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Sharma P, Joshi H, Srivastava VC, Singh S, Lo SL. Treatment of biologically treated distillery spent wash employing electrocoagulation and reverse-osmosis treatment train. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:4257-4268. [PMID: 34152251 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1946596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, electro-coagulation (EC) with stainless steel (SS) electrodes has been used as a pretreatment process before the reverse osmosis (RO) for the biologically treated distillery spent wash. The optimized operating parameters (pH, time, current, and electrode distance) for the EC process were obtained from the previous study. EC treated wastewater was further used as a feed for the RO system. RO membrane system operating parameters (pH, temperature, and trans-membrane pressure) were optimized by employing response surface methodology. Optimized conditions for the RO process were found to be: pH (pHo): 6.12; temperature (T): 20°C and trans-membrane pressure (TMP): 45.7 bar. The combined (EC-RO) process showed 98%, 99.2%, and 98.5% of COD, color, and TDS removal, respectively, with permeate flux of 40.5 L/m2/h (EC-RO). Experimental results indicated that EC followed by RO could be used as an additional step for biologically treated spent wash treatment to improve the treated effluent quality and membrane life. Results also revealed that the techno-economic performance of combined (EC-RO) treatment in terms of total annual water production is more efficient and economical than RO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Sharma
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | | | - Seema Singh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Membrane and Electrochemical Based Technologies for the Decontamination of Exploitable Streams Produced by Thermochemical Processing of Contaminated Biomass. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an emerging concept for contaminated soil restoration via the use of resilient plants that can absorb soil contaminants. The harvested contaminated biomass can be thermochemically converted to energy carriers/chemicals, linking soil decontamination with biomass-to-energy and aligning with circular economy principles. Two thermochemical conversion steps of contaminated biomass, both used for contaminated biomass treatment/exploitation, are considered: Supercritical Water Gasification and Fast Pyrolysis. For the former, the vast majority of contaminants are transferred into liquid and gaseous effluents, and thus the application of purification steps is necessary prior to further processing. In Fast Pyrolysis, contaminants are mainly retained in the solid phase, but a part appears in the liquid phase due to fine solids entrainment. Contaminants include heavy metals, particulate matter, and hydrogen sulfide. The purified streams allow the in-process re-use of water for the Super Critical Water Gasification, the sulfur-free catalytic conversion of the fuel-rich gaseous stream of the same process into liquid fuels and recovery of an exploitable bio-oil rich stream from the Fast Pyrolysis. Considering the fundamental importance of purification/decontamination to exploit the aforementioned streams in an integrated context, a review of available such technologies is conducted, and options are shortlisted. Technologies of choice include polymeric-based membrane gas absorption for desulfurization, electrooxidation/electrocoagulation for the liquid product of Supercritical Water Gasification and microfiltration via ceramic membranes for fine solids removal from the Fast Pyrolysis bio-oil. Challenges, risks, and suitable strategies to implement these options in the context of biomass-to-energy conversion are discussed and recommendations are made.
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3
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Patidar R, Srivastava VC. Evaluation of the sono-assisted photolysis method for the mineralization of toxic pollutants. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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4
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Hiwarkar AD, Chauhan R, Patidar R, Srivastava VC, Singh S, Mall ID. Binary electrochemical mineralization of heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds: parametric optimization using Taguchi method and mineralization mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:7332-7346. [PMID: 33025446 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to understand the interactive behaviour of various operating parameters including concentration of pollutants during binary electrochemical mineralization of the two nitrogenous heterocyclic pollutants in the aqueous solution. Indole and pyrrole were selected as pollutants, whereas Pt/Ti was selected as anode and cathode. The effects of different operating parameters like current density, solution conductivity, initial concentration of the pollutants and time were studied. Taguchi method was used to optimize these operating parameters for obtaining the ultimate rate of degradation for the nitrogenous compounds. There were basically two responses, i.e. chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation and specific energy consumption. These responses were maximized and minimized, respectively. At the optimum condition, removal efficiencies of pyrrole, indole and COD were found to be 46.1%, 62.4% and 61.4%, respectively. The optimum value of specific energy consumption was found to be 159.5 kWh per kg COD removed. Possible mineralization pathways are also proposed on the basis of the identified intermediates by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The operating cost was also calculated for the binary lab-scale treatment of the indole and pyrrole and compared with reported cost analysis for the electrochemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Devidas Hiwarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284128, India
| | - Rohit Chauhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Ritesh Patidar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Indra Deo Mall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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5
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Mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid by combined aerated electrocoagulation and Modified peroxi-coagulation methods. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Kaur G, Singh N, Rajor A. Ofloxacin adsorptive interaction with rice husk ash: Parametric and exhausted adsorbent disposability study. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 236:103737. [PMID: 33213886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the adsorptive interaction of rice husk ash (RHA) with Ofloxacin (OFL) antibiotic. The OFL loaded RHA was studied for its disposability by solidification to find its possible use as a building material. Further, toxicity analysis of leachate from the solidified RHA was also studied for probable leaching of OFL. The effects of adsorption parameters such as initial pH, the dosage of RHA (m), initial OFL concentration (C0), and contact time (t) on the responses % OFL removal (X1) and adsorption capacity (mg/g) (X2) were evaluated using the central composite design (CCD) based on response surface method (RSM). Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed at optimized parameters, and adsorption equilibrium data were illustrated by using Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson (R-P), and Tempkin isotherm models. Optimum condition was found as m = 7.94 g/L, t = 430 min and pH = 6, and at this actual responses X1 and X2 were evaluated as 79.71% and 6.28 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-first-order kinetic fitted best for the adsorption kinetic data. Toxicity analysis of leachate from solidified RHA indicated that most of the OFL was encapsulated inside the cement and the OFL present in leachate is not sufficient to eradicate the growth of E.coli and Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurleenjot Kaur
- School of Energy and Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India.
| | - Anita Rajor
- School of Energy and Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
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Mohammadi MJ, Fadaei A, Jalali S, Shekoohmandi H, Khaniabadi YO, Kianizadeh M. Benzo[a]pyrene Decomposition by UV/ZnO Process: Treatment Condition Optimization by Design of Experiments. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1858881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Fadaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Saeid Jalali
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hassan Shekoohmandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Kianizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Patidar R, Srivastava VC. Mechanistic insight into ultrasound-induced enhancement of electrochemical oxidation of ofloxacin: Multi-response optimization and cost analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127121. [PMID: 32512327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid advanced oxidation process of sonoelectrochemical, in which ultrasound and electrochemical are applied simultaneously, has been used for the degradation of ofloxacin (bio-recalcitrant pharmaceutical pollutant). Response surface methodology based central composite design was applied to understand the parametric effects of ultrasonic power, current density, initial pH, and electrolyte dose. Enhanced ofloxacin degradation was obtained using sonoelectrochemical (≈95%) process in comparison to the electrochemical (≈60.6%) and sonolysis alone (≈7.2%) after 120 min treatment time. Multi-response optimization was used so as to maximize COD removal (70.12%) and minimize specific energy consumption (11.92 kWh (g COD removed)-1)at the optimized parametric condition of pH = 6.3 (natural pH), ultrasonic power = 54 W, current density = 213 A m-2, and Na2SO4 electrolyte dose = 2.0 g L-1. It was revealed that •OH radicals contribute major to the ofloxacin degradation reaction among the other oxidizing agents. Degradation of the ofloxacin followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a higher reaction rate, which confirmed the synergistic effect of 34% between ultrasound and electrochemical approaches. The degradation pathway of ofloxacin removal was elucidated at optimum condition by the temporal evolution of the intermediate compounds and final products using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersed X-ray (EDX) were used to determine the morphology of electrodes. Operational cost analysis was done based on the reactor employed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Patidar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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9
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Kaur P, Kushwaha JP, Sangal VK. Transformation products and degradation pathway of textile industry wastewater pollutants in Electro-Fenton process. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:690-698. [PMID: 29857201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pollutants from textile industry wastewater were transformed/oxidized using Ti/RuO2 electrode by Electro-Fenton (EF) method in a continuous reactor. The performance was evaluated in terms of % COD removal, % color removal and energy consumed. Electrolysis time, retention time, current, and ferrous sulphate concentration as Fenton catalyst were selected as EF process parameters. To determine the optimum operating conditions multiple response optimization with desirability approach based on central composite design under response surface methodology was used. Spectrophotometric and GC-MS analysis were performed to identify the degraded/transformation compounds, and on this basis degradation mechanism during EF process as well as disposability of treated wastewater was analyzed. Further, bioassay test of treated textile wastewater was conducted for toxicity analysis in view of its disposal quality. Results showed that all the components of textile wastewater were totally eliminated/transformed in lower molecular weight compounds after EF treatment of textile effluent. Further, bioassay test analysis confirmed the nontoxic nature of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Jai Prakash Kushwaha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar Sangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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10
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Kaur P, Kushwaha JP, Sangal VK. Electrocatalytic oxidative treatment of real textile wastewater in continuous reactor: Degradation pathway and disposability study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 346:242-252. [PMID: 29277044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic treatment of real textile wastewater was investigated in continuous electrochemical reactor using dimensionally stable Ti/RuO2 anode. Effects of various parameters such as: elapsed time, current, pH, retention time on the COD removal, color removal and specific energy consumed were evaluated. Central Composite Design under RSM was used for experimental design, data analysis, optimization, interaction analysis between the various electrochemical parameters and steady state time analysis. GC-MS and UV spectrophotometric analysis of the untreated and treated wastewater were conducted to identify the oxidized and transformed/degraded compounds during the oxidation process, and a suitable degradation mechanism was proposed. Treated wastewater may contain toxic chlorinated compounds due to mediated oxidation by various hydrolyzed chlorine species. Therefore, disposability of treated wastewater was assessed by conducting toxicity bioassay test. The optimal set of operating parameters were found to be elapsed time = 124 min, current = 1.37 A, pH = 5.54 and retention time = 157.6 min to simultaneously achieve COD removal, color removal and specific energy consumed as 86.22%, 94.74% and 0.012 kW h, respectively. GC-MS analysis showed presence of chlorinated compounds in the treated wastewater. The toxicity bioassay test resulted acute toxicity with 100% mortality rate within one minute and one hour exposure with untreated and treated textile wastewater, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed to be University), Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Jai Prakash Kushwaha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed to be University), Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar Sangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology (Deemed to be University), Patiala, Punjab, India.
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11
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Comparative study of electrochemical oxidation and electrochemical Fenton processes for simultaneous degradation of phthalic and para-toluic acids from aqueous medium. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Chauhan R, Srivastava VC, Hiwarkar AD. Electrochemical mineralization of chlorophenol by ruthenium oxide coated titanium electrode. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Singh S, Singh S, Lo SL, Kumar N. Electrochemical treatment of Ayurveda pharmaceuticals wastewater: Optimization and characterization of sludge residue. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Mahesh S, Garg KK, Srivastava VC, Mishra IM, Prasad B, Mall ID. Continuous electrocoagulation treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater: operating cost and sludge study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic view of continuous electrocoagulation set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mahesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
- Department of Environmental Engineering
| | - Krishan Kishor Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | | | - Indra Mani Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Basheshwar Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Indra Deo Mall
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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15
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Jagati VS, Srivastava VC, Prasad B. Multi-Response Optimization of Parameters for the Electrocoagulation Treatment of Electroplating Wash-Water using Aluminum Electrodes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.954672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Kaur P, Sangal VK, Kushwaha JP. Modeling and evaluation of electro-oxidation of dye wastewater using artificial neural networks. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of CBSOL LE red wool dye containing wastewater by an electro-oxidation (EO) method was investigated using a Ti/RuO2 electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur
- School of Energy and Environment
- Thapar University
- Patiala
- India
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17
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Tezcan Un U, Kandemir A, Erginel N, Ocal SE. Continuous electrocoagulation of cheese whey wastewater: an application of Response Surface Methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:245-250. [PMID: 25178530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, treatment of cheese whey wastewater was performed using a uniquely-designed continuous electrocoagulation reactor, not previously encountered in the literature. An iron horizontal rotating screw type anode was used in the continuous mode. An empirical model, in terms of effective operational factors, such as current density (40, 50, 60 mA/cm(2)), pH (3, 5, 7) and retention time (20, 40, 60 min), was developed through Response Surface Methodology. An optimal region characterized by low values of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was determined. As a result of experiments, a linear effect in the removal efficiency of COD was obtained for current density and retention time, while the initial pH of the wastewater was found to have a quadratic effect in the removal efficiency of COD. The best fit nonlinear mathematical model, with a coefficient of determination value (R(2)) of 85%, was defined. An initial COD concentration of 15.500 mg/L was reduced to 2112 mg/L with a removal efficiency of 86.4%. In conclusion, it can be said that electrocoagulation was successfully applied for the treatment of cheese whey wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umran Tezcan Un
- Anadolu University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir 26555, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Kandemir
- Anadolu University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
| | - Nihal Erginel
- Anadolu University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
| | - S Eren Ocal
- Anadolu University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
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18
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Bhatnagar R, Joshi H, Mall ID, Srivastava VC. Electrochemical oxidation of textile industry wastewater by graphite electrodes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:955-966. [PMID: 24766597 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.894320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present article, studies have been performed on the electrochemical (EC) oxidation of actual textile industry wastewater by graphite electrodes. Multi-response optimization of four independent parameters namely initial pH (pHo): 4-10, current density (j): 27.78-138.89 A/m(2), NaCl concentration (w): 0-2 g/L and electrolysis time (t): 10-130 min have been performed using Box-Behnken (BB) experimental design. It was aimed to simultaneously maximize the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal efficiencies and minimize specific energy consumption using desirability function approach. Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value for COD (R(2) = 0.8418), color (R(2) = 0.7010) and specific energy (R(2) = 0.9125) between the experimental values and the predicted values by a second-order regression model. Maximum COD and color removal and minimum specific energy consumed was 90.78%, 96.27% and 23.58 kWh/kg COD removed, respectively, were observed at optimum conditions. The wastewater, sludge and scum obtained after treatment at optimum condition have been characterized by various techniques. UV-visible study showed that all azo bonds of the dyes present in the wastewater were totally broken and most of the aromatic rings were mineralized during EC oxidation with graphite electrode. Carbon balance showed that out of the total carbon eroded from the graphite electrodes, 27-29.2% goes to the scum, 71.1-73.3% goes into the sludge and rest goes to the treated wastewater. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the generated sludge and scum can be dried and used as a fuel in the boilers/incinerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Bhatnagar
- a Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand , India
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19
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Electrocoagulation of yogurt industry wastewater and the production of ceramic pigments from the sludge. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Singh S, Srivastava VC, Mall ID. Multistep Optimization and Residue Disposal Study for Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Aluminum Electrode. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2012-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper reports multistep optimization studies on electrochemical (EC) treatment of textile wastewater containing three dyes namely basic orange 30, basic violet 16 and basic green 4 using an aluminum electrode. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal efficiencies were maximized in a batch EC experimental reactor. In first step, Plackett–Burman (PB) design was used to sort most effective factors amongst the various factors namely current density (j), time (t), electrode gap (g), temperature (T), initial pH (pHo) and NaCl salt concentration (m) that affected the removal efficiency. In the next step, steepest accent/descent method and Box–Behnken (BB) design methods were utilized to evaluate the optimum electrochemical conditions. In BB design, three operational parameters, namely j: 117.64–196.07 A/m2; t: 150–210 min and pHo: 3.5–5.5 were taken as input parameter whereas COD removal (Y1) and color removal (Y2) were taken as responses of the system. At the optimum operating conditions of j = 185.30 A/m2, t190 min and pHo 5, more than 70.5% COD and 98.2% color removal efficiencies were observed. Field emission scanning electron microscopy of aluminum electrodes, scum and sludge has been carried out to understand the EC mechanism.
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21
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Parametric and multiple response optimization for the electrochemical treatment of textile printing dye-bath effluent. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Sangal VK, Mishra IM, Kushwaha JP. Electrocoagulation of Soluble Oil Wastewater: Parametric and Kinetic Study. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.719985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Singh S, Srivastava VC, Mall ID. Mechanistic study of electrochemical treatment of basic green 4 dye with aluminum electrodes through zeta potential, TOC, COD and color measurements, and characterization of residues. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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