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Güzel BC, Baygeldi SB, Özkan ZE. Examination of upper respiratory tracts of Siirt-coloured mohair goats by scanning electron microscopy before and after plastination. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13061. [PMID: 38778674 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Present study was conducted to determine the changes in the surface structure of the upper respiratory tract of Siirt-coloured mohair goats by the silicone plastination method. Accordingly, the heads of 10 Siirt-coloured mohair goats procured from slaughterhouses were divided into two halves. Half of each head was plastinated. After macro-comparisons were made, the deformations of silicone plastination on the surface were examined by comparing the scanning electron microscope (SEM) findings of both upper respiratory tract tissue samples collected from plastinates and fresh material. When the data from scanning electron microscopy were analysed, cilia, cobblestone patterns, goblet cells and gland ducts on the epithelial surface were identified in areas on the upper respiratory tract. The SEM images of the plastinated tissues showed that the surface structures were degenerated due to the deformation of the surface epithelium. The plastination technique damaged the structures on the surface epithelium. Since the plastination technique and scanning electron microscopy have been studied together for the first time, we believe this would contribute to the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Saime Betül Baygeldi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Zait Ender Özkan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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2
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Cai L, Xu H, Cui Z. Factors Limiting the Translatability of Rodent Model-Based Intranasal Vaccine Research to Humans. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35819736 PMCID: PMC9274968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route of vaccination presents an attractive alternative to parenteral routes and offers numerous advantages, such as the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, needle-free delivery, and increased patient compliance. Despite demonstrating promising results in preclinical studies, however, few intranasal vaccine candidates progress beyond early clinical trials. This discrepancy likely stems in part from the limited predictive value of rodent models, which are used frequently in intranasal vaccine research. In this review, we explored the factors that limit the translatability of rodent-based intranasal vaccine research to humans, focusing on the differences in anatomy, immunology, and disease pathology between rodents and humans. We also discussed approaches that minimize these differences and examined alternative animal models that would produce more clinically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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3
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Feng Y, Xia W, Zhao P, Yi X, Tang A. Survey anatomy and histological observation of the nasal cavity of Tupaia belangeri chinensis (Tupaiidae, Scandentia, Mammalia). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1448-1458. [PMID: 34605617 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to provide researchers with an atlas of the survey anatomy, histology, and imaging of the nasal cavity of Tupaia belangeri chinensis. Seven T. b. chinensis adult males were euthanized and scanned using micro-computed tomography (CT). The nose was separated, and tissue sections were made on the coronal and axial planes to observe the survey anatomy and histological and imaging characteristics of the nose. T. b. chinensis contains one maxilloturbinal and three ethmoturbinals, one nasoturbinal, one interturbinal, two frontoturbinals, and one lamina semicircularis in the unilateral nasal cavity. Other identified structures were the ostiomeatal complex, vomeronasal organ, superior nasal vault, maxillary sinus, and frontal recess. The drainage pathways of the sinuses and nasal airflow in T. b. chinensis were confirmed. The vault epithelium consisted of the squamous epithelium, respiratory epithelium, transitional epithelium, and olfactory epithelium. Micro-CT confirmed our findings of the coronal tissue sections. The nasal cavity anatomy of T. b. chinensis is similar to that of some strepsirrhine primates. However, the airflow and olfactory function are quite different from that of humans. Our gross and histological atlas of the nasal septum, turbinals, maxillary sinus, and frontal recess provides a reference for researchers to use T. b. chinensis for nasal cavity functional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Feng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Xia
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Anzhou Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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4
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Farnkopf IC, George JC, Kishida T, Hillmann DJ, Suydam RS, Thewissen JGM. Olfactory epithelium and ontogeny of the nasal chambers in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:643-667. [PMID: 34117725 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a species of baleen whale, we identify olfactory epithelium that suggests a functional sense of smell and document the ontogeny of the surrounding olfactory anatomy. Whales must surface to breathe, thereby providing an opportunity to detect airborne odorants. Although many toothed whales (odontocetes) lack olfactory anatomy, baleen whales (mysticetes) have retained theirs. Here, we investigate fetal and postnatal specimens of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Computed tomography (CT) reveals the presence of nasal passages and nasal chambers with simple ethmoturbinates through ontogeny. Additionally, we describe the dorsal nasal meatuses and olfactory bulb chambers. The cribriform plate has foramina that communicate with the nasal chambers. We show this anatomy within the context of the whole prenatal and postnatal skull. We document the tunnel for the ethmoidal nerve (ethmoid foramen) and the rostrolateral recess of the nasal chamber, which appears postnatally. Bilateral symmetry was apparent in the postnatal nasal chambers. No such symmetry was found prenatally, possibly due to tissue deformation. No nasal air sacs were found in fetal development. Olfactory epithelium, identified histologically, covers at least part of the ethmoturbinates. We identify olfactory epithelium using six explicit criteria of mammalian olfactory epithelium. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of olfactory marker protein (OMP), which is only found in mature olfactory sensory neurons. Although it seems that these neurons are scarce in bowhead whales compared to typical terrestrial mammals, our results suggest that bowhead whales have a functional sense of smell, which they may use to find prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Farnkopf
- College of Arts and Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John Craig George
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska, USA
| | - Takushi Kishida
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, Japan.,Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel J Hillmann
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert S Suydam
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, Alaska, USA
| | - J G M Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
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5
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Mori F, Kaneko A, Matsuzawa T, Nishimura T. Computational fluid dynamics simulation wall model predicting air temperature of the nasal passage for nonhuman primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:839-845. [PMID: 33438763 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nasal passages adjust the temperature of inhaled air to reach the required body temperature for the lungs. The nasal regions of primates including humans are believed to have experienced anatomical modifications that are adaptive to effective conditioning of the atmospheric air in the habitat for a given species. Measurements of the nasal temperature are required to understand the air-conditioning performance for a given species. Unfortunately, repeated direct measurements within the nasal passage have been technically precluded in most nonhuman primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is a potential approach for examining the temperature profile in the nasal passage without any direct measurements. The CFD simulation model mainly comprises a computational model to simulate physiological mechanisms and a wall model to simulate the nasal passage's anatomical and physical properties. We used a computational model developed for humans and examined corrections for the developed wall model based on human properties for predicting its performance in Japanese macaques. RESULTS This study confirmed that the epithelium layer thickness of the wall model affects the accuracy of the predictions for macaques. A convenient correction of the thickness based on body mass allows us to simulate the actual air temperature profile in macaques' nasal passage. DISCUSSION The CFD simulations of the wall model corrected with body mass can be applied to other nonhuman primates and mammals. This convenient corrective approach allows us to examine the functional contributions of a specific morphology to the air-conditioning performance without any direct measurements to improve our understanding of primates' functional morphology and physical adaptations to the temperature environment in their habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Mori
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Teruo Matsuzawa
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
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Abstract
Of the principal sensory systems (vision, olfaction, taste, hearing, and balance), olfaction is one of the oldest. This ubiquitous system has both peripheral and central subdivisions. The peripheral subdivision is comprised of the olfactory epithelium and nerve fascicles, whereas the central subdivision is made up of the olfactory bulb and its central connections. Humans lack the "accessory olfactory system" of many other mammals, exhibiting only a nonfunctioning vestige of its peripheral element, the vomeronasal organ. Compared to most mammals, major elements of the human olfactory system are reduced; for example, humans have fewer turbinates than many mammals, and their olfactory epithelia are found only on one or two of these structures and their adjacent surfaces. Nonetheless, humans retain a full complement of functional cellular elements including a regenerating population of olfactory sensory neurons. These neurons extend long ciliary processes into the mucus that form a mat of cilia on which the odorant receptors are located. The olfactory sensory neurons send their axons directly to synapse within the olfactory bulb. Mitral and tufted cells then relay impulses from the bulb to other brain regions. This chapter describes the general anatomy and microanatomy of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA, United States.
| | - Kunwar P Bhatnagar
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Miller FJ, Conolly RB, Kimbell JS. An updated analysis of respiratory tract cells at risk for formaldehyde carcinogenesis. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 29:586-597. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1430191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia S. Kimbell
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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8
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Schulze GE, Proctor JE, Dominick MA, Weiss AE, Flint OP, Srinivas NR, Durham SK, Schilling BE. Intranasal Toxicity of BMS-181885, A Novel 5-HT1 Agonist. Int J Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/109158199225206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
One-month intranasal toxicity studies were conducted with BMS-181885 at doses of 1.5, 9, or 15 mg/animal/day in rats and 4, 24, or 40 mg/animal/day in monkeys. A 1-month intermittent intranasal toxicity study was also conducted in monkeys at doses of 3, 6, and 12 mg/animal 3 days per week. BMS-181885 was generally well tolerated in rats but resulted in dose-dependent nasal mucosal injury, primarily characterized by subacute inflammation of the nasal mucosa, and degeneration, single-cell necrosis, and/or erosion of the olfactory epithelium and, to a lesser extent, the respiratory epithelium. In monkeys, daily BMS-181885 administration was well tolerated and produced similar dose-dependent nasal injury primarily characterized by subacute inflammation of the nasal mucosa with degeneration and erosion of the olfactory epithelium. In a separate experiment, intermittent administration also resulted in dose-dependent nasal injury. In cultured rat nasal mucosal cells, BMS-181885 was toxic to olfactory epithelial cells with a range of mean IC50s between 44 and 291 μM. In contrast, BMS-181885 had no effect on respiratory epithelial cells up to its maximum solubility. Cytochrome P450 inhibition had no effect on the toxicity of BMS-181885 in olfactory epithelial cells but produced dose-dependent toxicity in respiratory epithelial cells, which was not present previously. The in vitro data suggest that parent drug, rather than a toxic metabolite, caused the drug-associated nasal mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene E. Schulze
- Department of Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Jim E. Proctor
- Department of Pathology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mark A. Dominick
- Department of Pathology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Mt. Vernon, Indiana, USA
| | - Amy E. Weiss
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Hopewell, New Jersey, USA
| | - Oliver P. Flint
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Hopewell, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nuggehally R. Srinivas
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephen K. Durham
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Hopewell, New Jersey, USA
| | - Beth E. Schilling
- Department of Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Mt. Vernon, Indiana, USA
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9
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Chamanza R, Taylor I, Gregori M, Hill C, Swan M, Goodchild J, Goodchild K, Schofield J, Aldous M, Mowat V. Normal Anatomy, Histology, and Spontaneous Pathology of the Nasal Cavity of the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:636-54. [PMID: 26940715 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315626523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of inhalation studies in monkeys is often hampered by the scarcity of published information on the relevant nasal anatomy and pathology. We examined nasal cavities of 114 control cynomolgus monkeys from 11 inhalation studies evaluated 2008 to 2013, in order to characterize and document the anatomic features and spontaneous pathology. Compared to other laboratory animals, the cynomolgus monkey has a relatively simple nose with 2 unbranched, dorsoventrally stacked turbinates, large maxillary sinuses, and a nasal septum that continues into the nasopharynx. The vomeronasal organ is absent, but nasopalatine ducts are present. Microscopically, the nasal epithelium is thicker than that in rodents, and the respiratory (RE) and transitional epithelium (TE) rest on a thick basal lamina. Generally, squamous epithelia and TE line the vestibule, RE, the main chamber and nasopharynx, olfactory epithelium, a small caudodorsal region, while TE is observed intermittently along the passages. Relatively high incidences of spontaneous pathology findings, some resembling induced lesions, were observed and included inflammation, luminal exudate, scabs, squamous and respiratory metaplasia or hyperplasia, mucous cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, and olfactory degeneration. Regions of epithelial transition were the most affected. This information is considered helpful in the histopathology evaluation and interpretation of inhalation studies in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Chamanza
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom Syngenta Limited, Jeallot's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Taylor
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye Research Centre, Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Gregori
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Hill
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye Research Centre, Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Swan
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye Research Centre, Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Joel Goodchild
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye Research Centre, Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Kane Goodchild
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye Research Centre, Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Schofield
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye Research Centre, Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Aldous
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Eye Research Centre, Eye, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Vasanthi Mowat
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Chamanza R, Wright JA. A Review of the Comparative Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Pathology of the Nasal Cavity of Rats, Mice, Dogs and Non-human Primates. Relevance to Inhalation Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:287-314. [PMID: 26460093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are many significant differences in the structural and functional anatomy of the nasal cavity of man and laboratory animals. Some of the differences may be responsible for the species-specific nasal lesions that are often observed in response to inhaled toxicants. This paper reviews the comparative anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nasal cavity of the rat, mouse, dog, monkey and man, highlighting factors that may influence the distribution of nasal lesions. Gross anatomical variations such as turbinate structure, folds or grooves on nasal walls, or presence or absence of accessory structures, may influence nasal airflow and species-specific uptake and deposition of inhaled material. In addition, interspecies variations in the morphological and biochemical composition and distribution of the nasal epithelium may affect the local tissue susceptibility and play a role in the development of species-specific nasal lesions. It is concluded that, while the nasal cavity of the monkey might be more similar to that of man, each laboratory animal species provides a model that responds in a characteristic and species-specific manner. Therefore for human risk assessment, careful consideration must be given to the anatomical differences between a given animal model and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chamanza
- Syngenta Limited, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.
| | - J A Wright
- Syngenta Limited, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
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11
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Mori F, Hanida S, Kumahata K, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Suzuki J, Matsuzawa T, Nishimura TD. Minor contributions of the maxillary sinus to the air-conditioning performance in macaque monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2394-401. [PMID: 26034122 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.118059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The nasal passages mainly adjust the temperature and humidity of inhaled air to reach the alveolar condition required in the lungs. By contrast to most other non-human primates, macaque monkeys are distributed widely among tropical, temperate and subarctic regions, and thus some species need to condition the inhaled air in cool and dry ambient atmospheric areas. The internal nasal anatomy is believed to have undergone adaptive modifications to improve the air-conditioning performance. Furthermore, the maxillary sinus (MS), an accessory hollow communicating with the nasal cavity, is found in macaques, whereas it is absent in most other extant Old World monkeys, including savanna monkeys. In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics simulations to simulate the airflow and heat and water exchange over the mucosal surface in the nasal passage. Using the topology models of the nasal cavity with and without the MS, we demonstrated that the MS makes little contribution to the airflow pattern and the air-conditioning performance within the nasal cavity in macaques. Instead, the inhaled air is conditioned well in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity before reaching the MS in both macaques and savanna monkeys. These findings suggest that the evolutionary modifications and coetaneous variations in the nasal anatomy are rather independent of transitions and variations in the climate and atmospheric environment found in the habitats of macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Mori
- Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Sho Hanida
- Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kumahata
- RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Juri Suzuki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Teruo Matsuzawa
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Takeshi D Nishimura
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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12
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13
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Miller FJ, Kimbell JS, Preston RJ, Overton JH, Gross EA, Conolly RB. The fractions of respiratory tract cells at risk in formaldehyde carcinogenesis. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:689-706. [PMID: 21888524 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.603190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clonal growth modeling of carcinogenesis requires data on the number of cells at risk of becoming cancerous. We synthesized literature data to estimate the fraction of respiratory tract epithelial cells that are progenitor cells, and therefore at risk, in formaldehyde carcinogenesis for specific respiratory tract regions. We concluded that the progenitor cells for the transitional and respiratory epithelia of the nose are basal and nonciliated cells and Type II cells in the alveolar region. In the conducting airways, our evaluation indicated that ciliated and basal cells are not in the progenitor pool. Respiratory tract epithelial cell fractions of 0.819 in rats and 0.668 in humans were estimated from the data. The total numbers of epithelial cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and rats were allocated to individual generations. Cell cycle times were also estimated from literature data, since the reciprocal of cell cycle time is an important variable in clonal growth modeling. Sensitivity analyses of a previously published risk model for formaldehyde carcinogenesis showed that specification of the fraction of cells at risk markedly affects estimates of some parameters of the clonal growth model. When all epithelial cells are considered part of the progenitor pool, additional risks for the non-smoking population was typically over predicted by about 35% for high exposure levels. These results demonstrate the importance of accurately identifying cell populations at risk when applying quantitative models in risk assessments.
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14
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Pereira ME, Macri NP, Creasy DM. Evaluation of the Rabbit Nasal Cavity in Inhalation Studies and a Comparison with Other Common Laboratory Species and Man. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:893-900. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311409594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rabbit is occasionally used for inhalation and intranasal safety assessment studies, but there are no detailed descriptions of the anatomy or histology of the rabbit nose. To address this deficit, the nasal cavities of thirty-two control adult rabbits were sectioned and examined to provide mapping of the main epithelial types and histological structures present within the cavity and turbinates. Four levels of the nasal cavity were prepared and examined using anatomic landmarks. Level I was sectioned immediately posterior to the incisors, Level II at the first palatal ridge, Level III immediately anterior to the first upper premolar teeth, and Level IV immediately anterior to the first upper molar. Level I was lined predominantly by squamous epithelium with small amounts of thick transitional epithelium, and examination is recommended only for studies involving test article administration via instillation. Level II was lined primarily with transitional and respiratory epithelia, whereas Levels III and IV were lined with respiratory and olfactory epithelia and often contained nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. The vomeronasal organs were evident only in Level II. The similarities and differences of these features are compared with those of other common laboratory species (rat, mouse, dog, and cynomolgus monkey) and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia E. Pereira
- Histo-Scientific Research Laboratories, Mount Jackson, Virginia, USA
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15
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Knasmueller S, Holland N, Wultsch G, Jandl B, Burgaz S, Misík M, Nersesyan A. Use of nasal cells in micronucleus assays and other genotoxicity studies. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:231-8. [PMID: 21164207 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity experiments with exfoliated nasal mucosa cells are a promising minimally invasive approach for the detection of DNA-damaging compounds in ambient air. Results of single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays with individual cells and organ cultures from bioptic material show that DNA damage caused by compounds such as nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides can be detected. Biochemical studies indicate that enzymes involved in the metabolism of environmental mutagens are represented in nasal cells. Several protocols for experiments with nasal cells have been developed and it was shown that formaldehyde, metals, styrene and crystalline silica induce DNA damage in SCGE and/or in micronucleus studies; furthermore, it was also found that polluted urban air causes DNA instability in nasal epithelial cells. Comparisons of these data with results obtained in lymphocytes and buccal cells indicate that nasal cells are in general equally sensitive. Broad variations in the baseline levels, differences of results obtained in various studies as well as the lack of information concerning the impact of confounding factors on the outcome of experiments with these cells indicate the need for further standardisation of the experimental protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Carey SA, Minard KR, Trease LL, Wagner JG, Garcia GJM, Ballinger CA, Kimbell JS, Plopper CG, Corley RA, Postlethwait EM, Harkema JR, Einstein DR. Three-dimensional mapping of ozone-induced injury in the nasal airways of monkeys using magnetic resonance imaging and morphometric techniques. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:27-40. [PMID: 17325970 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601072343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in gross and microscopic structure of the nasal cavity may alter local tissue susceptibility as well as the dose of inhaled toxicant delivered to susceptible sites. This article describes a novel method for the use of magnetic resonance imaging, 3-dimensional airway modeling, and morphometric techniques to characterize the distribution and magnitude of ozone-induced nasal injury in infant monkeys. Using this method, we generated age-specific, 3-dimensional, epithelial maps of the nasal airways of infant Rhesus macaques. The principal nasal lesions observed in this primate model of ozone-induced nasal toxicology were neutrophilic rhinitis, along with necrosis and exfoliation of the epithelium lining the anterior maxilloturbinate. These lesions, induced by acute or cyclic (episodic) exposures, were examined by light microscopy, quantified by morphometric techniques, and mapped on 3-dimensional models of the nasal airways. Here, we describe the histopathologic, imaging, and computational biology methods developed to precisely characterize, localize, quantify, and map these nasal lesions. By combining these techniques, the location and severity of the nasal epithelial injury were correlated with epithelial type, nasal airway geometry, and local biochemical and molecular changes on an individual animal basis. These correlations are critical for accurate predictive modeling of exposure-dose-response relationships in the nasal airways, and subsequent extrapolation of nasal findings in animals to humans for determining risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Carey
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1224, USA
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Renne RA, Gideon KM, Harbo SJ, Staska LM, Grumbein SL. Upper respiratory tract lesions in inhalation toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:163-9. [PMID: 17325985 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601052667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes some important differences in normal histology of the upper respiratory tract of laboratory animals. It also provides examples of lesions observed or reported in the upper respiratory tract of laboratory animals, predominantly rodents, exposed via inhalation. The anatomy and physiology of upper respiratory tract tissues play a major role in the response to an insult, given that different epithelial types vary in susceptibility to injury and toxicant exposure concentrations throughout the airway vary due to airflow dynamics. Although dogs and nonhuman primates are utilized for inhalation toxicology studies, less information is available regarding sites of upper respiratory injury and types of responses in these species. Awareness of interspecies differences in normal histology and zones of transition from squamous to respiratory to olfactory epithelium in different areas of the upper respiratory tract is critical to detection and description of lesions. Repeated inhalation of chemicals, drugs, or environmental contaminants induces a wide range of responses, depending on the physical properties of the toxicant and concentration and duration of exposure. Accurate and consistent fixation, trimming, and microtomy of tissue sections using anatomic landmarks are critical steps in providing the pathologist the tools needed to compare the morphology of upper respiratory tract tissues from exposed and control animals and detect and interpret subtle differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Renne
- Battelle Toxicology Northwest, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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18
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Harkema JR, Carey SA, Wagner JG. The nose revisited: a brief review of the comparative structure, function, and toxicologic pathology of the nasal epithelium. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:252-69. [PMID: 16698724 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600713475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nose is a very complex organ with multiple functions that include not only olfaction, but also the conditioning (e.g., humidifying, warming, and filtering) of inhaled air. The nose is also a "scrubbing tower" that removes inhaled chemicals that may be harmful to the more sensitive tissues in the lower tracheobronchial airways and pulmonary parenchyma. Because the nasal airway may also be a prime target for many inhaled toxicants, it is important to understand the comparative aspects of nasal structure and function among laboratory animals commonly used in inhalation toxicology studies, and how nasal tissues and cells in these mammalian species may respond to inhaled toxicants. The surface epithelium lining the nasal passages is often the first tissue in the nose to be directly injured by inhaled toxicants. Five morphologically and functionally distinct epithelia line the mammalian nasal passages--olfactory, respiratory, squamous, transitional, and lymphoepithelial--and each nasal epithelium may be injured by an inhaled toxicant. Toxicant-induced epithelial lesions in the nasal passages of laboratory animals (and humans) are often site-specific and dependent on the intranasal regional dose of the inhaled chemical and the sensitivity of the nasal epithelial tissue to the specific chemical. In this brief review, we present examples of nonneoplastic epithelial lesions (e.g., cell death, hyperplasia, metaplasia) caused by single or repeated exposure to various inhaled chemical toxicants. In addition, we provide examples of how nasal maps may be used to record the character, magnitude and distribution of toxicant-induced epithelial injury in the nasal airways of laboratory animals. Intranasal mapping of nasal histopathology (or molecular and biochemical alterations to the nasal mucosa) may be used along with innovative dosimetric models to determine dose/response relationships and to understand if site-specific lesions are driven primarily by airflow, by tissue sensitivity, or by another mechanism of toxicity. The present review provides a brief overview of comparative nasal structure, function and toxicologic pathology of the mammalian nasal epithelium and a brief discussion on how data from animal toxicology studies have been used to estimate the risk of inhaled chemicals to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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19
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Nikasinovic L, Momas I, Seta N. Nasal epithelial and inflammatory response to ozone exposure: a review of laboratory-based studies published since 1985. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2003; 6:521-568. [PMID: 12888446 DOI: 10.1080/10937400306477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes biological events in human and animal nasal epithelium after short- and long-term exposure to ozone, the principal agent in photochemical smog. Despite anatomical and histological interspecies differences, ozone exposures resulted in common nasal qualitative alterations with an anterior-posterior gradient of phenomena occurring immediately, and with a lag time postexposure: epithelial disruption and increased permeability, inflammatory cell influx, and proliferative and secretory responses. Described mechanisms of toxicity included a direct effect of ozone on epithelial lining fluid and cellular membranes and the subsequent release of cytokines and cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products. An indirect effect of ozone was indicated by a decreased mucociliary clearance, free radicals production interacting with a gene promoting factor, and increased DNA synthesis. Studies highlighted the pivotal role of activated neutrophils and mast cells leading to the release of deleterious enzymes (tryptase, eosinophil cationic protein) and numerous cytokines. Experiments performed with ozone exposure/allergen challenge reported that, besides the intrinsic deleterious properties of ozone, it also had a priming effect on the late-phase response to allergen challenge, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of respiratory allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nikasinovic
- Laboratoire d'Hygiène et de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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20
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Kumar P, Timoney JF, Southgate HH, Sheoran AS. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies of the nasal turbinates of the horse. Anat Histol Embryol 2000; 29:103-9. [PMID: 10932387 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2000.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The nasal turbinates of 5 young horses were studied by light and scanning electron-microscopy. Stratified cuboidal epithelium lined the rostral part of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates of the vestibular region. The polyangular microvillus cells of this region were separated by linear depressions. The mid and caudal parts of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates and the rostral part of the ethmoturbinates were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated respiratory epithelium. Numerous cilia with dilated blebs on the ciliated cells concealed adjacent non-ciliated supporting cells and goblet cells. The olfactory zone consisting of the olfactory vesicle and a dense network of olfactory cilia localized to the caudal part of the ethmoturbinates. The three regions were delineated from each other by transitional zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0099, USA
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21
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Abstract
Lymphoid tissue associated with mucosal membranes is found not only along the gastrointestinal tract, but also in the tonsils, the upper and lower airways, and the conjunctiva of the eye. The epithelia overlying this mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) contain membranous (M) cells which transport antigenic matter across the mucosal membrane to initiate immune responses. Although the morphology and function of intestinal M cells have been thoroughly studied, relatively little is known about the presence and properties of M cells in MALT outside the gut. The available data on ultrastructure, histochemistry, and antigen sampling function of the epithelia in tonsils, nasal-, larynx-, bronchus-, and conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue are reviewed and critically discussed. It is concluded that, in principle, the concepts of mucosal immune protection can be applied to these sites of MALT. However, it is questionable whether a separate cell type similar to intestinal M cells exists and performs antigen sampling in the different MALT epithelia. Further studies combining functional and morphological techniques are essential to understand the initiation of immune reaction at the mucosal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gebert
- Centre of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30623, Germany
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22
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Wako K, Hiratsuka H, Katsuta O, Tsuchitani M. Anatomical structure and surface epithelial distribution in the nasal cavity of the common cotton-eared marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Exp Anim 1999; 48:31-6. [PMID: 10067203 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.48.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To validate use of the common cotton-eared marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in inhalation toxicity studies, its nasal morphology was examined. The nasal turbinates each consisted of one maxilloturbinate and one ethmoturbinate: these were more planar in structure than the comparable structures of rodents or dogs. The nasal cavity epithelia comprised squamous epithelium (SE), nasal transitional epithelium (NTE), respiratory epithelium (RE) and olfactory epithelium (OE), listed in order of occurrence from anterior to posterior positions. NTE was distributed as a narrow band lying between SE and RE. OE was limited to the dorsal part of the cavity, which was structurally similar to that of the macaque or man. Overall, this study revealed structural the similarity of the whole nasal cavity in the marmoset to that of macaques or humans. Prediction of nasal cavity changes in man based on extrapolation from experimentally induced changes in the common marmoset therefore seems likely to be feasible, making it a useful animal model for inhalation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wako
- Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perry
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UMDS, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, UK
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24
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Kahwa C, Balemba O. The non-olfactory nasal epithelium in the adult goat: a scanning electron microscopic study. Small Rumin Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(97)00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Yeh HC, Brinker RM, Harkema JR, Muggenburg BA. A comparative analysis of primate nasal airways using magnetic resonance imaging and nasal casts. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL MEDICINE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AEROSOLS IN MEDICINE 1997; 10:319-29. [PMID: 10175962 DOI: 10.1089/jam.1997.10.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The nasal cavity is an intricate part of the respiratory tract. It is not only the site of olfaction, but also serves as a filter to protect the lower respiratory tract from inhaled pollutants. A substantial fraction of inhaled particles deposit in this region and may pose potential health risks. To predict possible sites of inhaled aerosol deposition and better understand health risks associated with inhaled aerosols in this region, it is necessary to examine the morphometry of the nasal passage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the nose was done from the anterior to the posterior, in 3-mm sections, on five anesthetized rhesus monkeys and on two nasal casts (one human and one rhesus monkey). The MRI images were analyzed for perimeter and cross-sectional areas of each section. Results indicated that the left and right nasal passages were very symmetric for the five monkeys but not for the human cast. The cross-sectional area and, consequently, the volume varied greatly among monkeys in vivo. Measurements from the monkey cast exhibited 1.4-fold differences normalized body weight in cross-sectional areas, but with smaller differences in perimeter when compared to the MRI in vivo images. The human cast exhibited a volume three times greater than that of the monkey cast, while the surface area was approximately doubled. Results from this comparison showed many similarities in the structure of the monkey and human nose suggesting that the rhesus monkey would be a good human surrogate in aerosol deposition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Yeh
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little information is available on the ultrastructure of the nasal cavity epithelium of the piglet. However, the nasal respiratory epithelium plays an important role in the pathology of atrophic rhintis of the piglet. Indeed, ciliated cells and mucus play a co-ordinate role in the colonization of the nasal cavity by the etiological agents of the disease. METHODS In the present study, samples of the ventral nasal turbinates of germ-free piglets were processed for observation in the transmission electron microcope to describe the ultrastructure of their covering respiratory epithelium. RESULTS Five morphologically distinct cell types were observed. Ciliated cells and basal cells were similar to that described in the nasal cavity of other species. On the basis of their secretory granule morphology, five forms of goblet cells were observed. Nonciliated, nonsecretory columnar cells with short, thick, regularly and densely spaced apical microvilli were identified as brush cells. A distinct type of secretory cells was found. Their apical surface protruded above the adjacent cells and had a few microvilli covered with thin hairlike projections. They were rich in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and had an apocrinelike type of secretion. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the complexity of cell types of the piglet nasal respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Martineau-Doizé
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies du Porc (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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27
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Russell MW, Moldoveanu Z, White PL, Sibert GJ, Mestecky J, Michalek S M. Salivary, nasal, genital, and systemic antibody responses in monkeys immunized intranasally with a bacterial protein antigen and the Cholera toxin B subunit. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1272-83. [PMID: 8606090 PMCID: PMC173915 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1272-1283.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous attempts to induce mucosal antibodies in rhesus monkeys by enteric immunization have resulted in only modest and short-lived responses, dominated by immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in the plasma. In this study, two groups of rhesus monkeys were immunized intranasally three times at 2-week intervals with a bacterial protein antigen (AgI/II) either chemically coupled to or mixed with the B subunit of cholera toxin (CT), a known potent mucosal immunogen and carrier for other immunogens. Cells secreting antibodies, predominantly of the IgA isotype, to AgI/II and to CT were detected in the peripheral blood 1 week after each immunization, indicating the dissemination of IgA-secreting precursor cells through the mucosal immune system. IgG and, to a lesser extent, IgA antibodies to both proteins were induced in the plasma commencing after the second immunization. Plasma IgE concentrations and IgE antibody levels were not consistently raised during the immunization period. IgA antibodies were found in nasal and vaginal washes. Nasal IgG but not IgA antibodies showed a significant positive correlation with plasma IgG antibody levels, suggesting that they were largely derived by transudation from the circulation. Analysis of the molecular form of vaginal IgA indicated that both secretory and monomeric forms of IgA were present in various proportions. Furthermore, neither IgG nor IgA antibodies in vaginal washes were correlated with plasma antibody responses, suggesting the contribution of locally synthesized antibodies of both isotypes. Comparison of the responses between the two groups of animals showed only sporadic significant differences, indicating that intranasal immunization with AgI/II either coupled to or mixed with the B subunit of CT was equally effective at inducing generalized IgA antibody responses in the mucosal immune system and predominantly IgG antibodies in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Russell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35215, USA
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28
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Harkema JR, Morgan KT. Normal Morphology of the Nasal Passages in Laboratory Rodents. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61042-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Gebert A, Rothkötter HJ, Pabst R. M cells in Peyer's patches of the intestine. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1996; 167:91-159. [PMID: 8768493 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
M cells are specialized epithelial cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. A characteristic of M cells is that they transport antigens from the lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response or tolerance. Soluble macromolecules, small particles, and also entire microorganisms are transported by M cells. The interactions of these substances with the M cell surface, their transcytosis, and the role of associated lymphoid cells are reviewed in detail. The ultrastructure and several immuno- and lectin-histochemical properties of M cells vary according to species and location along the intestine. We present updated reports on these variations, on identification markers, and on the origin and differentiation of M cells. The immunological significance of M cells and their functional relationship to lymphocytes and antigenpresenting cells are critically reviewed. The current knowledge on M cells in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues outside the gut is briefly outlined. Clinical implications for drug deliver, infection, and vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gebert
- Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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30
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Gulisano M, Pacini P, Marceddu S, Orlandini GE. Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the alterations induced by polluted air in the rabbit bronchial epithelium. Ann Anat 1995; 177:125-31. [PMID: 7741271 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of evaluating the influence of polluted air on the respiratory epithelium, ten New Zealand white rabbits, from a group of fifteen kept in the country, were transported to a site located in a metropolitan area. After 40 days, all the rabbits were killed, and the bronchial mucosa studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the animals exposed to polluted air, the ciliated cells, less numerous than in normal cases, show an evident decrease in the number and size of the cilia, exposing apical microvilli. It is therefore possible to hypothesize that a part of the non-ciliated cells is made up of cells that have lost their cilia. The number of non-ciliated elements and the amount of mucous secretion appear to have noticeably increased. The considerable response of the respiratory epithelium to inhaled agents appears to be confirmed, as is the irritant effect of polluted city air.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulisano
- Dipartimento di Anatomia Umana e Istologia, Università di Firenze, Policlinico di Careggi, Italy
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31
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Zabner J, Petersen DM, Puga AP, Graham SM, Couture LA, Keyes LD, Lukason MJ, St George JA, Gregory RJ, Smith AE. Safety and efficacy of repetitive adenovirus-mediated transfer of CFTR cDNA to airway epithelia of primates and cotton rats. Nat Genet 1994; 6:75-83. [PMID: 7511023 DOI: 10.1038/ng0194-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) will require the safe transfer of CFTR cDNA to airway epithelia in vivo. We showed previously that a recombinant adenovirus, Ad2/CFTR-1, expresses CFTR in vitro. As adenovirus rarely integrates, treatment will require repeated vector administration. We applied Ad2/CFTR-1 to intrapulmonary airway epithelia of cotton rats and nasal epithelia of Rhesus monkeys. In both species we detected CFTR mRNA and protein after repeated administration and in monkeys, protein was detected six weeks after repeat administration. The vector did not replicate and was rapidly cleared. Despite an antibody response, there was no evidence of a local or systemic inflammatory response after repeat administration. These data indicate that repetitive administration of Ad2/CFTR-1 is both safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zabner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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32
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Calderon-Garcidueñas L, Roy-Ocotla G. Nasal cytology in southwest metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants: a pilot intervention study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1993; 101:138-44. [PMID: 8354200 PMCID: PMC1519752 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.101-1519752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Southwest metropolitan Mexico City (SWMMC) inhabitants have been exposed several hours per day for the last 6 years to photochemical smog, ozone being the most important oxidant pollutant. Subjects exposed to the SWMMC atmosphere develop several histopathological changes in their nasal mucosa: dysplasia is the most significant, affecting 78.72% of adult individuals within 60 or more days of residence in SWMMC. This study was originally designed to explore whether chemical intervention could modify nasal dysplasia, as determined by nasal cytology, in a defined adult population. In a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial, 177 healthy male subjects were divided into 5 groups to whom 5000 IU of vitamin A, 100 IU of vitamin E, a combination of vitamins A and E (5000 IU + 100 IU), 16 mg of beta-carotene, or placebo were administered daily for 4 months. Sixteen clinical and cytological variables were monitored. No effect on dysplasia was seen at the end of the 4-month trial; however, an apparent reversibility as well as progression of the dysplastic nasal lesions and high correlation coefficients between dysplasia and nasal cytology of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs; 0.85), squamous metaplasia (SM; 0.50), and nasal mucosa atrophy (NMA; 0.41) were found. A mathematical theoretical nasal dysplasia (tD) predictor equation for SWMMC adult male inhabitants is proposed (tD = 0.85 delta PMNs + 0.50 delta SM + 0.41 delta NMA + 0.98), in which PMNs are the best single dysplasia predictor, and all variables are independent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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33
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Kuper CF, Koornstra PJ, Hameleers DM, Biewenga J, Spit BJ, Duijvestijn AM, van Breda Vriesman PJ, Sminia T. The role of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1992; 13:219-24. [PMID: 1627250 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), which comprises paired lymphoid organs in the nasopharynx of rodents, is the principal mucosal lymphoid tissue of the respiratory tract. As described in this review, NALT bears certain similarities to the Peyer's patches of the intestine but the two differ remarkably in morphology, lymphoid migration patterns and the binding properties of their high endothelial venules (HEV).
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Kuper
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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34
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Abstract
The nose is a structurally and functionally complex organ. There are many conspicuous differences in the gross and microscopic anatomy of this organ among mammalian species. Because the nasal airways can be a target for many inhaled toxicants, it is important that toxicologic pathologists understand the normal nasal anatomy in laboratory animals commonly used in inhalation studies. In this brief review, species differences in gross anatomy, in nasal airway epithelia, and in the distribution and composition of the mucous secretory product are emphasized. In addition, the variance in surface epithelium throughout the nasal airway of one species is illustrated. The nasal surface epithelium varies in a) the types of cells present in various intranasal locations in the same species; b) the types of cells in different species in the same relative location; and c) the abundance and distribution of stored secretory product in different intranasal regions and in different species. This structural diversity translates into various functional differences and possibly into dissimilarities in the response to inhaled toxicants. Responsible estimates of risks of nasal toxicants to human health must be made with a knowledge of the differences and similarities of the structural components in human and animal nasal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Harkema
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
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35
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Abstract
The surface features of the upper respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of various ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. In the rostral part of the nasal cavity, there was a wide zone of non-ciliated epithelium whereas, caudally, the surface was well ciliated. This latter type of epithelium extended into the nasopharynx and guttural pouches although scattered areas of non-ciliated microvillous cells were also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pirie
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden
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36
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37
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Johnson NF, Hotchkiss JA, Harkema JR, Henderson RF. Proliferative responses of rat nasal epithelia to ozone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 103:143-55. [PMID: 2315925 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(90)90270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the female Fischer 344/N rat anterior nasal cavity was examined and found to be composed of four types of epithelia: squamous, ciliated respiratory, nonciliated cuboidal/transitional, and olfactory. DNA replication in these tissues was monitored by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation. Labeled cells were identified using a monoclonal antibody recognizing BrdUrd. Ciliated respiratory, nonciliated cuboidal/transitional, and olfactory epithelia from control animals had a low level of DNA replication (1 labeled cell/mm basal lamina); in contrast, the squamous epithelium contained 40 labeled cells per millimeter basal lamina. Female Fischer 344/N rats were exposed to 0.0, 0.12, 0.27, or 0.8 ppm ozone, 6 hr/day for up to 7 days. Observations were made after 3 or 7 days of exposure and after 3 or 7 days of recovery from the 7-day exposure. Following exposure to 0.8 ppm ozone, a transient but marked increase in DNA replication was seen in the nonciliated cuboidal/transitional, while in ciliated respiratory and olfactory epithelia the transient increase in DNA replication was less marked. This increase was prominent after 3 days of exposure and absent by 7 days of exposure in all but the cuboidal/transitional epithelium. Exposure to 0.8 ppm ozone for either 3 or 7 days resulted in hyperplasia of the cuboidal epithelium. A depressed level of DNA replication was seen in the squamous epithelium following 7 days of recovery from 7 days of ozone exposure to 0.8 ppm ozone. This study shows that there are regional differences in DNA replication within the anterior nasal epithelium of the rat and that these levels are modulated by exposure to irritants. The cuboidal/transitional epithelium was the most responsive epithelial cell type to the effects of ozone exposure and may, therefore, provide a sensitive indicator of irritant damage to the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Johnson
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
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38
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Kuper CF, Hameleers DM, Bruijntjes JP, van der Ven I, Biewenga J, Sminia T. Lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in the rat. An immuno- and enzyme-histochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 259:371-7. [PMID: 2337928 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte and macrophage subpopulations and the stroma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the nasal cavity of the rat were examined by application of immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical methods to cryostat sections. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue was composed of a loose reticular network with lymphocytes and macrophages, covered by epithelium. The epithelium was infiltrated with B cells. T helper (W3/13-positive) and T suppressor/cytotoxic or large granular cells (OX8-positive), ED1-positive macrophages and Ia-positive cells. The B cell areas were populated by B cells, immunopositive for surface IgM or IgG. B cells with surface IgA or IgE were rare. Germinal centres were found infrequently. T helper cells were scattered throughout the B cell area. A few ED1-positive macrophages and ED5-positive follicular dendritic cells were observed. Strong Ia staining (mostly of B cells) was found in this area. The T cell areas contained T helper and T suppressor/cytotoxic cells in about equal amounts, and numerous ED1-positive macrophages. ED1 staining was also found in the subepithelial area. Numerous ED1-, ED2- and ED3-positive macrophages were found in the border between the lymphoid mass and the surrounding connective tissue. A few non-lymphoid cells showed weak acid phosphatase or non-specific esterase activity. The morphological observations suggest that nasal-associated lymphoid tissue plays an important role in the first contact with inhaled antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Kuper
- TNO-CIVO Toxicology and Nutrition Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
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39
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Hotchkiss JA, Harkema JR, Sun JD, Henderson RF. Comparison of acute ozone-induced nasal and pulmonary inflammatory responses in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 98:289-302. [PMID: 2711392 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(89)90234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The centriacinar pulmonary lesion induced by ozone has been extensively characterized, but little is known about the effects of this oxidant gas in the upper airways. The present study was designed to compare the effects of acute ozone exposure in the nose and lungs of rats. We examined the cellular inflammatory responses in the nasal cavity and lower respiratory tract by means of nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage and morphometric quantitation of neutrophils within the nasal mucosa and pulmonary terminal bronchioloalveolar duct regions (i.e., centriacinar). Rats were exposed to 0.0, 0.12, 0.8, or 1.5 ppm ozone for 6 hr and were sacrificed immediately or 3, 18, 42, or 66 hr following exposure. Eighteen hours after exposure, increased numbers of neutrophils, as compared to controls, were recovered from nasal lavage fluid (NLF) of rats exposed to 0.12 ppm ozone. There was no change in the number of neutrophils recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at any time after exposure. Rats exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone had more neutrophils in NLF than controls immediately after exposure, but no concomitant increase in BALF neutrophils at that time. However, as the number of neutrophils in BALF increased (maximum at 42 hr), the number of neutrophils recovered from NLF decreased (minimum at 42 hr). Rats exposed to 1.5 ppm ozone had no significant increases in nasal neutrophils in NLF at any time after exposure but had greatly increased numbers of neutrophils in BALF 3, 18, and 42 hr after exposure. The number of neutrophils recovered by nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage accurately reflected the tissue neutrophil response at sites within the nasal cavity and lung that were injured by acute ozone exposure. Our results suggest that at high ozone concentrations (0.8 and 1.5 ppm), the acute nasal inflammatory response is attenuated by a simultaneous, competing, inflammatory response within the centriacinar region of the lung. Analysis of nasal lavage fluid for changes in cellular composition may be a useful indicator of acute exposure to ambient levels of ozone, but at higher ozone levels, the nasal cellular inflammatory response may underestimate the effects of ozone on nasal and pulmonary epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hotchkiss
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
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40
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Petridou-Fischer J, Whaley SL, Dahl AR. In vivo metabolism of nasally instilled dihydrosafrole [1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane] in dogs and monkeys. Chem Biol Interact 1987; 64:1-12. [PMID: 3690720 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(87)90056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nasal metabolism of inhaled material may influence its biological fate and toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in a noninvasive and qualitative manner, the in vivo nasal metabolic activity towards 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane (dihydrosafrole). Dihydrosafrole was the compound of choice as a representative of the methylenedioxyphenyl compounds. Methylenedioxyphenyl compounds, inhaled as essences or insecticide synergists, have complex interactions with cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, causing both inhibition and induction. Clearance of dihydrosafrole and its metabolites from both the ethmoid (olfactory) and maxillary (respiratory) turbinate regions of Beagle dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys was examined. Nasopharyngeal mucus was collected at frequent intervals during periodic instillation of dihydrosafrole (and, for the dogs, 24 h after instillation). Blood, urine and feces were collected to examine dihydrosafrole clearance from the nose during instillations and up to 48 h after completion of the nasal instillations of [3H]dihydrosafrole. Analysis of mucus for dihydrosafrole metabolites was by HPLC. Most of the recovered radioactivity was in urine and blood samples over the first 24 h. Radioactivity was recovered from the nasopharyngeal mucus in both organic extractable and water soluble forms. HPLC of the organic extracts demonstrated that [3H]dihydrosafrole instilled in either turbinate region was metabolized to 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-propenylphenol and 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-1-ol. A number of minor metabolites were produced in both species. One mucus sample from an ethmoid-instilled dog contained 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propene (isosafrole) as a metabolite. Results from this study indicate that interspecies, inter-individual, and inter-regional differences occur in the metabolism of nasally deposited dihydrosafrole in monkeys and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Petridou-Fischer
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87185
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