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Brightly WH, Crifò C, Gallaher TJ, Hermans R, Lavin S, Lowe AJ, Smythies CA, Stiles E, Wilson Deibel P, Strömberg CAE. Palms of the past: can morphometric phytolith analysis inform deep time evolution and palaeoecology of Arecaceae? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:263-282. [PMID: 38687211 PMCID: PMC11232524 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Palm fossils are often used as evidence for warm and wet palaeoenvironments, reflecting the affinities of most modern palms. However, several extant palm lineages tolerate cool and/or arid climates, making a clear understanding of the taxonomic composition of ancient palm communities important for reliable palaeoenvironmental inference. However, taxonomically identifiable palm fossils are rare and often confined to specific facies. Although the resolution of taxonomic information they provide remains unclear, phytoliths (microscopic silica bodies) provide a possible solution because of their high preservation potential under conditions where other plant fossils are scarce. We thus evaluate the taxonomic and palaeoenvironmental utility of palm phytoliths. METHODS We quantified phytolith morphology of 97 modern palm and other monocot species. Using this dataset, we tested the ability of five common discriminant methods to identify nine major palm clades. We then compiled a dataset of species' climate preferences and tested if they were correlated with phytolith morphology using a phylogenetic comparative approach. Finally, we reconstructed palm communities and palaeoenvironmental conditions at six fossil sites. KEY RESULTS Best-performing models correctly identified phytoliths to their clade of origin only 59 % of the time. Although palms were generally distinguished from non-palms, few palm clades were highly distinct, and phytolith morphology was weakly correlated with species' environmental preferences. Reconstructions at all fossil sites suggested that palm communities were dominated by Trachycarpeae and Areceae, with warm, equable climates and high, potentially seasonal rainfall. However, fossil site reconstructions had high uncertainty and often conflicted with other climate proxies. CONCLUSIONS While phytolith morphology provides some distinction among palm clades, caution is warranted. Unlike prior spatially restricted studies, our geographically and phylogenetically broad study indicates phytolith morphology may not reliably differentiate most palm taxa in deep time. Nevertheless, it reveals distinct clades, including some likely to be palaeoenvironmentally informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Brightly
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, University of Sheffield, SheffieldS10 2TN, UK
| | - C Crifò
- Conservatoire d'espaces naturels de Provence-Alpes Côte d' Azur - Maison de la Crau, 13310 Saint-Martin de Crau, France
| | - T J Gallaher
- Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
| | - R Hermans
- Archaeology, Environmental Changes and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - S Lavin
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - A J Lowe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C A Smythies
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - E Stiles
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - P Wilson Deibel
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Nguyen AT, Atkinson BA. Cretaceous and Paleocene fossils reveal an extinct higher clade within Cornales, the dogwood order. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16372. [PMID: 39010697 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Characterization and phylogenetic integration of fossil angiosperms with uncertain affinities is relatively limited, which may obscure the diversity of extinct higher taxa in the flowering plant tree of life. The order Cornales contains a diversity of extinct taxa with uncertain familial affinities that make it an ideal group for studying turnover in angiosperms. Here, we describe a new extinct genus of Cornales unassignable to an extant family and conduct a series of phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct relationships of fossils across the order. METHODS Two permineralized endocarps were collected from the Cedar District Formation (Campanian, 82-80 Ma) of Sucia Island, State of Washington, United States. Fossils were sectioned with the cellulose acetate peel technique and incorporated into a morphological dataset. To assess the utility of this dataset to accurately place taxa in their respective clades, we used a series of phylogenetic pseudofossilization analyses. We then conducted a total-evidence analysis and a scaffold-based approach to determine relationships of fossils. RESULTS Based on their unique combination of characters, the fossils represent a new genus, Fenestracarpa washingtonensis gen. nov. et sp. nov. Pseudofossilization analyses indicate that our morphological dataset can be used to accurately recover taxa at the major clade to family level, generally with moderate to high support. The total-evidence and scaffold-based analyses recovered Fenestracarpa and other fossil genera in an entirely extinct clade within Cornales. CONCLUSIONS Our findings increase the reported diversity of extinct Cornales and indicate that the order's initial radiation likely included the divergence of an extinct higher clade that endured the end-Cretaceous Mass extinction but perished during the Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA
| | - Brian A Atkinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, KS, USA
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Pérez-Calle V, Bellot S, Kuhnhäuser BG, Pillon Y, Forest F, Leitch IJ, Baker WJ. Phylogeny, biogeography and ecological diversification of New Caledonian palms (Arecaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:85-100. [PMID: 38527418 PMCID: PMC11161567 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The geographical origin and evolutionary mechanisms underpinning the rich and distinctive New Caledonian flora remain poorly understood. This is attributable to the complex geological past of the island and to the scarcity of well-resolved species-level phylogenies. Here, we infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of New Caledonian palms, which comprise 40 species. We use this framework to elucidate the biogeography of New Caledonian palm lineages and to explore how extant species might have formed. METHODS A phylogenetic tree including 37 New Caledonian palm species and 77 relatives from tribe Areceae was inferred from 151 nuclear genes obtained by targeted sequencing. Fossil-calibrated divergence times were estimated and ancestral ranges inferred. Ancestral and extant ecological preferences in terms of elevation, precipitation and substrate were compared between New Caledonian sister species to explore their possible roles as drivers of speciation. KEY RESULTS New Caledonian palms form four well-supported clades, inside which relationships are well resolved. Our results support the current classification but suggest that Veillonia and Campecarpus should be resurrected and fail to clarify whether Rhopalostylidinae is sister to or nested in Basseliniinae. New Caledonian palm lineages are derived from New Guinean and Australian ancestors, which reached the island through at least three independent dispersal events between the Eocene and Miocene. Palms then dispersed out of New Caledonia at least five times, mainly towards Pacific islands. Geographical and ecological transitions associated with speciation events differed across time and genera. Substrate transitions were more frequently associated with older events than with younger ones. CONCLUSIONS Neighbouring areas and a mosaic of local habitats shaped the palm flora of New Caledonia, and the island played a significant role in generating palm diversity across the Pacific region. This new spatio-temporal framework will enable population-level ecological and genetic studies to unpick the mechanisms underpinning New Caledonian palm endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pérez-Calle
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | | | | | - Yohan Pillon
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
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Kumar S, Hazra T, Spicer RA, Hazra M, Spicer TE, Bera S, Khan MA. Coryphoid palms from the K-Pg boundary of central India and their biogeographical implications: Evidence from megafossil remains. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:80-97. [PMID: 36876312 PMCID: PMC9975480 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ten palm leaf impressions are documented from the latest Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous) to early Danian (earliest Paleocene) sediments (K-Pg, c. 66-64 Ma) of the Mandla Lobe of the Deccan Inter-trappean Beds, Madhya Pradesh, central India. The palmate leaf shape along with a definite well-preserved costa support their placement in the subfamily Coryphoideae of the family Arecaceae. We place all recovered palm leaf specimens in the fossil genus Sabalites, report seven species of coryphoid palms and describe two new species namely, Sabalities umariaensis sp. nov. and Sabalites ghughuaensis sp. nov. The fossils indicate that coryphoid palms were highly diverse in central India by the latest Cretaceous. These and earlier reported coryphoid palm fossils from the same locality indicate that they experienced a warm and humid tropical environment during the time of deposition. These discoveries confirm the presence of a diversity of Coryphoideae in Gondwana prior to the India-Eurasia collision and provide information about coryphoid biogeographical history over geological time. Based on megafossil remains, we trace coryphoid palm migration pathways from India to mainland Southeast (SE) Asia and other parts of Asia after the docking of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia early in the Paleogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Kumar
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Taposhi Hazra
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Robert A. Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, PR China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Manoshi Hazra
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Teresa E.V. Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, PR China
| | - Subir Bera
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Mahasin Ali Khan
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
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Atkinson BA. Icacinaceae fossil provides evidence for a Cretaceous origin of the lamiids. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1374-1377. [PMID: 36376504 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Today the asterids comprise over 80,000 species of flowering plants; however, relatively little is known about the timing of their early diversification. This is particularly true for the diverse lamiid clade, which comprises half of asterid diversity. Here, a lamiid fossil fruit assigned to Icacinaceae from the Campanian of western North America provides important macrofossil evidence indicating that lamiids diverged at least 80 million years ago and sheds light on potential Cretaceous rainforest-like ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Atkinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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Chen DJ, Landis JB, Wang HX, Sun QH, Wang Q, Wang HF. Plastome structure, phylogenomic analyses and molecular dating of Arecaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960588. [PMID: 36237503 PMCID: PMC9552784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arecaceae is a species-rich clade of Arecales, while also being regarded as a morphologically diverse angiosperm family with numerous species having significant economic, medicinal, and ornamental value. Although in-depth studies focused on the chloroplast structure of Arecaceae, as well as inferring phylogenetic relationships using gene fragments, have been reported in recent years, a comprehensive analysis of the chloroplast structure of Arecaceae is still needed. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of the structural features of the chloroplast genome of Arecaceae, compare the variability of gene sequences, infer phylogenetic relationships, estimate species divergence times, and reconstruct ancestral morphological traits. In this study, 74 chloroplast genomes of Arecaceae were obtained, covering five subfamilies. The results show that all chloroplast genomes possess a typical tetrad structure ranging in size between 153,806-160,122 bp, with a total of 130-137 genes, including 76-82 protein-coding genes, 29-32 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Additionally, the total GC content was between 36.9-37.7%. Analysis of the SC/IR boundary indicated that the IR region underwent expansion or contraction. Phylogenetic relationships indicate that all five subfamilies in Arecaceae are monophyletic and that Ceroxyloideae and Arecoideae are sister groups (BS/PP = 100/1). The results of molecular dating indicate that the age of the crown group of Arecaceae is likely to be 96.60 [84.90-107.60] Ma, while the age of the stem group is 102.40 [93.44-111.17] Ma. Reconstruction of ancestral traits indicate that the ancestral characteristics of the family include monoecious plants, one seed, six stamens, and a smooth pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Juan Chen
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jacob B. Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- BTI Computational Biology Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hong-Xin Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Zhai Mingguo Academician Work Station, Sanya University, Sanya, China
| | - Qing-Hui Sun
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Hainan Shengda Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Qionghai, China
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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7
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Onstein RE, Kissling WD, Linder HP. The megaherbivore gap after the non-avian dinosaur extinctions modified trait evolution and diversification of tropical palms. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212633. [PMID: 35414237 PMCID: PMC9006001 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs (66 Ma) led to a 25 million year gap of megaherbivores (>1000 kg) before the evolution of megaherbivorous mammals in the Late Eocene (40 Ma). The botanical consequences of this 'Palaeocene megaherbivore gap' (PMHG) remain poorly explored. We hypothesize that the absence of megaherbivores should result in changes in the diversification and trait evolution of associated plant lineages. We used phylogenetic time- and trait-dependent diversification models with palms (Arecaceae) and show that the PMHG was characterized by speciation slowdowns, decreased evolution of armature and increased evolution of megafaunal (≥4 cm) fruits. This suggests that the absence of browsing by megaherbivores during the PMHG may have led to a loss of defence traits, but the absence of megaherbivorous seed dispersers did not lead to a loss of megafaunal fruits. Instead, increases in PMHG fruit sizes may be explained by simultaneously rising temperatures, rainforest expansion, and the subsequent radiation of seed-dispersing birds and mammals. We show that the profound impact of the PMHG on plant diversification can be detected even with the overwriting of adaptations by the subsequent Late Eocene opening up of megaherbivore-associated ecological opportunities. Our study provides a quantitative, comparative framework to assess diversification and adaptation during one of the most enigmatic periods in angiosperm history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske E. Onstein
- Evolution and Adaptation, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–Leipzig, Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - W. Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - H. Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, ZH Switzerland
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Duncan KE, Czymmek KJ, Jiang N, Thies AC, Topp CN. X-ray microscopy enables multiscale high-resolution 3D imaging of plant cells, tissues, and organs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:831-845. [PMID: 34618094 PMCID: PMC8825331 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Capturing complete internal anatomies of plant organs and tissues within their relevant morphological context remains a key challenge in plant science. While plant growth and development are inherently multiscale, conventional light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy platforms are typically limited to imaging of plant microstructure from small flat samples that lack a direct spatial context to, and represent only a small portion of, the relevant plant macrostructures. We demonstrate technical advances with a lab-based X-ray microscope (XRM) that bridge the imaging gap by providing multiscale high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) volumes of intact plant samples from the cell to the whole plant level. Serial imaging of a single sample is shown to provide sub-micron 3D volumes co-registered with lower magnification scans for explicit contextual reference. High-quality 3D volume data from our enhanced methods facilitate sophisticated and effective computational segmentation. Advances in sample preparation make multimodal correlative imaging workflows possible, where a single resin-embedded plant sample is scanned via XRM to generate a 3D cell-level map, and then used to identify and zoom in on sub-cellular regions of interest for high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. In total, we present the methodologies for use of XRM in the multiscale and multimodal analysis of 3D plant features using numerous economically and scientifically important plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Duncan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Ni Jiang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | | | - Christopher N Topp
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Author for communication:
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Markevich D, Walczak M, Borodin O, Szwedo J, Brożek J. Morphological reassessment of the movable calcar of delphacid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:22294. [PMID: 34785713 PMCID: PMC8595309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the morphology of calcar in adult Delphacidae based on representatives of the genera Ugyops Guérin-Meneville, 1834, Notuchus Fennah, 1969 (Ugyopini), Asiraca Latreille, 1798 (Asiracini), Kelisia Fieber, 1866, (Kelisini), Stenocranus Fieber, 1866 (Stenocranini), Chloriona Fieber, 1866, Megadelphax Wagner, 1963, Muellerianella Wagner, 1963, Javesella Fennah, 1963, Conomelus Fieber, 1866, Euconomelus Haupt, 1929, Hyledelphax Vilbaste, 1968, Stiroma Fieber, 1866, Struebingianella Wagner, 1963 and Xanthodelphax Wagner, 1963 (Delphacini). We used SEM electron microscopy, to define seven types of calcar structure (Types 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) based on combinations of characters including shape, number of teeth and differentiation of sensory structures in species from fifteen genera. Additionally, two other types (Types 3 and 4) were determined based on the calcar descriptions from previous studies. Similarities and differences in calcar structure and function were discussed and emerging relationships between planthopper species and their particular habitats were indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Markevich
- State Scientific and Production Amalgamation The Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources, Laboratory of Terrestrial Invertebrates, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 27, Akademicheskaya Str., 220050, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Marcin Walczak
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9, Bankowa St., 40007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils University, 13 - 229 Vienības Street, Daugavpils, 5401, Latvia
| | - Jacek Szwedo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology and Museum of Amber Inclusions, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59, Wita Stwosza St., 80309, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Brożek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9, Bankowa St., 40007, Katowice, Poland.
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