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Kim S, Bae W, Choi J, Lee TW, Song DH, Bae E, Jang HN, Chang SH, Park DJ. Acute kidney injury due to direct infiltration by lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma secreting IgG paraproteins: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29449. [PMID: 35713455 PMCID: PMC9276466 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) associated with a monoclonal immunoglobulin M protein. Although acute kidney injury (AKI) due to immunoglobulin M paraprotein infiltration into the renal interstitium has been reported, there has been no report of AKI with invasion of the immunoglobulin G paraprotein into the renal interstitium in a patient with LPL. PATIENT CONCERNS A 65-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with fatigue and decreased renal function. He complained of a 3-kg weight loss in the last 3 months. DIAGNOSIS The initial blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were 55.9 and 1.83 mg/dL, respectively. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal component (3.5 g/dL) in the gamma region and immunofixation electrophoresis showed an immunoglobulin G kappa monoclonal protein. Renal pathology revealed that CD3-CD20+ CD138+ lymphoid cells had infiltrated the renal interstitium. A bone marrow biopsy was compatible with LPL. INTERVENTIONS Intravenous methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg) was administered after confirming the renal pathological findings. OUTCOMES Serum creatinine decreased to 0.8 mg/dL 14 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Physicians should recognize LPL secreting various immunoglobulins as a possible cause of AKI when renal failure of unknown etiology and serum immunoglobulin paraprotein is present. A kidney biopsy should be performed for definitive diagnosis and appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Wooram Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Jungyoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Tae Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Song
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine
- Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine
- Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ha Nee Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Se-Ho Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Dong Jun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine
- Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Lin JM, Yuan XJ, Zhang L, Li G, Gan XR, Xu WH. Does Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia also cause bone destruction? A rare case report. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221096161. [PMID: 35485877 PMCID: PMC9067037 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221096161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare type of malignant B-cell lymphoma. The main feature of WM is elevated serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M, similar to multiple myeloma (MM). Unlike in MM, the rarity of destructive bone lesions in WM has been repeatedly emphasized. We report a unique case of WM with a vertebral compression fracture as the first symptom. This case highlights that the presence or absence of bone destruction may not clearly distinguish between WM and MM. The possibility of WM should be considered in patients with vertebral fracture and destruction as the first presentation. Performing vertebral bone marrow aspiration biopsy during percutaneous vertebroplasty is a convenient and effective method to assist in the diagnosis of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Yichun Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Rong Gan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, P.R. China
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Palić J, Heier A, Lehmbecker A, Baumgärtner W, Turba ME. A challenging case of lymphoproliferative disease in a cat. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:263-268. [PMID: 35181934 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old male castrated Maine Coon cat presented with edema of the right hindlimb and a markedly enlarged right popliteal lymph node. A CBC showed a neutropenia of 1.5 × 103 /μL. Radiographs and ultrasonographic examination were unremarkable. Cytology of the right popliteal lymph node revealed a mixed population of cells, consisting predominantly of medium to large plasmacytoid lymphocytes, low to moderate numbers of well-differentiated plasma cells and low numbers of small lymphocytes. Plasmacytoid lymphocytes had round nuclei with finely stippled chromatin and one prominent round nucleolus. Low numbers of binucleated cells and bizarre mitotic figures, and rare multinucleated cells were observed. Histopathologic examination of the lymph node showed effacement of the normal lymph node architecture by dense sheets of neoplastic cells. Round to polygonal tumor cells of intermediate size had a low to moderate amount of cytoplasm. Round to indented hyperchromatic nuclei were often eccentrically located and contained one distinct nucleolus. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were moderate and 21 mitoses/10 high power field (HPF) were present. Congo red staining was negative. High numbers of tumor cells were positive for lambda light chain immunoglobulin; moderate numbers stained positive for MUM-1. A clonal BCR gene rearrangement was detected with an immunoglobulin heavy chain target (IGH), immunoglobulin lambda light chain (IgL), and kappa deleting element (Kde). Differential diagnoses for the lymphoproliferative disease in this cat included lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and myeloma-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Annabelle Heier
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Wan Y, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Shen L, Hou J. Screening and identification of a novel FHL2 mutation by whole exome sequencing in twins with familial Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Cancer 2021; 127:2039-2048. [PMID: 33764527 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare chronic B-cell lymphoma. Familial clustering of WM has been observed over the years. However, little is known about the contribution of inherited genetic variants to familial WM cases. METHODS The authors performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of germline DNA samples from twins, one diagnosed with WM and the other diagnosed with immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and their healthy siblings. Bioinformatics analysis of public biological databases was used to identify the most relevant familial WM candidate from WES. Transcript expression and protein levels of the familial WM candidate were evaluated in the WM patient and 2 unaffected members of the kindred. RESULTS Among the 10 shared candidate mutations in the twins, the authors identified a novel heterozygous germline mutation in four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2; c.G226A, p.V76M) as a familial WM-associated mutation. FHL2 appeared to be connected with reported signaling pathways and disease-driving genes such as IL6 and HCK in WM. In addition, the authors found reduced FHL2 messenger RNA and protein expression in peripheral blood samples from the patient with WM in comparison with the healthy siblings. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings indicate that an FHL2g226a mutation may play an important role in familial WM, and they provide new screening possibilities for familial cases. LAY SUMMARY Familial clustering in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) has been observed over the years. The authors performed whole exome sequencing of germline DNA samples from twins, one diagnosed with WM and the other diagnosed with immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and their healthy siblings. Among the 10 shared candidate mutations in the twins, a novel heterozygous germline mutation in four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2; c.G226A, p.V76M) was identified as the most relevant familial WM candidate through bioinformatics analysis of a public database. Also, messenger RNA and protein expression of FHL2 was significantly lower in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the WM patient in comparison with the healthy siblings, and this suggested that the function of FHL2 was impaired when mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Wan
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yabin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijing Shen
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Chen Z, Li J, Shi X, Wang Y, Xia P, Ye W, Ye W, Qin Y, Li H, Li M, Li X, Wen Y, Chen L. Clinicopathological characteristics and long-term prognosis of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain associated Fanconi syndrome. Ther Adv Hematol 2021; 12:2040620720983127. [PMID: 33796233 PMCID: PMC7970675 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720983127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain associated Fanconi syndrome (LC-FS) is a rare disease that involves proximal tubules. As most of the reported cases came from western countries, we aimed to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of Asian LC-FS and its treatment responses to chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 26 LC-FS patients in a single-center were retrospectively studied. Results: At diagnosis, the mean age of the 26 Asian LC-FS patients was 54.7 ± 14.7 years, with females accounting for 57.7%. They presented with different degrees of proximal tubular dysfunctions with normoglycemic glycosuria (88.0%), hyperphosphaturia (84.2%) and aminoaciduria (84.0%) as the most common features. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was (68.0 ± 26.4) ml/min per 1.73 m2. After chemotherapy, renal response was achieved in 58.3% cases, which was accompanied by hematological response, and tubular response was acquired in 66.7% cases. During 3 years of follow-up, the eGFR levels significantly decreased in the monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance patients, few of whom (21.4%) had received chemotherapy. Conclusion: Asian LC-FS patients had mild renal function disorder. The chemotherapy could improve both renal and tubular functions, which may be related to the hematological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yubing Wen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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Orally effective FDA-approved protein kinase targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs). Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105422. [PMID: 33434619 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because dysregulation of protein kinases owing to mutations or overexpression plays causal roles in human diseases, this family of enzymes has become one of the most important drug targets of the 21st century. Of the 62 protein kinases inhibitors that are approved by the FDA, seven of them form irreversible covalent adducts with their target enzymes. The clinical success of ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase, in the treatment of mantle cell lymphomas following its approval in 2013 helped to overcome a general bias against the development of irreversible drug inhibitors. The other approved covalent drugs include acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, which also inhibit Bruton tyrosine kinase. Furthermore afatinib, dacomitinib, and osimertinib, inhibitors of members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB1/2/3/4), are used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancers. Neratinib is an inhibitor of ErbB2 and is used in the treatment of ErbB2/HER2-positive breast cancer. The seven drugs considered in this review have a common mechanism of action; this process involves the addition of a protein cysteine thiolate anion (protein‒S:-) to an acrylamide derivative (CH2=CHC(=O)N(H)R) where R represents the pharmacophore. Such reactions are commonly referred to as Michael additions and each reaction results in the formation of a covalent bond between carbon and sulfur; the final product is a thioether. This process consists of two discrete steps; the first step involves the reversible association of the drug with its target enzyme so that a weakly electrophilic functionality, a warhead, is bound near an appropriately positioned nucleophilic cysteine. In the second step, a reaction occurs between the warhead and the target enzyme cysteine to form a covalently modified and inactive protein. For this process to work, the warhead must be appropriately juxtaposed in relationship to the cysteinyl thiolate so that the covalent addition can occur. Covalent inhibitors have emerged from the ranks of drugs to be avoided to become an emerging paradigm. Much of this recent success can be attributed to the clinical efficacy of ibrutinib as well as the other antagonists covered in this review. Moreover, the covalent inhibitor methodology is swiftly gaining acceptance as a valuable component of the medicinal chemist's toolbox and is primed to make a significant impact on the development of enzyme antagonists and receptor modulators.
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Li J, Zhang R, Gu F, Liu ZL, Sun P. Optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics in Waldenström macroglobulinemia retinopathy: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:6071-6079. [PMID: 33344607 PMCID: PMC7723702 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i23.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity characterized by the infiltration of the bone marrow by clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells that produce monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the blood, and patients may present with symptoms related to the infiltration of the hematopoietic tissues or the effects of monoclonal IgM in the blood. Funduscopic abnormalities were noted in some of the patients due to hyperviscosity or other retinal lesions. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) as a non-invasive imaging tool can give qualitative and quantitative information about the status of retinal and choroidal vessels, which might be useful for diagnosing patients with WM-associated retinopathy.
CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 67-year-old man who presented with sudden visual disturbance in both eyes. Ophthalmic tests showed that best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for this patient was 20/100 in the right eye and 20/1000 in the left eye. Fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCTA revealed substantial bilateral optic disc edema, dilated and tortuous retinal veins, and diffuse intraretinal blot hemorrhages and edema which were consistent with bilateral central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Meanwhile, remarkable bilateral serous macular detachments (SMD) were noticed on OCT. Systemic examinations showed that the patient had anemia and extremely high level of monoclonal IgM and infiltration of clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow. The diagnosis of WM with hyperviscosity and retinopathy was made based on the clinical manifestation and laboratory findings. He was subsequently treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injection, plasmapheresis, and bortezomib plus rituximab with dexamethasone. Six months after treatments, the central macular volume decreased by 16.1% in the right eye and 28.6% in the left eye on OCT, and the patient’s BCVA was improved to 20/60 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye. Very good partial response was obtained after systemic treatment.
CONCLUSION WM may affect visual function and present as bilateral CRVO. OCTA can show characteristic changes in both retina and choroid vasculatures, which might be of great value for diagnosing or following patients with WM retinopathy. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment combined with systemic therapy might be beneficial for WM patients with retinopathy (SMD and CRVO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhe-Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Li J, Zhang R, Gu F, Liu ZL, Sun P. Optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics in Waldenström macroglobulinemia retinopathy: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i23.6065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Attallah HS, Moonim M, Fields P, Wrench D, Brady J, Mikhaeel NG. Primary Isolated Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma (LPL) of the Stomach: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e921840. [PMID: 32684618 PMCID: PMC7394558 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.921840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 47-year-old Final Diagnosis: LPL of the stomach Symptoms: Reflux symptoms Medication:— Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Oncology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany S Attallah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Military Medical Academy, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiation Oncology, International Medical Centre (IMC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mufaddal Moonim
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Fields
- Department of Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Wrench
- Department of Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Brady
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - N George Mikhaeel
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Division, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Dalal NH, Dores GM, Curtis RE, Linet MS, Morton LM. Cause-specific mortality in individuals with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinaemia, 2000-2016. Br J Haematol 2020; 189:1107-1118. [PMID: 32090327 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Data on cause-specific mortality after lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) are lacking. We identified causes of death amongst 7289 adults diagnosed with incident first primary LPL (n = 3108) or WM (n = 4181) during 2000-2016 in 17 USA population-based cancer registries. Based on 3132 deaths, 16-year cumulative mortality was 23·2% for lymphomas, 8·4% for non-lymphoma cancers and 14·7% for non-cancer causes for patients aged <65 years at diagnosis of LPL/WM, versus 33·4%, 11·2% and 48·7%, respectively, for those aged ≥75 years. Compared with the general population, patients with LPL/WM had a 20% higher risk of death due to non-cancer causes (n = 1341 deaths, standardised mortality ratio [SMR] 1·2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·1-1·2), most commonly from infectious (n = 188; SMR 1·8, 95% CI 1·6-2·1), respiratory (n = 143; SMR 1·2, 95% CI 1·0-1·4), and digestive (n = 80; SMR 1·8, 95% CI 1·4-2·2) diseases, but no excess mortality from cardiovascular diseases (n = 477, SMR 1·1, 95% CI 1·0-1·1). Risks were highest for non-cancer causes within 1 year of diagnosis (n = 239; SMR<1year 1·3, 95% CI 1·2-1·5), declining thereafter (n = 522; SMR≥5years 1·1, 95% CI 1·1-1·2). Myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukaemia deaths were notably increased (n = 46; SMR 4·4, 95% CI 3·2-5·9), whereas solid neoplasm deaths were only elevated among ≥5-year survivors (n = 145; SMR≥5years 1·3, 95% CI 1·1-1·5). This work identifies new areas for optimising care and reducing mortality for patients with LPL/WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H Dalal
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Graça M Dores
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA.,United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rochelle E Curtis
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha S Linet
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay M Morton
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Widely distributed purple-colored bullae and nodules in the oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 129:551-555. [PMID: 32173385 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Vinarkar S, Arora N, Chowdhury SS, Saha K, Pal B, Parihar M, Radhakrishnan VS, Chakrapani A, Bhartia S, Bhave S, Chandy M, Nair R, Mishra DK. MYD88 and CXCR4 Mutation Profiling in Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma/Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2019; 35:57-65. [PMID: 30828149 PMCID: PMC6369099 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-018-0978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent mutations affecting MYD88 and CXCR4 gene nowadays form the basis for the diagnosis, risk stratification and use of inhibitors targeting these signalling pathways in LPL/WM which are rare B cell neoplasms. MYD88 L265P mutation analysis was performed on 33 cases of LPL/WM by AS-PCR (positivity-84.8%, n = 28/33) and by Sanger sequencing (positivity-39.3%, n = 13/33). We had only two cases with CXCR4 non-sense (NS) mutation (p.S338*) using Sanger sequencing. MYD88 (L265P) mutation detection by AS-PCR can form reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of LPL/WM in molecular labs. Although the cohort is small, still the CXCR4 mutation frequency in our study is low as compared to the published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Vinarkar
- Department of Laboratory Haematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR (EW), New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156 India
| | - Neeraj Arora
- Department of Laboratory Haematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR (EW), New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156 India
| | - Sourav Sarma Chowdhury
- Department of Laboratory Haematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR (EW), New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156 India
| | - Kallol Saha
- Department of Laboratory Haematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR (EW), New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156 India
| | - Biswajoy Pal
- Department of Laboratory Haematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR (EW), New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156 India
| | - Mayur Parihar
- Department of Laboratory Haematology and Cytogenetics, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Saurabh Bhave
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Mammen Chandy
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Reena Nair
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Mishra
- Department of Laboratory Haematology and Molecular Genetics, Tata Medical Center, 14 MAR (EW), New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata, 700156 India
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Wu X, Zhang L, Feng J, Mao YY, Cao XX, Zhou DB, Li J. Bortezomib-based chemotherapy can improve renal and tubular functions in patients with light chain-associated Fanconi syndrome. Ann Hematol 2018; 98:1095-1100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Abeykoon JP, Zanwar S, Ansell SM, Winters J, Gertz MA, King RL, Murray D, Habermann T, Dingli D, Muchtar E, Go RS, Leung N, Inwards DJ, Buadi FK, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Lin Y, Gonsalves WI, Kourelis T, Witzig TE, Thompson C, Vincent Rajkumar S, Kyle RA, Kumar S, Kapoor P. Predictors of symptomatic hyperviscosity in Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Am J Hematol 2018; 93:1384-1393. [PMID: 30121949 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Symptomatic hyperviscosity is a well-established phenomenon in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). Monoclonal IgM can variably impact intrinsic serum viscosity, leading to widely disparate symptomatic thresholds for development of hyperviscosity-related symptoms. Data regarding the predictors of symptomatic hyperviscosity and outcomes related to this complication remain scarce and a recent study proposed that IgM >6000 mg/dL be considered a new criterion for initiating therapy in otherwise asymptomatic (smoldering) WM to pre-empt hyperviscosity-related injury. Herein, we attempt to identify predictors of the development of symptomatic hyperviscosity and its impact in patients with WM. Of 997 WM patients evaluated from January, 1996 through June, 2017, symptomatic hyperviscosity was observed in 130 (13%) patients. Overall survival (OS) of these 130 patients was similar to that of patients without symptomatic hyperviscosity (median: 11.5 vs 11.6 years; P = 0.63). On multivariate-analysis, only viscosity >1.8 cp (risk ratio: 4.0, P = 0.02) assessed at the time of WM diagnosis was an independent predictor for the development of subsequent symptomatic hyperviscosity. Among patients with smoldering WM and IgM >6000 mg/dL at diagnosis (n = 13) who were managed expectantly, the median time-to-initial therapy was 6.9 years and only 15% developed hyperviscosity-related symptoms subsequently. In summary, the occurrence of symptomatic hyperviscosity does not impact OS. Serum viscosity at diagnosis of WM, and not IgM concentration, represents the single most important independent predictor for development of subsequent hyperviscosity-related symptoms. Patients with smoldering WM and high serum IgM can be safely observed in the absence of any indications per the Consensus recommendations to initiate WM-directed therapy.
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15
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Samba-Mondonga M, Calvé A, Mallette FA, Santos MM. MyD88 Regulates the Expression of SMAD4 and the Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30234111 PMCID: PMC6127602 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is an adaptive protein that is essential for the induction of inflammatory cytokines through almost all the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize molecular patterns present in microorganisms called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Therefore, MyD88 plays an important role in innate immunity since its activation triggers the first line of defense against microorganisms. Herein, we describe the first reported role of MyD88 in an interconnection between innate immunity and the iron-sensing pathway (BMP/SMAD4). We found that direct interaction of MyD88 with SMAD4 protein activated hepcidin expression. The iron regulatory hormone hepcidin is indispensable for the intestinal regulation of iron absorption and iron recycling by macrophages. We show that MyD88 induces hepcidin expression in a manner dependent on the proximal BMP responsive element on the hepcidin gene (HAMP) promoter. We identified the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of MyD88 as the domain of interaction with SMAD4. Furthermore, we show that BMP6 stimulation, which activates SMAD6 expression, also induces MyD88 proteosomal degradation as a negative feedback mechanism to limit hepcidin induction. Finally, we report that the MyD88 gain-of-function L265P mutation, frequently encountered in B-cell lymphomas such as Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, enhances hepcidin expression and iron accumulation in B cell lines. Our results reveal a new potential role for MyD88 in the SMAD signaling pathway and iron homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macha Samba-Mondonga
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Calvé
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédérick A Mallette
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Treatment and outcome patterns in European patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia: a large, observational, retrospective chart review. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2018; 5:e299-e309. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(18)30087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews the spectrum of neurologic complications associated with lymphoma, leukemia, and paraproteinemic disorders. While leptomeningeal metastasis is the most common complication of lymphoma and leukemia and peripheral neuropathy is the most common complication of paraproteinemic disorders, clinicians need to be familiar with the diverse neurologic complications of these disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Lymphomatous nervous system involvement can be difficult to diagnose, especially when it is the presenting symptom. CSF cytology and flow cytometry, as well as the imaging pattern, assist in diagnosis. Neurologic complications are less common in Hodgkin lymphoma; however, some unique paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, including primary central nervous system angiitis, limbic encephalitis, and cerebellar degeneration. Recent reports suggest that anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antibodies are associated with limbic encephalitis and that anti-Tr antibodies are associated with cerebellar degeneration in Hodgkin lymphoma. Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal plasma cell disorder, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is often misdiagnosed as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). A lambda protein, thrombocytosis, and elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can all be helpful clues in diagnosis. Early recognition is important, as the neuropathy responds to radiation therapy or chemotherapy. SUMMARY Neurologic involvement can occur throughout the disease course in lymphoma and leukemia, including at presentation, with systemic progression, and at relapse. In paraproteinemias, the peripheral neuropathy phenotype, monoclonal protein type, and associated autonomic and systemic features aid in identification of an underlying plasma cell disorder.
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18
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Abdulfattah O, Rahman EU, Bhattarai B, Dahal S, Alnafoosi Z, Trauber D, Enriquez D, Schmidt F. Lung consolidation as a rare presentation of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with extramedullary Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2018; 8:68-72. [PMID: 29686791 PMCID: PMC5906769 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2018.1440854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is a mature B cell lymphoma that usually involves the bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. Extramedullary involvement, including the lung, is rarely reported. Case description: A 73-year-old female initially presented to our hospital complaining of productive cough of white-colour sputum for three weeks duration. She reported unintentional weight loss of ten pounds over the last five months. There was no history of haemoptysis, fever, night sweats, chills, recent infections or hospitalization. Chest imaging showed right lower lobe consolidation, small right pleural effusion. She was treated with oral antibiotic for pneumonia. After two months, a follow up chest imaging revealed persistent right lower lobe consolidation. Therefore, she was worked up for the possibility of malignancy. Bronchoscopy showed polypoid nodularities surrounded by black discoloured mucosa in the sub-segmental bronchi of the right lower lobe, and biopsy specimen revealed atypical B cell lymphocytic infiltrate. Polymerase chain reaction confirmed a clonal B-cell gene rearrangement supportive for a low-grade B-cell Lymphoma. Subsequently; serum immunofixation showed IgM of 1491 mg/dL (normal range 26–217 mg/dl) with normal levels of IgG and IgA. Urine contained free kappa light chains. Cytology with immunophenotyping of pleural fluid revealed lymphoplasmacytic lymphocytes. This combination of lab and bronchoscopy findings established the diagnosis of extramedullary Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. Conclusion: Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, a manifestation of LPL, is associated with an IgM monoclonal gammopathy in the blood. Extramedullary involvement including the lung is rarely seen in LPL. Physicians need to be aware of this rare presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdulfattah
- Medicine Department, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ebad Ur Rahman
- Medicine Department, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Bikash Bhattarai
- Medicine Department, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sumit Dahal
- Medicine Department, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Zainab Alnafoosi
- Medicine Department, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - David Trauber
- Medicine Department, Hematology/Oncology Division, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Danilo Enriquez
- Medicine Department, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Frances Schmidt
- Medicine Department, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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19
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Xu B, Tang Y, Zhou J, Zhang P, Li H. Disease spectrum of abnormal serum free light chain ratio and its diagnostic significance. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82268-82279. [PMID: 29137262 PMCID: PMC5669888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the spectrum of abnormal serum free light chain ratio (sFLC κ/λ ratio), and to redefine the range of sFLC κ/λ ratio, so as to achieve hierarchical diagnosis of diseases with abnormal sFLC κ/λ ratio, resulting in the increased sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of monoclonal plasma diseases. METHODS Enrolled 1,340 patients with abnormal sFLC κ/λ ratio (<0.26 or >1.65) were grouped: (1) group A: malignant plasma diseases; (2) group B: monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS); (3) group C: reactive plasma diseases. These patients were further divided by renal function eGFR <60 or >60 ml/min/1.73m2 to eliminate renal diseases influencing the results. Statistical analyses was performed by using SPSS 22 software. RESULTS When sFLC κ/λ ratio >3.49 and eGFR >60ml/min/1.73m2, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of malignant plasma diseases were 86.1% and 94.0%, respectively. When sFLC κ/λ ratio >2.89 and eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m2, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of malignant plasma diseases were 92.0% and 97.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of monoclonal plasma diseases can be significantly improved by redefining the cut-off value of sFLC κ/λ ratio and the renal function index of eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peiling Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Benevolo G, Nicolosi M, Santambrogio E, Vitolo U. Current options to manage Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:637-647. [PMID: 28592170 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1339596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare, incurable B-cell lymphoma, with a median survival of 5-10 years in symptomatic patients. There is no consensus on the standard of care and several agents are currently used in these patients. Areas covered: In this article, we will review the use of standard therapies and new drugs investigated such as monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors and novel agents in early-stage development. Expert commentary: RCD (Rituximab/Cyclophosphamide/Dexamethasone) is an effective and safe treatment in first line in WM. BR (Bendamustine/Rituximab) or BRD (Bortezomib/Rituximab/Dexamethasone) provide durable responses, and are still indicated in most patients. Ibrutinib is a new option and it was approved as primary therapy and for relapse. Carfilzomib based therapy represents an emerging option for proteasome-inhibitor based therapy for WM. Despite encouraging results, WM remains an incurable disease; therefore, new treatment options are needed. For this reason, continued participation in clinical trials should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Benevolo
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
| | - Maura Nicolosi
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
| | - Elisa Santambrogio
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
| | - Umberto Vitolo
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
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21
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Andrade-Campos M, Murillo-Flórez I, García-Sanz R, Giraldo P. Immunoparesis in IgM gammopathies as a useful biomarker to predict disease progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 55:1598-1604. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:The management of IgM monoclonal gammopathies undetermined significance (IgM-MGUS) and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM) may be challenging. Modern immunoassays that quantify specific monoclonal heavy and light chain immunoglobulins are promising for their use in these applications.Methods:Ninety consecutive patients (39 IgM-MGUS, 32 indolent WM [iWM], and 19 WM) seen between January 2007 and March 2014 were analyzed. Heavy/light chain (HLC) and serum free light chains assays (FLC) were determined at diagnosis to study their utility as biomarkers in IgM monoclonal gammopathies.Results:The HLC involved to uninvolved IgM ratios (iHLC/uHLC) showed a progressive increase when going from IgM-MGUS, to iWM and to WM (p=0.002). Furthermore, an iHLC/uHLC>62 identified a group of iWM patients with a shorter time-to-progression (TTP) (108 vs. 133 months, p=0.033). Separate analysis of the involved and uninvolved components showed that only the suppression of the uninvolvedimmunoglobulin was predictive of shorter TTP (HR=3.04, p=0.03) suggesting that it could be the majorcontributor to the prognostic value of the Hevylite assay. Additionally, a multivariate analysis showed that immunosuppression (either classical immunoparesis or Hevylite immunosuppression) was an independent prognostic factor (p=0.016) reinforcing its relevance in the disease mechanism. Finally, monoclonal sFLC levels were highest in WM patients, with 83% presenting values>60 mg/L.Conclusions:The results suggest that the levels of immunosuppression and/or the iHLC/uHLC ratio of IgM immunoglobulins measured by Hevylite are associated with greater disease activity which significantly impacts in the outcome of WM patients and may also help in the differentiation of IgMMGUS from iWM.
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22
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Abstract
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation are a diverse group of entities with extremely variable morphologic features. Diagnostic challenges can arise in differentiating lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma from marginal zone lymphoma and other low-grade B-cell lymphomas. In addition, plasmablastic lymphomas can be difficult to distinguish from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or other high-grade lymphomas. Judicious use of immunohistochemical studies and molecular testing can assist in appropriate classification.
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MESH Headings
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/pathology
- Plasmacytoma/diagnosis
- Plasmacytoma/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Prognosis
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/diagnosis
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/immunology
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Systems, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lauren B Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Systems, 5320 Medical Science I, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5602, USA.
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Yang CH, Gombar S, Twist CJ, Gratzinger D, Esquivel CO, Lau AH. Plasmacytic posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder with hyperviscosity syndrome in a child after liver transplant. Hepatology 2016; 64:2250-2252. [PMID: 27227484 PMCID: PMC5115971 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H. Yang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Saurabh Gombar
- Division of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Clare J. Twist
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- Division of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O. Esquivel
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Audrey H. Lau
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Roskoski R. Ibrutinib inhibition of Bruton protein-tyrosine kinase (BTK) in the treatment of B cell neoplasms. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:395-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cornell RF, Bachanova V, D'Souza A, Woo-Ahn K, Martens M, Huang J, Al-Homsi AS, Chhabra S, Copelan E, Diaz MA, Freytes CO, Gale RP, Ganguly S, Hamadani M, Hildebrandt G, Kamble RT, Kharfan-Dabaja M, Kindwall-Keller T, Lazarus HM, Marks DI, Nishihori T, Olsson RF, Saad A, Usmani S, Vesole DH, Yared J, Mark T, Nieto Y, Hari P. Allogeneic Transplantation for Relapsed Waldenström Macroglobulinemia and Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2016; 23:60-66. [PMID: 27789362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (WM/LPL) is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic proliferation, lymph node and spleen enlargement, bone marrow involvement, and IgM production. Treatment varies based on the extent and biology of disease. In some patients, the use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) may have curative potential. We evaluated long-term outcomes of 144 patients who received adult alloHCT for WM/LPL. Data were obtained from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database (2001 to 2013). Patients received myeloablative(n = 67) or reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC; n = 67). Median age at alloHCT was 53 years, and median time from diagnosis to transplantation was 41 months. Thirteen percent (n = 18) failed prior autologous HCT. About half (n = 82, 57%) had chemosensitive disease at the time of transplantation, whereas 22% had progressive disease. Rates of progression-free survival, overall survival, relapse, and nonrelapse mortality at 5 years were 46%, 52%, 24%, and 30%, respectively. Patients with chemosensitive disease and better pretransplant disease status experienced significantly superior overall survival. There were no significant differences in progression-free survival based on conditioning (myeloablative, 50%, versus RIC, 41%) or graft source. Conditioning intensity did not impact treatment-related mortality or relapse. The most common causes of death were primary disease and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). AlloHCT yielded durable survival in select patients with WM/LPL. Strategies to reduce mortality from GVHD and post-transplant relapse are necessary to improve this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Cornell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Veronika Bachanova
- Bone and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anita D'Souza
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - Kwang Woo-Ahn
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael Martens
- Department of Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A Samer Al-Homsi
- Blood and Marrow Transplant, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Saurabh Chhabra
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Edward Copelan
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Miguel-Angel Diaz
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Robert Peter Gale
- Hematology Research Center, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siddhartha Ganguly
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mehdi Hamadani
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gerhard Hildebrandt
- Division of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Rammurti T Kamble
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohamed Kharfan-Dabaja
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tamila Kindwall-Keller
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hillard M Lazarus
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David I Marks
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Richard F Olsson
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Clinical Research Sormland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ayman Saad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saad Usmani
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - David H Vesole
- John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack UMC, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Jean Yared
- Blood & Marrow Transplantation Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tomer Mark
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Yago Nieto
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Parameswaran Hari
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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26
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Chakraborty R, Muchtar E, Gertz MA. The role of stem cell transplantation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 29:229-240. [PMID: 27825469 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma, which is highly chemosensitive, with an overall response rate over 90% to novel agents. However, most patients eventually relapse after response to first-line chemotherapy, necessitating further treatment. The possibility of long-lasting remission after high-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by stem cell rescue is high in WM due to the chemosensitive nature of the disease and lower proliferative activity compared to multiple myeloma. In this paper, we have reviewed current evidence on autologous (auto-) and allogeneic (allo-) stem cell transplantation (SCT) in WM. Auto-SCT can be safely performed in WM and is recommended as second-line treatment or beyond in eligible patients. It is associated with extremely low transplant-related mortality. Allo-SCT is effective in WM with incremental benefit due to graft-versus-WM effect, but is associated with high non-relapse mortality of 30%, hence should be preferably considered investigational as part of clinical trials in selected patients who have exhausted other treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Muchtar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Morie A Gertz
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Datta SS, Mukherjee S, Talukder B, Bhattacharya P. Immunoglobulin M ‘Flare’ Seen in a Case of Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia: Successfully Managed by Therapeutic Plasma Exchange. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:148-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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28
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Porwit A, Fend F, Kremer M, Orazi A, Safali M, van der Walt J. Issues in diagnosis of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms involving the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Report on the Bone Marrow Workshop of the XVIIth meeting of the European Association for Haematopathology and the Society for Hematopathology. Histopathology 2016; 69:349-73. [PMID: 27208429 DOI: 10.1111/his.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small B cell lymphoid neoplasms are the most common lymphoproliferative disorders involving peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM). The Bone Marrow Workshop (BMW) organized by the European Bone Marrow Working Group (EBMWG) of the European Association for Haematopathology (EAHP) during the XVIIth EAHP Meeting in Istanbul, October 2014, was dedicated to discussion of cases illustrating how the recent advances in immunophenotyping, molecular techniques and cytogenetics provide better understanding and classification of these entities. Submitted cases were grouped into following categories: (i) cases illustrating diagnostic difficulties in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); (ii) cases of BM manifestations of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms other than CLL; (iii) transformation of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms in the BM; and (iv) multiclonality and composite lymphomas in the BM. This report summarizes presented cases and conclusions of the BMW and provides practical recommendations for classification of the BM manifestations of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms based on the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Porwit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Previous address: Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Kremer
- Institute of Pathology, Staedtisches Klinikum, München, Germany
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jon van der Walt
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
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Exome sequencing reveals recurrent germ line variants in patients with familial Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Blood 2016; 127:2598-606. [PMID: 26903547 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-680199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial aggregation of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) cases, and the clustering of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders among first-degree relatives of WM patients, has been reported. Nevertheless, the possible contribution of inherited susceptibility to familial WM remains unrevealed. We performed whole exome sequencing on germ line DNA obtained from 4 family members in which coinheritance for WM was documented in 3 of them, and screened additional independent 246 cases by using gene-specific mutation sequencing. Among the shared germ line variants, LAPTM5(c403t) and HCLS1(g496a) were the most recurrent, being present in 3/3 affected members of the index family, detected in 8% of the unrelated familial cases, and present in 0.5% of the nonfamilial cases and in <0.05 of a control population. LAPTM5 and HCLS1 appeared as relevant WM candidate genes that characterized familial WM individuals and were also functionally relevant to the tumor clone. These findings highlight potentially novel contributors for the genetic predisposition to familial WM and indicate that LAPTM5(c403t) and HCLS1(g496a) may represent predisposition alleles in patients with familial WM.
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Chakraborty R, Kapoor P, Ansell SM, Gertz MA. Emerging therapeutic options for Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015. [PMID: 26196236 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is an indolent B-cell, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), the majority of which are characterized by production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) protein and are known as Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Identification of highly recurrent activating somatic mutation in MYD88 has improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia and has therapeutic implications. Here, we review novel therapeutic agents in Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, which have emerged in the past decade and discuss their comparative efficacy and safety, with emphasis on a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, which has been recently approved by the US FDA, specifically for Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Future research should focus on identifying targeted agents against activating mutations and long-term data for currently available novel agents should be critically evaluated, both in treatment-naïve and in relapsed/refractory settings.
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Chakraborty R, Kapoor P, Ansell SM, Gertz MA. Ibrutinib for the treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 8:569-79. [PMID: 26138997 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.1061427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) characterized by IgM monoclonal gammopathy and bone marrow infiltration by lymphoplasmacytic cells. Until recently, there was no drug specifically approved for WM by the US FDA, leading to wide variations in therapeutic strategies across the globe. Ibrutinib, an oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, is the first drug approved specifically for WM by the FDA after a clinical trial showed impressive response in previously treated WM. Ibrutinib is a non-stem cell toxic and non-neurotoxic option and suitable for long-term oral maintenance therapy, with the potential of improving survival in WM. With identification of novel genetic mutations impacting response to ibrutinib, it would be possible to individualize therapy based on MYD88 and CXCR4 genotypes. However, long-term safety and efficacy data are required, and cost-effectiveness needs to be addressed before ibrutinib can gain widespread acceptance for front-line therapy of WM.
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