocatalyst for mitigation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Nanohybrid as photocatalyst is one of the widely explored class of materials in photocatalytic degradation of such harmful pollutants. Among these nanohybrids; metal based nanohybrids (metals/metal oxides) and carbon based nanohybrids (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes etc.) have been explored to remove pharmaceutical drugs. Keeping in view the increasing harmful impacts of pharmaceuticals; the sources of pharmaceuticals in wastewater, their health risk factors and their mitigation using efficient nanohybrids as photocatalysts have been discussed in this review.

New insights into two ciprofloxacin-intercalated arrangements for layered double hydroxide carrier materials

Highly ciprofloxacin loaded layered double hydroxide.

Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides toward Precisely Designed Hierarchical Organization

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of materials with useful properties associated with their anion exchange abilities for a wide range of materials’ applications including adsorbent, catalyst and its support, ceramic precursor, and drug carrier. In order to satisfy the requirements for the detailed characterization and the practical application, the preparation of LDHs with varied composition and particle morphology has been examined extensively. The versatility of the preparation methods led LDHs with varied composition and micro/macroscopic morphology, which makes the application of LDHs more realistic. In the present review article, synthetic methods of LDHs are overviewed in order to highlight the present status of the LDHs for practical application.

Ibuprofen intercalation and release from different layered double hydroxides

Aim: The chemical composition of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) affects their structure and properties. The method of ibuprofen (IBU) intercalation into LDHs may modify its release, reduce adverse effects and decrease the required dosing frequency. Methodology: This study investigates the effects of four different LDHs; MgAl-LDH, MgFe-LDH, NiAl-LDH and NiFe-LDH on in vitro release of IBU intercalated by coprecipitation and anionic-exchange. Results: MgAl-LDH was the most crystalline and substitution of either cation decreased LDH order. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and power x-ray diffractograms confirmed the intercalation of IBU within the lamellar structure of MgAl-LDH and MgFe-LDH. Intercalation of IBU by anion-exchange resulted in slower, partial, drug release compared with coprecipitation. Conclusion: The chemical composition of LDHs affects their crystallinity, IBU intercalation and subsequent release.

MgAl layered double hydroxide/chitosan porous scaffolds loaded with PFTα to promote bone regeneration

Poor bone formation remains a key risk factor associated with acellular scaffolds that occurs in some bone defects, particularly in patients with metabolic bone disorders and local osteoporosis. We herein fabricated for the first time layered double hydroxide-chitosan porous scaffolds loaded with PFTα (LDH-CS-PFTα scaffolds) as therapeutic bone scaffolds for the controlled release of PFTα to enhance stem cell osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. The LDH-CS scaffolds had three-dimensional interconnected macropores, and plate-like LDH nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed within or on the CS films. The LDH-CS scaffolds exhibited appropriate PFTα drug delivery due to hydrogen bonding among LDH, CS and PFTα. In vitro functional studies demonstrated that the PFTα molecules exhibited potent ability to induce osteogenesis of hBMSCs via the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway, and the LDH-CS-PFTα scaffolds significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. In vivo studies revealed significantly increased repair and regeneration of bone tissue in cranial defect model rats compared to control rats at 12 weeks post-implantation. In conclusion, the LDH-CS-PFTα scaffolds exhibited excellent osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration capability and hold great potential for applications in defined local bone regeneration.

Self-assembly of pifithrin-α-loaded layered double hydroxide/chitosan nanohybrid composites as a drug delivery system for bone repair materials

The self-assembly of pifithrin-α-loaded layered double hydroxide/chitosan nanohybrid composites as a drug delivery system was demonstrated for the first time to improve the cytocompatibility and enhance the osteoinductivity for the treatment of bone defects.

Direct synthesis of layered double hydroxide nanosheets for efficient siRNA delivery

In this paper, we have developed a simple yet efficient method to prepare stable single-sheet MgAl-layered double hydroxide (MA-NS) suspensions without using organic solvents or surfactants.

Encapsulation of palladium porphyrin photosensitizer in layered metal oxide nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy against skin melanoma

We designed a biodegradable nanocarrier of layered double hydroxide (LDH) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on the intercalation of a palladium porphyrin photosensitizer (PdTCPP) in the gallery of LDH for melanoma theragnosis. Physical and chemical characterizations have demonstrated the photosensitizer was stable in the layered structures. In addition, the synthesized nanocomposites rendered extremely efficacious therapy in the B16F10 melanoma cell line by improving the solubility of the hydrophobic PdTCPP photosensitizer. The detection of singlet oxygen generation under irradiation at the excitation wavelength of a 532 nm laser was indeed impressive. Furthermore, the in vivo results using a tumour xenograft model in mice indicated the apparent absence of body weight loss and relative organ weight variation to the liver and kidney demonstrated that the nanocomposites were biosafe with a significant reduction in tumour volume for the anti-cancer efficacy of PDT. This drug delivery system using the nanoparticle-photosensitizer hybrid has great potential in melanoma theragnosis.

Novel morphology-controlled hierarchical core@shell structural organo-layered double hydroxides magnetic nanovehicles for drug release

Novel hierarchical core@shell structured salicylate (SA) intercalated ZnAl-LDH (layered double hydroxides) magnetic nanovehicles were obtained via a special double-drop coprecipitation strategy assembling organo-ZnAl-LDH nanocrystals onto the surface of Fe3O4 submicrospheres (∼480 nm) from cheap aspirin and Zn- and Al-nitrates in alkaline solutions. The obtained Fe3O4@SA-LDH-r nanovehicles exhibit varied morphologies with hexagonal LDH ab-face horizontal, vertical, and vertical/slant/horizontal to the surfaces of Fe3O4 upon proper mass ratio (r) of Zn-salt to Fe3O4 from 1.93 to 7.71 in a low supersaturation system and possess moderate drug loadings and strong superparamagnetism. An in vitro release study reveals that under "no MF" mode (without external magnetic field) the SA release exhibits the higher accumulated release amount and smaller half-life (t0.5) for Fe3O4@SA-LDH-3.85 (41.2%, 1.63 min) and Fe3O4@SA-LDH-7.71 (51.1%, 1.66 min) probably owing to their mainly vertical LDH orientations, while the dramatically reduced SA release (10.0%) and greatly elongated t0.5 (25.6 min) for Fe3O4@SA-LDH-1.93 may be due to its relatively stronger host-guest interaction and compact horizontally oriented LDH shell stack. Under "MF on" mode, all the magnetic samples show a detectable reduced SA release owing to the particle-particle interactions among the magnetic nanovehicles. The kinetic fittings show that the release processes of all the samples involve the bulk and surface diffusion. The SA release from Fe3O4@SA-LDH-1.93 is mainly determined by the interparticle diffusion among the horizontally oriented LDH shell nanocrystals while those of Fe3O4@SA-LDH-3.85 and Fe3O4@SA-LDH-7.71 mainly involve the interlayer intraparticle diffusion between LDHs layers due to their largely vertical LDH shell nanocrystals.

Layered double hydroxide-based nanocarriers for drug delivery

Biocompatible clay materials have attracted particular attention as the efficient drug delivery systems (DDS). In this article, we review developments in the use of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for controlled drug release and delivery. We show how advances in the ability to synthesize intercalated structures have a significant influence on the development of new applications of these materials. We also show how modification and/or functionalization can lead to new biotechnological and biomedical applications. This review highlights the most recent progresses in research on LDH-based controlled drug delivery systems, focusing mainly on: (i) DDS with cardiovascular drugs as guests; (ii) DDS with anti-inflammatory drugs as guests; and (iii) DDS with anti-cancer drugs as guests. Finally, future prospects for LDH-based drug carriers are also discussed.