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Kim M, Ahn SY, Kim T, Jung SH, Song GY, Yang DH, Lee JJ, Kim MY, Park JH, Shin MG, Ahn JS, Kim HJ, Kim DDH. Prognostic analysis according to European LeukemiaNet 2022 risk stratification for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with decitabine. Hematology 2024; 29:2324417. [PMID: 38433437 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2024.2324417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the revised European LeukemiaNet (ELN)-2022 risk stratification model for 123 elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients treated with decitabine chemotherapy. RESULTS Based on the ELN-2022 risk stratification, 15 (12.2%), 51 (41.5%), and 57 (46.3%) patients were classified as having favorable, intermediate, and high-risk AML, respectively. In comparison with the ELN-2017 risk stratification, the ELN-2022 risk stratification re-assigned 26 (21.1%) and three (2.4%) patients to the adverse and favorable risk groups, respectively. Survival analysis revealed distinctive overall survival (OS) outcomes among the ELN-2022 risk groups (6-month OS rate: 73.3%, 52.9%, and 47.7% for favorable, intermediate, and adverse risk, respectively; P = 0.101), with a parallel trend observed in the event-free survival (EFS) (6-month EFS rate: 73.3%, 52.9%, and 45.6% for favorable, intermediate, and adverse risk, respectively; P = 0.049). Notably, both OS and EFS in the favorable risk group were significantly superior in comparison to that of the adverse risk group (OS: P = 0.040, EFS: P = 0.030). Although the ELN-2022 C-index (0.559) was greater than the ELN-2017 C-index (0.539), the result was not statistically significant (P = 0.059). Based on the event net reclassification index, we consistently observed significant improvements in the ELN-2022 risk stratification for overall survival (0.21 at 6 months). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the revised ELN-2022 risk stratification model may have improved the risk classification of elderly AML patients treated with hypomethylating agents compared to the ELN-2017 risk stratification model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Kim
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Ahn
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeHyung Kim
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sung-Hoon Jung
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Young Song
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Yang
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Yeon Kim
- Genomic Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Heon Park
- Genomic Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geun Shin
- Genomic Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sook Ahn
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
- Genomic Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
- Genomic Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dennis Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bruzzese A, Vigna E, Martino EA, Labanca C, Mendicino F, Lucia E, Olivito V, Stanzione G, Zimbo A, Lugli E, Neri A, Morabito F, Gentile M. The potential of triplet combination therapies for patients with FLT3-ITD -mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2024; 17:241-253. [PMID: 38748404 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2024.2356258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) encompasses a heterogeneous group of aggressive myeloid malignancies, where FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations are prevalent, accounting for approximately 25-30% of adult patients. The presence of this mutation is related to a dismal prognosis and high relapse rates. In the lasts years many FLT3 inhibitors have been developed. AREAS COVERED This review provides a comprehensive overview of FLT3mut AML, summarizing the state of art of current treatment and available data about combination strategies including an FLT3 inhibitor. EXPERT OPINION In addition, the review discusses the emergence of drug resistance and the need for a nuanced approaches in treating patients who are ineligible for or resistant to intensive chemotherapy. Specifically, it explores the historical context of FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3Is) and their impact on treatment outcomes, emphasizing the pivotal role of midostaurin, as well as gilteritinib and quizartinib, and providing detailed insights into ongoing trials exploring the safety and efficacy of novel triplet combinations involving FLT3Is in different AML settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernesto Vigna
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Eugenio Lucia
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Gaia Stanzione
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
- Division of Hematology, Azienda Policlinico-S. Marco, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Zimbo
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
- UOC Laboratorio Analisi Cliniche, Biomolecolari e Genetica, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lugli
- Ematologia Azienda USL-IRCSS Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Scientific Directorate IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Gentile
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Annunziata, Cosenza, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Short NJ, Daver N, Dinardo CD, Kadia T, Nasr LF, Macaron W, Yilmaz M, Borthakur G, Montalban-Bravo G, Garcia-Manero G, Issa GC, Chien KS, Jabbour E, Nasnas C, Huang X, Qiao W, Matthews J, Stojanik CJ, Patel KP, Abramova R, Thankachan J, Konopleva M, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F. Azacitidine, Venetoclax, and Gilteritinib in Newly Diagnosed and Relapsed or Refractory FLT3-Mutated AML. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:1499-1508. [PMID: 38277619 PMCID: PMC11095865 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Azacitidine plus venetoclax is a standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed AML who are unfit for intensive chemotherapy. However, FLT3 mutations are a common mechanism of resistance to this regimen. The addition of gilteritinib, an oral FLT3 inhibitor, to azacitidine and venetoclax may improve outcomes in patients with FLT3-mutated AML. METHODS This phase I/II study evaluated azacitidine, venetoclax, and gilteritinib in two cohorts: patients with (1) newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML who were unfit for intensive chemotherapy or (2) relapsed/refractory FLT3-mutated AML (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04140487). The primary end points were the maximum tolerated dose of gilteritinib (phase I) and the combined complete remission (CR)/CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rate (phase II). RESULTS Fifty-two patients were enrolled (frontline [n = 30]; relapsed/refractory [n = 22]). The recommended phase II dose was gilteritinib 80 mg once daily in combination with azacitidine and venetoclax. In the frontline cohort, the median age was 71 years and 73% of patients had an FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation. The CR/CRi rate was 96% (CR, 90%; CRi, 6%). Sixty-five percent of evaluable patients achieved FLT3-ITD measurable residual disease <5 × 10-5 within four cycles. With a median follow-up of 19.3 months, the median relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) have not been reached and the 18-month RFS and OS rates are 71% and 72%, respectively. In the relapsed/refractory cohort, the CR/CRi rate was 27%; nine additional patients (41%) achieved a morphologic leukemia-free state. The most common grade 3 or higher nonhematologic adverse events were infection (62%) and febrile neutropenia (38%), which were more frequent in the relapsed/refractory cohort. CONCLUSION The combination of azacitidine, venetoclax, and gilteritinib resulted in high rates of CR/CRi, deep FLT3 molecular responses, and encouraging survival in newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML. Myelosuppression was manageable with mitigative dosing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Courtney D. Dinardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tapan Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lewis F. Nasr
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Walid Macaron
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Ghayas C. Issa
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelly S. Chien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Cedric Nasnas
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xuelin Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wei Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jairo Matthews
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Keyur P. Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Regina Abramova
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer Thankachan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Urbino I, Secreto C, Apolito V, Olivi M, Arrigo G, Boscaro E, Catania FM, D'Ardia S, Frairia C, Giai V, Freilone R, Bruno B, Lanzarone G, Giaccone L, Busca A, Dellacasa CM, Ferrero D, Audisio E, Cerrano M. Sorafenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia: A two centers experience. Leuk Res 2024; 136:107421. [PMID: 38042648 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2023.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Urbino
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Carolina Secreto
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Apolito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy; Pediatric Oncohematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Olivi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Arrigo
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Boscaro
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Maria Catania
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Ardia
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Frairia
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Giai
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Freilone
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Benedetto Bruno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy; Division of Hematology, Allogeneic Transplant and Cell Therapy Unit, AOU "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanzarone
- Division of Hematology, Allogeneic Transplant and Cell Therapy Unit, AOU "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University of Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Giaccone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy; Division of Hematology, Allogeneic Transplant and Cell Therapy Unit, AOU "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University of Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Busca
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Dellacasa
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Ferrero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Italy; Division of Hematology, Allogeneic Transplant and Cell Therapy Unit, AOU "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ernesta Audisio
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cerrano
- Department of Oncology, Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
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Kennedy VE, Smith CC. FLT3 targeting in the modern era: from clonal selection to combination therapies. Int J Hematol 2023:10.1007/s12185-023-03681-0. [PMID: 38112995 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Modern targeting of FLT3 with inhibitors has improved clinical outcomes and FLT3 inhibitors have been incorporated into the treatment of AML in all phases of the disease, including the upfront, relapsed/refractory and maintenance settings. This review will discuss the current understanding of FLT3 biology, the clinical use of FLT3 inhibitors, resistance mechanisms and emerging combination treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Kennedy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, Box 1270, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Catherine C Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, Box 1270, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Hu M, Li W, Zhang Y, Liang C, Tan J, Wang Y. Venetoclax in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115820. [PMID: 37925935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax is a potent inhibitor that specifically targets B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), which has been demonstrated to be effective in preclinical studies utilizing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and xenograft models. Significant antileukemic activity was also observed in clinical trials, both as a monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. This novel therapeutic approach has revolutionized the treatment prospects for AML patients with unfavorable prognoses and those who are unable to tolerate intensive chemotherapy. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to establish the optimal dosing, sequencing, and combinational strategies of venetoclax for AML treatments. Additionally, identifying biomarkers is crucial for predicting response and resistance to this targeted intervention. In this review, we provide an overview of venetoclax-based therapy for AML and explore potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengci Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Youshan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Caixia Liang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China; Department of Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
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Bang SM, Kang KW, Song IC, Llamas C, Duan Y, Jeong JY, Lee JH. Real-World Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes in Korean Patients With AML Ineligible for First-Line Intensive Chemotherapy: A Subanalysis of the CURRENT Study, a Non-Interventional, Retrospective Chart Review. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e345. [PMID: 37967874 PMCID: PMC10643247 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy (ICT), treatment options remain limited. CURRENT (UMIN000037786), a real-world, non-interventional, retrospective chart review, evaluated clinical outcomes, clinicopathologic characteristics, and treatment patterns in these patients. We present results from a subanalysis of Korean patients in this study. METHODS Patients were aged ≥ 18 years with primary or secondary AML ineligible for ICT who initiated first-line systemic therapy or best supportive care (BSC) between 2015 and 2018 across four centers in Korea. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) from diagnosis. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), time to treatment failure, and response rates. Data analyses were primarily descriptive, with time-to-event outcomes estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression used to determine prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS Among 194 patients enrolled, 84.0% received systemic therapy and 16.0% received BSC. Median age at diagnosis was 74 and 78 years, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 or 1 was reported in 73.0% and 48.4% of patients, respectively; poor cytogenetic risk was reported in 30.1% and 16.1% of patients. Median OS was 7.83 vs. 4.50 months, and median PFS was 6.73 vs. 4.50 months in the systemic therapy vs. BSC groups. Prognostic factors affecting OS included secondary AML (hazard ratio, 1.67 [95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.45]), ECOG performance status ≥ 2 (2.41 [1.51-3.83]), poor cytogenetic risk (2.10 [1.36-3.24]), and Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 1 (2.26 [1.43-3.58]). CONCLUSION Clinical outcomes are poor in Korean patients with AML ineligible for ICT who are prescribed current systemic therapies or BSC. There is a substantial unmet need for novel agents (monotherapy or in combination) to improve clinical outcomes in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Mee Bang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Yinghui Duan
- Evidence Solutions, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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8
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Isidori A, Visani G, Ferrara F. Fms -like tyrosine kinase 3 positive acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 2023; 35:589-593. [PMID: 37820093 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fms -like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations are common in newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). They are associated with a high risk of relapse. The identification of FLT3 mutations has important implications for the management of AML. FLT3 inhibitors have shown improved outcomes in FLT3-positive AML when used as a single agent in the salvage setting. However, the combination of inhibitors and chemotherapy in the first-line setting is the real game changer in FLT3mutant AML. The introduction of these drugs has improved the prognosis of FLT3-mutant AML, but the development of resistance is common. There are still many unanswered questions about FLT3-mutant AML. RECENT FINDINGS This article will analyze recent advances for FLT3-mutant AML, focusing on front-line therapy and post-transplant maintenance. SUMMARY Novel drug combinations and strategies against FLT3 mutated AML are currently under investigation and will be the focus of future studies. The development of more selective and potent FLT3 inhibitors may further improve outcomes for patients with FLT3-positive AML. Monitoring minimal residual disease and overcoming resistance are key issues for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Visani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, AORMN Hospital, Pesaro
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9
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Zimmer M, Kadia T. Approach to the Older Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:1203-1211. [PMID: 37688738 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aims to review the challenges of treating AML in older patients, the spectrum of genomic aberrancies in this cohort, and discuss treatment options for newly diagnosed AML in this patient population. RECENT FINDINGS Greater understanding of biological underpinnings of AML and availability of newer, effective, targeted therapies have allowed us to move away from intensification of chemotherapy, to prioritize better tolerability while still maintaining efficacy. Increasing knowledge of the genomic complexity and adverse karyotypes in older AML patients drives the need for ongoing investigations of targeted and lower-intensity therapies in the frontline, relapsed/refractory setting, and post-remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markie Zimmer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tapan Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 428, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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10
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Negotei C, Colita A, Mitu I, Lupu AR, Lapadat ME, Popovici CE, Crainicu M, Stanca O, Berbec NM. A Review of FLT3 Kinase Inhibitors in AML. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6429. [PMID: 37892567 PMCID: PMC10607239 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive illness distinguished by the accumulation of abnormal hematopoietic precursors in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The prevalence of FLT3 gene mutations is high and escalates the probability of relapse and mortality. The survival rates for AML patients, particularly those over 65, are low. FLT3 mutation screening at diagnosis is mandatory, and FLT3 inhibitors are crucial in treating AML patients with mutations. There are two categories of FLT3 mutations: FLT3-ITD located in the juxtamembrane domain and FLT3-TKD in the tyrosine kinase domain. FLT3-ITD is the most common type, affecting nearly a quarter of patients, whereas FLT3-TKD only affects 6-8% of patients. FLT3 inhibitors are now crucial in treating AML patients with FLT3 mutations. When dealing with FLT3-mutated AML, the recommended course of treatment typically involves chemotherapy and midostaurin, followed by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) to maximize the likelihood of success. Maintenance therapy can lower the risk of relapse, and gilteritinib is a better option than salvage chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory cases. Clinical trials for new or combined therapies are the most effective approach. This review discusses treatment options for patients with FLT3-mutated AML, including induction chemotherapy and options for relapsed or refractory disease. Additional treatment options may become available as more studies are conducted based on the patient's condition and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Negotei
- Department of Hematology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Colita
- Department of Hematology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iuliana Mitu
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Roxana Lupu
- Department of Hematology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai-Emilian Lapadat
- Department of Hematology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constanta Elena Popovici
- Department of Hematology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Crainicu
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Stanca
- Department of Hematology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Mariana Berbec
- Department of Hematology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinic of Hematology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030171 Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Short NJ, Nguyen D, Ravandi F. Treatment of older adults with FLT3-mutated AML: Emerging paradigms and the role of frontline FLT3 inhibitors. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:142. [PMID: 37696819 PMCID: PMC10495326 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00911-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
FLT3 is the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations being associated with a more aggressive clinical course. While two large, randomized clinical trials have shown a survival benefit with the frontline use of an oral FLT3 inhibitor (midostaurin or quizartinib) in patients with FLT3-mutated AML, the role of FLT3 inhibitors in older adults with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML remains unclear. A definitive improvement in survival has not been observed in intensively treated patients over 60 years of age receiving frontline FLT3 inhibitors. Furthermore, many patients with FLT3-mutated AML are unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy due to age and/or comorbidities, and this population represents a particular unmet need. For these older patients who are unfit for intensive approaches, azacitidine + venetoclax is a new standard of care and is used by many clinicians irrespective of FLT3 mutation status. However, FLT3-ITD mutations confer resistance to venetoclax and are a well-established mechanism of relapse to lower-intensity venetoclax-based regimens, leading to short durations of remission and poor survival. Preclinical and clinical data suggest synergy between FLT3 inhibitors and venetoclax, providing rationale for their combination. Novel strategies to safely incorporate FLT3 inhibitors into the standard hypomethylating agent + venetoclax backbone are now being explored in this older, less fit population with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML, with encouraging early results. Herein, we discuss the frontline use of FLT3 inhibitors in older adults with FLT3-mutated AML, including the potential role of FLT3 inhibitors in combination with intensive chemotherapy and as part of novel, lower-intensity doublet and triplet regimens in this older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Kagan AB, Garrison DA, Anders NM, Webster J, Baker SD, Yegnasubramanian S, Rudek MA. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor exposure-response: Challenges and opportunities. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1309-1322. [PMID: 37345219 PMCID: PMC10432879 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis), such as azacitidine and decitabine, are used extensively in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, there remain unanswered questions about DNMTi's mechanism of action and predictors of clinical response. Because patients often remain on single-agent DNMTis or DNMTi-containing regimens for several months before knowing whether clinical benefit can be achieved, the development and clinical validation of response-predictive biomarkers represents an important unmet need in oncology. In this review, we will summarize the clinical studies that led to the approval of azacitidine and decitabine, as well as the real-world experience with these drugs. We will then focus on biomarker development for DNMTis-specifically, efforts at determining exposure-response relationships and challenges that remain impacting the broader clinical translation of these methods. We will highlight recent progress in liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technology that has allowed for the simultaneous measurement of decitabine genomic incorporation and global DNA methylation, which has significant potential as a mechanism-of-action based biomarker in patients on DNMTis. Last, we will cover important research questions that need to be addressed in order to optimize this potential biomarker for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Kagan
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Dominique A. Garrison
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nicole M. Anders
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jonathan A. Webster
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sharyn D. Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michelle A. Rudek
- Department of Oncology, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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13
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Park MN. The Therapeutic Potential of a Strategy to Prevent Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cell Reprogramming in Older Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12037. [PMID: 37569414 PMCID: PMC10418941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common and incurable leukemia subtype. Despite extensive research into the disease's intricate molecular mechanisms, effective treatments or expanded diagnostic or prognostic markers for AML have not yet been identified. The morphological, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, biomolecular, and clinical characteristics of AML patients are extensive and complex. Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) consist of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and cancer cells transformed by a complex, finely-tuned interaction that causes the complexity of AML. Microenvironmental regulation of LSCs dormancy and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications for identifying and targeting LSCs due to their significance in the pathogenesis of AML are discussed in this review. It is essential to perceive the relationship between the niche for LSCs and HSCs, which together cause the progression of AML. Notably, methylation is a well-known epigenetic change that is significant in AML, and our data also reveal that microRNAs are a unique factor for LSCs. Multiple-targeted approaches to reduce the risk of epigenetic factors, such as the administration of natural compounds for the elimination of local LSCs, may prevent potentially fatal relapses. Furthermore, the survival analysis of overlapping genes revealed that specific targets had significant effects on the survival and prognosis of patients. We predict that the multiple-targeted effects of herbal products on epigenetic modification are governed by different mechanisms in AML and could prevent potentially fatal relapses. Thus, these strategies can facilitate the incorporation of herbal medicine and natural compounds into the advanced drug discovery and development processes achievable with Network Pharmacology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea
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14
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Egbuna C, Patrick‐Iwuanyanwu KC, Onyeike EN, Khan J, Palai S, Patel SB, Parmar VK, Kushwaha G, Singh O, Jeevanandam J, Kumarasamy S, Uche CZ, Narayanan M, Rudrapal M, Odoh U, Chikeokwu I, Găman M, Saravanan K, Ifemeje JC, Ezzat SM, Olisah MC, Chikwendu CJ, Adedokun KA, Imodoye SO, Bello IO, Twinomuhwezi H, Awuchi CG. Phytochemicals and bioactive compounds effective against acute myeloid leukemia: A systematic review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4191-4210. [PMID: 37457145 PMCID: PMC10345688 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review identified various bioactive compounds which have the potential to serve as novel drugs or leads against acute myeloid leukemia. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy that arises from the dysregulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. The risk factors associated with the onset of AML include long-term exposure to radiation and chemicals such as benzene, smoking, genetic disorders, blood disorders, advancement in age, and others. Although novel strategies to manage AML, including a refinement of the conventional chemotherapy regimens, hypomethylating agents, and molecular targeted drugs, have been developed in recent years, resistance and relapse remain the main clinical problems. In this study, three databases, PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched to identify various bioactive compounds with antileukemic properties. A total of 518 articles were identified, out of which 59 were viewed as eligible for the current report. From the data extracted, over 60 bioactive compounds were identified and divided into five major groups: flavonoids, alkaloids, organosulfur compounds, terpenes, and terpenoids, and other known and emerging bioactive compounds. The mechanism of actions of the analyzed individual bioactive molecules differs remarkably and includes disrupting chromatin structure, upregulating the synthesis of certain DNA repair proteins, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibiting/regulating Hsp90 activities, DNA methyltransferase 1, and histone deacetylase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka Egbuna
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE‐PUTOR)University of Port HarcourtPort HarcourtNigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Port HarcourtPort HarcourtNigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural SciencesChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu UniversityAnambraNigeria
| | - Kingsley C. Patrick‐Iwuanyanwu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE‐PUTOR)University of Port HarcourtPort HarcourtNigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Port HarcourtPort HarcourtNigeria
| | - Eugene N. Onyeike
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE‐PUTOR)University of Port HarcourtPort HarcourtNigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Port HarcourtPort HarcourtNigeria
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical SciencesMajmaah UniversityAl MajmaahSaudi Arabia
| | - Santwana Palai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryOUATOdishaBhubaneswarIndia
| | - Sandip B. Patel
- Department of PharmacologyL.M. College of Pharmacy, NavrangpuraAhmedabadIndia
| | | | - Garima Kushwaha
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of TechnologyRoorkeeIndia
| | - Omkar Singh
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennaiIndia
| | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM—Centro de Química da MadeiraUniversidade da Madeira, Campus da PenteadaFunchalPortugal
| | | | - Chukwuemelie Zedech Uche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of NigeriaEnuguNsukkaNigeria
| | - Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- Division of Research and InnovationDepartment of Biotecnology, Saveetha School of Engineering SIMATSTamil NaduChennaiIndia
| | - Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical SciencesVignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & ResearchGunturIndia
| | - Uchenna Odoh
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of NigeriaNsukkaNigeria
| | - Ikenna Chikeokwu
- Department of PharmacognosyEnugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT)Agbani Enugu StateEnuguNigeria
| | - Mihnea‐Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine"Carol Davila" University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharestRomania
- Department of HematologyCenter of Hematology and Bone Marrow TransplantationBucharestRomania
| | - Kaliyaperumal Saravanan
- PG and Research Department of ZoologyNehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University)Tamil NaduTiruchirappalliIndia
| | - Jonathan C. Ifemeje
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural SciencesChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu UniversityAnambraNigeria
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of PharmacyCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of PharmacyOctober University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)GizaEgypt
| | - Michael C. Olisah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical SciencesChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli CampusAnambraNigeria
| | - Chukwudi Jude Chikwendu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural SciencesChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu UniversityAnambraNigeria
| | - Kamoru A. Adedokun
- Department of ImmunologyRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterNew YorkBuffaloUSA
| | - Sikiru O. Imodoye
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahUtahSalt Lake CityUSA
| | - Ibrahim O. Bello
- Department of Biological SciencesSouthern Illinois University EdwardsvilleIllinoisEdwardsvilleUSA
| | - Hannington Twinomuhwezi
- Department of ChemistryKyambogo University, KyambogoKampalaUganda
- School of Natural and Applied SciencesKampala International UniversityKampalaUganda
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15
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Takahashi S. Combination Therapies with Kinase Inhibitors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment. Hematol Rep 2023; 15:331-346. [PMID: 37367084 DOI: 10.3390/hematolrep15020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting kinase activity is considered to be an attractive therapeutic strategy to overcome acute myeloid leukemia (AML) since aberrant activation of the kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in leukemogenesis through abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation block. Although clinical trials for kinase modulators as single agents remain scarce, combination therapies are an area of therapeutic interest. In this review, the author summarizes attractive kinase pathways for therapeutic targets and the combination strategies for these pathways. Specifically, the review focuses on combination therapies targeting the FLT3 pathways, as well as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, CDK and CHK1 pathways. From a literature review, combination therapies with the kinase inhibitors appear more promising than monotherapies with individual agents. Therefore, the development of efficient combination therapies with kinase inhibitors may result in effective therapeutic strategies for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 983-8536, Japan
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16
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Fedorov K, Maiti A, Konopleva M. Targeting FLT3 Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Strategies and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082312. [PMID: 37190240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
FLT3 mutations are present in 30% of newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Two broad categories of FLT3 mutations are ITD and TKD, with the former having substantial clinical significance. Patients with FLT3-ITD mutation present with a higher disease burden and have inferior overall survival, due to high relapse rates after achieving remission. The development of targeted therapies with FLT3 inhibitors over the past decade has substantially improved clinical outcomes. Currently, two FLT3 inhibitors are approved for use in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: midostaurin in the frontline setting, in combination with intensive chemotherapy; and gilteritinib as monotherapy in the relapsed refractory setting. The addition of FLT3 inhibitors to hypomethylating agents and venetoclax offers superior responses in several completed and ongoing studies, with encouraging preliminary data. However, responses to FLT3 inhibitors are of limited duration due to the emergence of resistance. A protective environment within the bone marrow makes eradication of FLT3mut leukemic cells difficult, while prior exposure to FLT3 inhibitors leads to the development of alternative FLT3 mutations as well as activating mutations in downstream signaling, promoting resistance to currently available therapies. Multiple novel therapeutic strategies are under investigation, including BCL-2, menin, and MERTK inhibitors, as well as FLT3-directed BiTEs and CAR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fedorov
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Abhishek Maiti
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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17
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Sasaki K, Ravandi F, Kadia TM, Borthakur G, Short NJ, Jain N, Daver NG, Jabbour EJ, Garcia-Manero G, Loghavi S, Patel KP, Montalban-Bravo G, Masarova L, DiNardo CD, Kantarjian HM. Prediction of survival with lower intensity therapy among older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2023; 129:1017-1029. [PMID: 36715486 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to develop a prognostic model for survival in older/unfit patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who were treated with lower-intensity chemotherapy regimens. METHODS The authors reviewed all older/unfit patients with newly diagnosed AML who received lower-intensity chemotherapy from 2000 until 2020 at their institution. A total of 1462 patients were included. They were divided (3:1 basis) into a training (n = 1088) and a validation group (n = 374). RESULTS In the training cohort of 1088 patients (median age, 72 years), the multivariate analysis identified 11 consistent independent adverse factors associated with survival: older age, therapy-related myeloid neoplasm, existence of previous myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasms, poor performance status, pulmonary comorbidity, anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, cytogenetic abnormalities, and the presence of infection at diagnosis, and therapy not containing venetoclax. The 3-year survival rates were 52%, 24%, 10%, and 1% in favorable, intermediate, poor, and very poor risk, respectively. This survival model was validated in an independent cohort. In a subset of patients in whom molecular mutation profiles were performed in more recent times, adding the mutation profiles after accounting for the effects of previous factors identified IDH2 (favorable), NPM1 (favorable), and TP53 (unfavorable) mutations as molecular prognostic factors. CONCLUSION The proposed survival model with lower-intensity chemotherapy in older/unfit patients with newly diagnosed AML may help to advise patients on their expected outcome, to propose different strategies in first complete remission, and to compare the results of different existing or future investigational therapies. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Lower intensity therapy can be considered for older patients to avoid severe toxicities and adverse events. However, survival prediction in AML was commonly developed in patients who received intensive chemotherapy. In this study, we have proposed a survival model to guide therapeutic approach in older patients who received lower-intensity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sasaki
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tapan M Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas J Short
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nitin Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naval G Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elias J Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanam Loghavi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keyur P Patel
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lucia Masarova
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hagop M Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Neuendorff NR, Gagelmann N, Singhal S, Meckstroth S, Thibaud V, Zhao Y, Mir N, Shih YY, Amaro DMC, Roy M, Lombardo J, Gjærde LK, Loh KP. Hypomethylating agent-based therapies in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia - A joint review by the Young International Society of Geriatric Oncology and European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Trainee Committee. J Geriatr Oncol 2023; 14:101406. [PMID: 36435726 PMCID: PMC10106360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor outcomes in older adults. A major goal of treatment is to balance quality of life and functional independence with disease control. With the approval of new, more tolerable regimens, more older adults are able to receive AML-directed therapy. Among these options are hypomethylating agents (HMAs), specifically azacitidine and decitabine. HMAs have become an integral part of AML therapy over the last two decades. These agents are used either as monotherapy or nowadays more commonly in combination with other agents such as the Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax. Biological AML characteristics, such as molecular and cytogenetic risk factors, play crucial roles in guiding treatment decisions. In patients with high-risk AML, HMAs are increasingly used rather than intensive chemotherapy, although further trials based on a risk-adapted approach using patient- and disease-related factors are needed. Here, we review trials and evidence for the use of HMA monotherapy and combination therapy in the management of older adults with AML. Furthermore, we discuss the use of HMAs and HMA combination therapies in AML, mechanisms of action, their incorporation into hematopoietic stem cell transplantation strategies, and their use in patients with comorbidities and reduced organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rosa Neuendorff
- Clinic for Hematology and Stem-Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Nico Gagelmann
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Surbhi Singhal
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shelby Meckstroth
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vincent Thibaud
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Saint-Vincent, Université Catholique de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nabiel Mir
- Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Yung-Yu Shih
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Clinic Favoriten Vienna, Austria
| | - Danielle M C Amaro
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mukul Roy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Joseph Lombardo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lars Klingen Gjærde
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kah Poh Loh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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19
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Bhansali RS, Pratz KW, Lai C. Recent advances in targeted therapies in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:29. [PMID: 36966300 PMCID: PMC10039574 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. While survival for younger patients over the last several decades has improved nearly sixfold with the optimization of intensive induction chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), this effect has been largely mitigated in older and less fit patients as well as those with adverse-risk disease characteristics. However, the last 10 years has been marked by major advances in the molecular profiling of AML characterized by a deeper understanding of disease pathobiology and therapeutic vulnerabilities. In this regard, the classification of AML subtypes has recently evolved from a morphologic to a molecular and genetic basis, reflected by recent updates from the World Health Organization and the new International Consensus Classification system. After years of stagnation in new drug approvals for AML, there has been a rapid expansion of the armamentarium against this disease since 2017. Low-intensity induction therapy with hypomethylating agents and venetoclax has substantially improved outcomes, including in those previously considered to have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, targeted oral therapies against driver mutations in AML have been added to the repertoire. But with an accelerated increase in treatment options, several questions arise such as how to best sequence therapy, how to combine therapies, and if there is a role for maintenance therapy in those who achieve remission and cannot undergo alloHSCT. Moreover, certain subtypes of AML, such as those with TP53 mutations, still have dismal outcomes despite these recent advances, underscoring an ongoing unmet need and opportunity for translational advances. In this review, we will discuss recent updates in the classification and risk stratification of AML, explore the literature regarding low-intensity and novel oral combination therapies, and briefly highlight investigative agents currently in early clinical development for high-risk disease subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Bhansali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Lai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, South Pavilion, 12th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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20
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Babakhanlou R, Ravandi-Kashani F. Non-intensive acute myeloid leukemia therapies for older patients. Expert Rev Hematol 2023; 16:171-180. [PMID: 36864772 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2184342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease predominantly affecting the elderly population. The elderly population represents a challenging group to treat and the prognosis is generally poor with significantly worse treatment outcomes compared to the younger population. While the goal of treatment for younger fit patients is cure and includes intensive chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation, these strategies are not always feasible for elderly unfit patients due to increased frailty, co-morbidities, and, subsequently, an increased risk of treatment-related toxicity and mortality. AREAS COVERED This review will discuss both patient- and disease-related factors, outline prognostication models and summarize current treatment options, including intensive and less intensive treatment strategies and novel agents. EXPERT OPINION Although recent years have seen major advances in the development of low-intensity therapies, there is still a lack of consensus on the optimal treatment for this patient group. Because of the heterogeneity of the disease, personalizing the treatment strategy is important and curative-oriented approaches should be selected wisely, rather than following a rigid hierarchical algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrick Babakhanlou
- Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi-Kashani
- Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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21
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Bystrom R, Levis MJ. An Update on FLT3 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Landscape. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:369-378. [PMID: 36808557 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) mutations. RECENT FINDINGS The recent European Leukemia Net (ELN2022) recommendations re-classified AML with FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITD) as intermediate risk regardless of Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) co-mutation or the FLT3 allelic ratio. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is now recommended for all eligible patients with FLT3-ITD AML. This review outlines the role of FLT3 inhibitors in induction and consolidation, as well as for post-alloHCT maintenance. It outlines the unique challenges and advantages of assessing FLT3 measurable residual disease (MRD) and discusses the pre-clinical basis for the combination of FLT3 and menin inhibitors. And, for the older or unfit patient ineligible for upfront intensive chemotherapy, it discusses the recent clinical trials incorporating FLT3 inhibitors into azacytidine- and venetoclax-based regimens. Finally, it proposes a rational sequential approach for integrating FLT3 inhibitors into less intensive regimens, with a focus on improved tolerability in the older and unfit patient population. The management of AML with FLT3 mutation remains a challenge in clinical practice. This review provides an update on the pathophysiology and therapeutic landscape of FLT3 AML, as well as a clinical management framework for managing the older or unfit patient ineligible for intensive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bystrom
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark J Levis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Solana-Altabella A, Megías-Vericat JE, Ballesta-López O, Martínez-Cuadrón D, Montesinos P. Drug-drug interactions associated with FLT3 inhibitors for acute myeloblastic leukemia: current landscape. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:133-148. [PMID: 36708283 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2174523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i) are drugs in which there is limited experience and not yet enough information on the mechanisms of absorption, transport, and elimination; but especially on the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs). There are therefore risks in the management of FLT3i DDIs (i.e. sorafenib, ponatinib, crenolanib, midostaurin, quizartinib, and gilteritinib) and ignoring them can compromise therapeutic success in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment, in complex patients and secondary pathologies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the DDIs of FLT3i with P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporting (OAT), organic cationic transporting (OCT), cytochrome P450 (CYP) subunits, and other minor metabolic/transport pathways. EMBASE, PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register and the Web of Science were searched. The last literature search was performed on the 14 February 2022. EXPERT OPINION FLT3i will be combined with other therapeutic agents (supportive care, doublet, or triplet therapy) and in different clinical settings, which means a greater chance of controlling and even eradicating the disease effectively, but also an increased risk to patients due to potential DDIs. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the potential interactions that may occur and be vigilant in monitoring those patients who are receiving any potentially interacting drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Solana-Altabella
- Servicio de Farmacia Área del Medicamento, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe Av. Valencia, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Hematología y Hemoterapia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Octavio Ballesta-López
- Servicio de Farmacia Área del Medicamento, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe Av. Valencia, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Hematología y Hemoterapia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain
| | - David Martínez-Cuadrón
- Grupo de Investigación en Hematología y Hemoterapia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain.,Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe. Valencia Spain
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Grupo de Investigación en Hematología y Hemoterapia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain.,Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe. Valencia Spain
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23
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Mohty R, El Hamed R, Brissot E, Bazarbachi A, Mohty M. New drugs before, during, and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2023; 108:321-341. [PMID: 36722403 PMCID: PMC9890036 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.280798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has evolved over the past few years with the advent of next-generation sequencing. Targeted therapies alone or in combination with low-dose or high-intensity chemotherapy have improved the outcome of patients with AML treated in the frontline and relapsed/refractory settings. Despite these advances, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains essential as consolidation therapy following frontline treatment in intermediate-and adverse-risk and relapsed/refractory disease. However, many patients relapse, with limited treatment options, hence the need for post-transplant strategies to mitigate relapse risk. Maintenance therapy following allo-HCT was developed for this specific purpose and can exploit either a direct anti-leukemia effect and/or enhance the bona fide graft-versus-leukemia effect without increasing the risk of graft-versus-host disease. In this paper, we summarize novel therapies for AML before, during, and after allo-HCT and review ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Mohty
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Rama El Hamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Eolia Brissot
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris.
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24
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Garciaz S, Hospital MA. FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: An Update on the Emerging Evidence and Safety Profile. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:31-45. [PMID: 36698434 PMCID: PMC9869913 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s236740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Approximately 30% of the adult cases harbor an internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) and 5-10% a tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) amino acid substitution (FLT3-TKD). The treatment paradigm of AML patients harboring FLT3 mutations (30%) has been modified by the discovery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. First- and second-generation inhibitors classify FLT3 inhibitors according to FLT3 specificity: first-generation FLT3 inhibitors include sorafenib and midostaurin and second-generation inhibitors are represented by quizartinib, gilteritinib and crenolanib, among others. Activity of these inhibitors depends on their mechanism of receptor binding (active vs inactive conformation) and efficacy against the FLT3-ITD and -TKD mutations (type 1 inhibitors are active both on FLT3-ITD and TKD, whereas type 2 inhibitors are active only on FLT3-ITD). The FLT3 inhibitors sorafenib, midostaurin, quizartinib and gilteritinib have been tested in monotherapy in several settings including refractory or relapsed AML (R/R AML), post-transplant maintenance as well as in combination with intensive chemotherapy (ICT) or non-intensity regimens. The results of published randomized studies support the use of sorafenib in a post-transplant setting (SORMAIN trial), midostaurin in combination with ICT based (RATIFY trial) and gilteritinib for R/R AML (ADMIRAL trial). Gilteritinib in combination with hypomethylating agent as well as quizartinib are not supported by solid randomized trial results for their use in FLT3-mutated AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Garciaz
- Department of Hematology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Marseille, France,Correspondence: Sylvain Garciaz, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Hematology Department, 232 Bd Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, 13009, France, Tel + 33 4 91 22 37 54, Fax + 33 4 91 22 30 63, Email
| | - Marie-Anne Hospital
- Department of Hematology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Marseille, France
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25
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Qian Y, Zhang X, Mao S, Wei W, Lin X, Ling Q, Ye W, Li F, Pan J, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Huang X, Huang J, Tong H, Sun J, Jin J. ACC010, a novel BRD4 inhibitor, synergized with homoharringtonine in acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-ITD. Mol Oncol 2022. [PMID: 36567628 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitors have been clinically developed to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but their application is limited by the possibility of drug resistance, which is reportedly associated with the activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Meanwhile, homoharringtonine (HHT), a classic antileukemia drug, possibly inhibits the WNT/β-catenin pathway. In this study, we attempted to combine a novel BRD4 inhibitor (ACC010) and HHT to explore their synergistic lethal effects in treating AML. Here, we found that co-treatment with ACC010 and HHT synergistically inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and arrested the cell cycle in FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD)-positive AML cells in vitro, and significantly inhibiting AML progression in vivo. Mechanistically, ACC010 and HHT cooperatively downregulated MYC and inhibited FLT3 activation. Further, when HHT was added, ACC010-resistant cells demonstrated a good synergy. We also extended our study to the mouse BaF3 cell line with FLT3-inhibitor-resistant FLT3-ITD/tyrosine kinase domain mutations and AML cells without FLT3-ITD. Collectively, our results suggested that the combination treatment of ACC010 and HHT might be a promising strategy for AML patients, especially those carrying FLT3-ITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihui Mao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wei
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ling
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenle Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Li
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, China
| | - Jiajia Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanchun Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China.,Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, China
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26
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Tomanová M, Kozlanská K, Jorda R, Jedinák L, Havlíková T, Řezníčková E, Peřina M, Klener P, Dolníková A, Cankař P, Kryštof V. Synthesis and Structural Optimization of 2,7,9-Trisubstituted purin-8-ones as FLT3-ITD Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416169. [PMID: 36555810 PMCID: PMC9782245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy of FLT3-positive acute myeloid leukemia still remains complicated, despite the availability of newly approved kinase inhibitors. Various strategies to avoid the reduced efficacy of therapy have been explored, including the development of dual targeting compounds, which inhibit FLT3 and another kinase necessary for the survival and proliferation of AML cells. We have designed new 2,7,9-trisubstituted 8-oxopurines as FLT3 inhibitors and report here the structure-activity relationship studies. We demonstrated that substituents at positions 7 and 9 modulate activity between CDK4 and FLT3 kinase, and the isopropyl group at position 7 substantially increased the selectivity toward FLT3 kinase, which led to the discovery of compound 15a (9-cyclopentyl-7-isopropyl-2-((4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-7,9-dihydro-8H-purin-8-one). Cellular analyses in MV4-11 cells revealed inhibition of autophosphorylation of FLT3 kinase in nanomolar doses, including the suppression of downstream STAT5 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We also describe mechanistic studies in cell lines and activity in a mouse xenograft model in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomanová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Kozlanská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Jedinák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Havlíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řezníčková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Peřina
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klener
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dolníková
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cankař
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (V.K.)
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (V.K.)
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27
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Gandhi A, Andrick B, Darling J, Truong T, Signorelli J. Oral Antineoplastics in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Comprehensive Review. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2022; 22:e1033-e1049. [PMID: 36192350 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AML is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease that is associated with poor overall long-term survival. The expanding knowledge of genomic landscape in AML as well as advancements in molecular and chemical biology over the pathway in AML. After 40 years of stagnancy, the recent approval of numerous novel oral anti-leukemic agents for the treatment of AML has changed both the armamentarium of medications and treatment paradigms. These agents have unique clinical considerations in terms of administration, adverse effects, and monitoring parameters which may differ from clinician's historical expectations. Understanding the data, indication and clinical considerations for such novel oral anti-leukemic agents is paramount for clinicians caring patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Gandhi
- Assistant Director, Hematology/Oncology Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Benjamin Andrick
- Assistant Professor, Clinical Research, Center for Pharmacy Innovations and Outcomes, Geisinger Health, Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy, Danville, PA
| | - Julianne Darling
- Manger of Education, National Community Oncology Dispensing Association, Inc., Cazenovia, NY
| | - Tuyet Truong
- Northeastern University School of Pharmacy, Boston, MA
| | - Jessie Signorelli
- Clinical Pharmacist Specialist, Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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28
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Tecik M, Adan A. Therapeutic Targeting of FLT3 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Status and Novel Approaches. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1449-1478. [PMID: 36474506 PMCID: PMC9719701 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s384293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is mutated in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The presence of FLT3-ITD (internal tandem duplication, 20-25%) mutation and, to a lesser extent, FLT3-TKD (tyrosine kinase domain, 5-10%) mutation is associated with poorer diagnosis and therapy response since the leukemic cells become hyperproliferative and resistant to apoptosis after continuous activation of FLT3 signaling. Targeting FLT3 has been the focus of many pre-clinical and clinical studies. Hence, many small-molecule FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3is) have been developed, some of which are approved such as midostaurin and gilteritinib to be used in different clinical settings, either in combination with chemotherapy or alone. However, many questions regarding the best treatment strategy remain to be answered. On the other hand, various FLT3-dependent and -independent resistance mechanisms could be evolved during FLT3i therapy which limit their clinical impact. Therefore, identifying molecular mechanisms of resistance and developing novel strategies to overcome this obstacle is a current interest in the field. In this review, recent studies of approved FLT3i and knowledge about major resistance mechanisms of clinically approved FLT3i's will be discussed together with novel treatment approaches such as designing novel FLT3i and dual FLT3i and combination strategies including approved FLT3i plus small-molecule agents targeting altered molecules in the resistant cells to abrogate resistance. Moreover, how to choose an appropriate FLT3i for the patients will be summarized based on what is currently known from available clinical data. In addition, strategies beyond FLT3i's including immunotherapeutics, small-molecule FLT3 degraders, and flavonoids will be summarized to highlight potential alternatives in FLT3-mutated AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Tecik
- Bioengineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysun Adan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Song MK, Park BB, Uhm JE. Clinical Efficacies of FLT3 Inhibitors in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012708. [PMID: 36293564 PMCID: PMC9604443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FLT3 mutations are the most common genomic alteration detected in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a worse clinical prognosis. The highly frequent FLT3 mutations, together with the side effects associated with clinical prognosis, make FLT3 promising treatment targets and have provoked the advancement of FLT3 inhibitors. Recently, numerous FLT3 inhibitors were actively developed, and thus the outcomes of this aggressive subtype of AML were significantly improved. Recently, midostaurin and gilteritinib were approved as frontline treatment of AML and as therapeutic agents in the recurred disease by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Recently, numerous promising clinical trials attempted to seek appropriate management in frontline settings, in relapsed/refractory disease, or after stem cell transplantation in AML. This review follows numerous clinical trials about the usefulness of FLT3 inhibitors as frontline therapy, as relapsed/refractory conditioning, and as maintenance therapy of stem cell transplantation. The cumulative data of FLT3 inhibitors would be important clinical evidence for further management with FLT3 inhibitors in AML patients with FLT3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Kon Song
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hanyang University Hanmaeum Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51497, Korea
| | - Byeong-Bae Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2290-8114; Fax: +82-2-2290-7112
| | - Ji-Eun Uhm
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Dennis M, Copland M, Kaur H, Kell J, Nikolousis E, Mehta P, Palanicawandar R, Potter V, Raj K, Thomas I, Wilson A. Management of older patients with frailty and acute myeloid leukaemia: A British Society for Haematology good practice paper. Br J Haematol 2022; 199:205-221. [PMID: 36000944 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dennis
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Priyanka Mehta
- University Hospitals of Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Kavita Raj
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Wilson
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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31
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Chen G, She W, Yu C, Rouzi T, Li X, Ma L, Zhang N, Jiang H, Liu X, Wu J, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhou F. A novel organic arsenic derivative MZ2 remodels metabolism and triggers mtROS-mediated apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04333-2. [PMID: 36056952 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common neoplasms in adults, and it is difficult to achieve satisfactory results with conventional drugs. Here, we synthesized a novel organic arsenic derivative MZ2 and evaluated its ability to remodel energy metabolism to achieve anti-leukemia. METHODS MZ2 was characterized by the average 1-min full mass spectra analysis. Biological methods such as Western blot, qPCR, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to assess the mode and mechanism of MZ2-induced death. The in vivo efficacy of MZ2 was assessed by constructing a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) AML model. RESULTS Unlike the precursor organic arsenical Z2, MZ2 can effectively reduce the level of aerobic glycolysis. Our in-depth found that MZ2 inhibited the expression of PDK2 in a dose-dependent manner and did not affect the expression of LDHA, another key enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. MZ2 reconstituted energy metabolism to induce the generation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and then triggerd intrinsic apoptosis pathway. We also assessed whether MZ2 generates autophagy and results showed that MZ2 can induce autophagy of AML cells, which may be associated with the precursor organic arsenic drug. In vivo, MZ2 effectively attenuated leukemia progression in mice, and immunohistochemical results suggested its PDK2 inhibitory effect. CONCLUSION In summary, the novel organic arsine derivative MZ2 exhibited excellent anti-tumor effects in acute myeloid leukemia, which may provide a potential strategy for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Wenyan She
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Chaochao Yu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Tuerxunayi Rouzi
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xinqi Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Linlu Ma
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Hongqiang Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jinxian Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Overcoming Resistance: FLT3 Inhibitors Past, Present, Future and the Challenge of Cure. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174315. [PMID: 36077850 PMCID: PMC9454516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FLT3 ITD and TKD mutations occur in 20% and 10% of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), respectively, and they represent the target of the first approved anti-leukemic therapies in the 2000s. Type I and type II FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i) are active against FLT3 TKD/ITD and FLT3 ITD mutations alone respectively, but they still fail remissions in 30-40% of patients due to primary and secondary mechanisms of resistance, with variable relapse rate of 30-50%, influenced by NPM status and FLT3 allelic ratio. Mechanisms of resistance to FLT3i have recently been analyzed through NGS and single cell assays that have identified and elucidated the polyclonal nature of relapse in clinical and preclinical studies, summarized here. Knowledge of tumor escape pathways has helped in the identification of new targeted drugs to overcome resistance. Immunotherapy and combination or sequential use of BCL2 inhibitors and experimental drugs including aurora kinases, menin and JAK2 inhibitors will be the goal of present and future clinical trials, especially in patients with FLT3-mutated (FLT3mut) AML who are not eligible for allogeneic transplantation.
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A Focus on Intermediate-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Sub-Classification Updates and Therapeutic Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174166. [PMID: 36077703 PMCID: PMC9454629 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic neoplasms deriving from the abnormal proliferation of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow. Patients with AML may have highly variable outcomes, which are generally dictated by individual clinical and genomic characteristics. As such, the European LeukemiaNet 2017 and 2022 guidelines categorize newly diagnosed AML into favorable-, intermediate-, and adverse-risk groups, based on their molecular and cytogenetic profiles. Nevertheless, the intermediate-risk category remains poorly defined, as many patients fall into this group as a result of their exclusion from the other two. Moreover, further genomic data with potential prognostic and therapeutic influences continue to emerge, though they are yet to be integrated into the diagnostic and prognostic models of AML. This review highlights the latest therapeutic advances and challenges that warrant refining the prognostic classification of intermediate-risk AML.
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Yuan W, Zhang S, Zhu H. Advances in clinical studies of FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:507-514. [PMID: 37202100 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous hematological malignancy. AML patients with FLT3 mutations tend to have a high relapse rate and poor outcome, so FLT3 gene has become an important target for AML treatment, and a series of FLT3 inhibitors have been developed. According to the characteristics of FLT3 inhibitors, they can be divided into first-generation FLT3 inhibitors and second-generation FLT3 inhibitors. So far, totally eight FLT3 inhibitors have been undergone clinical trials and only three were approved for the treatment of AML patients, including Midostourin, Quizartinib and Gilteritinib. FLT3 inhibitors can improve the response rate of patients by combining with standard chemotherapy; in the follow-up maintenance treatment, FLT3 inhibitors can also reduce the disease recurrence rate and improve the overall prognosis of patients. However, the primary drug resistance caused by the bone marrow microenvironment, as well as secondary resistance caused by other mutations may result in poor efficacy of FLT3 inhibitors. For such patients, the combination of FLT3 inhibitor with other drugs may reduce the occurrence of drug resistance and improve the subsequent efficacy of patients. This article reviews the current status of FLT3 inhibitors in clinical research of AML patients and the treatment of FLT3-resistant patients to provide reference for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- 1. Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
- 2. Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- 1. Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
- 2. Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Honghu Zhu
- 3. Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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How Genetics Can Drive Initial Therapy Choices for Older Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1086-1103. [PMID: 35687257 PMCID: PMC9898635 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Treatment of older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is challenging. Therapy decisions must be guided by multiple factors including aging-related conditions (e.g., comorbidities, functional impairment), therapy benefits and risks, patient preferences, and disease characteristics. Balancing these factors requires understanding the unique, and frequently higher-risk cytogenetic and molecular characteristics of AML in older adult populations, which should caution providers not to reduce therapy intensity on the basis of age alone. Instead, geriatric assessments should be employed to determine fitness for therapy. Treatment options in AML are increasingly targeted to specific mutations or recognized to have differential benefits on the basis of genomics, and representation of older adults and geriatric outcome reporting in clinical trials is improving. Additionally, newer studies have begun to explore personalized therapy strategies on the basis of initial genetic testing. Review and refinement of practice guidelines for older patients on the basis of these advances is needed and is anticipated to remain an important topic in ongoing hematology/oncology clinical education.
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Kong H, Zhang R, Jing Q, Liang Y, Zhuo Q, Li B, Zhang S, Zhu W, Zhao C. Intravitreal injection of EV11, a novel aryl ketone amide, inhibits choroidal neovascularization via AKT/ERK1/2 pathway. Microvasc Res 2022; 143:104401. [PMID: 35750130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the major cause of irreversible vision loss associated with age-related macular disease (AMD). The currently clinical chemical therapeutic strategies are of high cost and facing supply chain shortage. In our study, we aim to investigate EV11, a novel derivative from Sorafenib, as a new approach to inhibit the formation of CNV. METHODS Cell viability assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay and tube formation assay were applied to explore the effects of EV11 on human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Western blotting analysis was performed to investigate the pathways when EV11 acts on HUVECs. Laser-induced CNV in mice and intravitreal injection of EV11 were applied to find out the efficacy of the drug in vivo. Histological examination and electroretinogram (ERG) evaluated the retinal morphology and visual function after drug application. RESULTS EV11 influenced the HUVECs cell viability as the concentration increasing after 24 hour incubation. It influenced HUVECs through suppressing AKT and ERK1/2 pathway. EV11 reduced CNV area with the optimal concentration of 200uM in mice eyes and compared with Bevacizumab, it had the same effect. The retinal thickness around the optic in each group was not influenced. The amplitudes of the a- and b-waves on scotopic and photopic ERG were not reduced after intravitreal injection. CONCLUSION The present study indicated that EV11 affected the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs, inhibited the area of neovascular of laser induced choroidal neovascularization in mice eyes with no toxicity. EV11 could block the AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in effects of HUVECs. This study unveiled a novel perspective drug EV11 to be a potential candidate for neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Kong
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qinghe Jing
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiao Zhuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Raslan O, Garcia-Horton A. Azacitidine and its role in the upfront treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:873-884. [PMID: 35695017 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) predominantly affects elderly population. This poses challenges in management, as patients are frequently not candidates for intensive therapy given comorbidities or frailty. Currently, azacitidine (AZA), either as monotherapy or in combination regimens, is the backbone treatment in this group of patients. AREAS COVERED We review the mechanism of action, pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety of AZA. It reviews current combination therapies of AZA with other targeted therapies for the treatment of newly diagnosed AML. EXPERT OPINION AZA is a cornerstone for the treatment of patients considered ineligible for intensive chemotherapy induction, but better results and therapies are required for these patients. AZA has shown synergistic properties when combined with other medications. Its safety profile and few drug interactions make it a suitable medication to use as backbone. Newer therapies are being combined with AZA, demonstrating safety and in cases, improved responses, and survival. AZA/venetoclax has emerged as the standard of care for patients who are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Doublet and triplet combinations are increasingly being studied. With the results observed in elderly patients, the intensive chemotherapy paradigm might be put to test in younger populations, with AZA combinations being at the forefront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Raslan
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Centre - Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Jeddah, College of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Horton
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Centre - Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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FLT3-targeted treatment for acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:351-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yilmaz M, Kantarjian H, Short NJ, Reville P, Konopleva M, Kadia T, DiNardo C, Borthakur G, Pemmaraju N, Maiti A, Jabbour E, Jain N, Issa G, Takahashi K, Sasaki K, Ohanian M, Pierce S, Tang G, Loghavi S, Patel K, Wang SA, Garcia-Manero G, Andreeff M, Ravandi F, Daver N. Hypomethylating agent and venetoclax with FLT3 inhibitor "triplet" therapy in older/unfit patients with FLT3 mutated AML. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:77. [PMID: 35501304 PMCID: PMC9061716 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In older/unfit newly diagnosed patients with FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML), lower intensity chemotherapy (LIC) in combination with either a FLT3 inhibitor or with venetoclax results in poor overall survival (median 8 to 12.5 months). We performed a retrospective analysis of 87 newly diagnosed FLT3 mutated AML patients treated on triplet (LIC + FLT3 inhibitor + Venetoclax, [N = 27]) and doublet (LIC + FLT3 inhibitor, [N = 60]) regimens at our institution. Data were collected from prospective clinical trials in 75% (N = 65) and 25% (N = 22) who received the same treatment regimens outside of a clinical trial. Triplet therapy was associated with significantly higher rates of complete remission (CR) (67% versus 32%, P = 0.002), CR/CRi (93% versus 70%, P = 0.02), FLT3-PCR negativity (96% versus 54%, P < 0.01), and flow-cytometry negativity (83% versus 38%, P < 0.01) than doublets. At the end of the first cycle, the median time to ANC > 0.5 (40 versus 21 days, P = 0.15) and platelet > 50 K (29 versus 25 days, P = 0.6) among responders was numerically longer with triplets, but 60-day mortality was similar (7% v 10%). With a median follow-up of 24 months (median 12 months for triplet arm, and 63 months for doublet arm), patients receiving a triplet regimen had a longer median overall survival (not reached versus 9.5 months, P < 0.01). LIC combined with FLT3 inhibitor and venetoclax (triplet) may be an effective frontline regimen for older/unfit FLT3 mutated AML that should be further validated prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Yilmaz
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Hagop Kantarjian
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Short
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Patrick Reville
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Tapan Kadia
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Courtney DiNardo
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Naveen Pemmaraju
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Abhishek Maiti
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Elias Jabbour
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Nitin Jain
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Ghayas Issa
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Koji Sasaki
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Maro Ohanian
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sherry Pierce
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Guillin Tang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sanam Loghavi
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Keyur Patel
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sa A. Wang
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Naval Daver
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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Ahn JS, Kim HJ. FLT3 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: a review focusing on clinically applicable drugs. Blood Res 2022; 57:32-36. [PMID: 35483923 PMCID: PMC9057665 DOI: 10.5045/br.2022.2022017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations, the most frequently detected genetic aberrations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), are identified in approximately 30% of patients with newly diagnosed AML and are more common in patients with normal karyotypes. Since the discovery of FLT3 mutations in AML, clinical trials have been actively conducted in patients with FLT3 mutated AML, and FLT3 inhibitors have been introduced into clinical practice. The current standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-mutated AML is 7+3 induction chemotherapy combined with midostaurin. Additionally, gilteritinib is more effective than salvage chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory FLT3-mutated AML. Ongoing trials are expected to provide additional treatment options depending on the disease state and patient vulnerability. This review summarizes information on clinically available FLT3 inhibitors for the management of AML with FLT3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sook Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Genomic Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.,Genomic Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
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41
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Perl AE. Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Enters the Molecularly Targeted Era Via FLT3 Inhibition. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2058-2060. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Perl
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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42
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Senapati J, Kadia TM. Which FLT3 Inhibitor for Treatment of AML? Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:359-380. [PMID: 35258791 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Treatment options in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have improved significantly over the last decade with better understanding of disease biology and availability of a multitude of targeted therapies. The use of FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i) in FLT3-mutated (FLT3mut) AML is one such development; however, the clinical decisions that govern their use and dictate the choice of the FLT3i are evolving. Midostaurin and gilteritinib are FDA-approved in specific situations; however, available data from clinical trials also shed light on the utility of sorafenib maintenance post-allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and quizartinib as part of combination therapy in FLT3mut AML. The knowledge of the patient's concurrent myeloid mutations, type of FLT3 mutation, prior FLT3i use, and eligibility for allo-SCT helps to refine the choice of FLT3i. Data from ongoing studies will further precisely define their use and help in making more informed choices. Despite improvements in FLT3i therapy, the definitive aim is to enable the eligible patient with FLT3mut AML (esp. ITD) to proceed to allo-SCT with regimens containing FLT3i incorporated prior to SCT and as maintenance after SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayastu Senapati
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. - Unit 428, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Tapan Mahendra Kadia
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. - Unit 428, Houston, 77030, USA.
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43
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Zhao JC, Agarwal S, Ahmad H, Amin K, Bewersdorf JP, Zeidan AM. A review of FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2022; 52:100905. [PMID: 34774343 PMCID: PMC9846716 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
FLT3 mutations are the most common genetic aberrations found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and associated with poor prognosis. Since the discovery of FLT3 mutations and their prognostic implications, multiple FLT3-targeted molecules have been evaluated. Midostaurin is approved in the U.S. and Europe for newly diagnosed FLT3 mutated AML in combination with standard induction and consolidation chemotherapy based on data from the RATIFY study. Gilteritinib is approved for relapsed or refractory FLT3 mutated AML as monotherapy based on the ADMIRAL study. Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of AML with FLT3-targeting, many challenges remain. Several drug resistance mechanisms have been identified, including clonal selection, stromal protection, FLT3-associated mutations, and off-target mutations. The benefit of FLT3 inhibitor maintenance therapy, either post-chemotherapy or post-transplant, remains controversial, although several studies are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sonal Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hiba Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kejal Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jan Philipp Bewersdorf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amer M Zeidan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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44
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Chi SG, Minami Y. Emerging Targeted Therapy for Specific Genomic Abnormalities in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2362. [PMID: 35216478 PMCID: PMC8879537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe recent updates of existing molecular-targeting agents and emerging novel gene-specific strategies. FLT3 and IDH inhibitors are being tested in combination with conventional chemotherapy for both medically fit patients and patients who are ineligible for intensive therapy. FLT3 inhibitors combined with non-cytotoxic agents, such as BCL-2 inhibitors, have potential therapeutic applicability. The menin-MLL complex pathway is an emerging therapeutic target. The pathway accounts for the leukemogenesis in AML with MLL-rearrangement, NPM1 mutation, and NUP98 fusion genes. Potent menin-MLL inhibitors have demonstrated promising anti-leukemic effects in preclinical studies. The downstream signaling molecule SYK represents an additional target. However, the TP53 mutation continues to remain a challenge. While the p53 stabilizer APR-246 in combination with azacitidine failed to show superiority compared to azacitidine monotherapy in a phase 3 trial, next-generation p53 stabilizers are now under development. Among a number of non-canonical approaches to TP53-mutated AML, the anti-CD47 antibody magrolimab in combination with azacitidine showed promising results in a phase 1b trial. Further, the efficacy was somewhat better in patients with the TP53 mutation. Although clinical evidence has not been accumulated sufficiently, targeting activating KIT mutations and RAS pathway-related molecules can be a future therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa 2778577, Japan;
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45
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Miyamoto T, Sanford D, Tomuleasa C, Hsiao HH, Olivera LJE, Enjeti AK, Gimenez Conca A, Castillo TBD, Girshova L, Martelli MP, Guvenc B, Delgado A, Duan Y, Garbayo Guijarro B, Llamas C, Lee JH. Real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with AML unfit for first-line intensive chemotherapy . Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:928-938. [PMID: 35147482 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.2002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) predominantly affects the elderly, and prognosis declines with age. Induction chemotherapy plus consolidation therapy is standard of care for fit patients; options for unfit patients include hypomethylating agents (HMA), low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), targeted therapies, and best supportive care (BSC). This retrospective chart review evaluated clinical outcomes in unfit patients with AML who initiated first-line treatment or BSC 01/01/2015-12/31/2018. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and response rates were assessed. Of 1762 patients, 1310 received systemic therapies: 809 HMA, 199 LDAC, and 302 other therapies; 452 received BSC. Median OS was 9.9, 7.9, 5.4, and 2.5 months for HMA, LDAC, other, and BSC, respectively. Median PFS was 7.5, 5.3, 4.1, and 2.1 months for HMA, LDAC, other, and BSC, respectively; median TTF was 4.9, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.1 months, respectively. Our findings highlight the unmet need for novel therapies for unfit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - David Sanford
- Division of Hematology, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program of BC, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology - Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Anoop Kumar Enjeti
- Calvary Mater Newcastle, University of Newcastle and New South Wales Health Pathology, Waratah, Australia
| | | | - Teresa Bernal Del Castillo
- Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, University Hospital Central de Asturias, ISPA, IUOPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Larisa Girshova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Almazov National Medical Research Centre' of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery - Section of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Perugia University, 'Santa Maria della Misericordia' Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Birol Guvenc
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Hematology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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46
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Evolution of Therapy for Older Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer J 2022; 28:67-72. [PMID: 35072376 PMCID: PMC10123925 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Most patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are 65 years or older. The treatment of AML in older patients has been characterized by distinct patient- and disease-related challenges that have impeded the meaningful progress that has been observed in younger patients with AML. Higher rates of comorbidities and frailty contribute to higher rates of treatment-related complications, whereas adverse disease features such as poor-risk genomics and secondary AML are associated with therapeutic resistance and shortened survival. Intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplant, although still considered standard for many newly diagnosed patients with AML, may not be appropriate for a larger subset of older patients with AML. Lower-intensity approaches such as hypomethylating agents have been widely applied for newly diagnosed older and unfit patients with AML, improving tolerability among this subset, but providing more modest response rates. Numerous analyses have attempted to tackle the utility of higher- versus lower-intensity therapy in older AML and identify the factors that can help choose the approach that best optimizes tolerability and efficacy. Recently, a greater understanding of the genomic and biologic heterogeneity of AML has led to better risk stratification and has contributed to the development of specific targeted therapies that are starting to narrow the gap between safety and efficacy. Newly approved agents, such FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3) inhibitors, IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors, and the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax, as well postremission maintenance therapy with CC-486 (oral 5-azacitidine), are being systematically incorporated into the evolving treatment of older patients with newly diagnosed AML.
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47
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Incorporation of FLT3 Inhibitors Into the Treatment Regimens for FLT3 Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer J 2022; 28:14-20. [DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Dennis M, Thomas IF, Ariti C, Upton L, Burnett AK, Gilkes A, Radia R, Hemmaway C, Mehta P, Knapper S, Clark RE, Copland M, Russell N, Hills RK. Randomized evaluation of quizartinib and low-dose ara-C vs low-dose ara-C in older acute myeloid leukemia patients. Blood Adv 2021; 5:5621-5625. [PMID: 34597366 PMCID: PMC8714727 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy is unsatisfactory. Standard nonintensive therapies have low response rates and only extend life by a few months. Quizartinib is an oral Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor with reported activity in wild-type patients. As part of the AML LI trial, we undertook a randomized evaluation of low-dose ara-C (LDAC) with or without quizartinib in patients not fit for intensive chemotherapy. Overall, survival was not improved (202 patients), but in the 27 FLT3-ITD patients, the addition of quizartinib to LDAC improved response (P = .05) with complete remission/complete remission with incomplete haematological recovery for quizartinib + LDAC in 5/13 (38%) vs 0/14 (0%) in patients receiving LDAC alone. Overall survival (OS) in these FLT3-ITD+ patients was also significantly improved at 2 years for quizartinib + LDAC (hazard ratio 0.36; 95% confidence intervals: 0.16, 0.85, P = .04). Median OS was 13.7 months compared with 4.2 months with LDAC alone. This is the first report of an FLT3-targeted therapy added to standard nonintensive chemotherapy that has improved survival in this population. Quizartinib merits consideration for future triplet-based treatment approaches. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as ISRCTN #ISRCTN40571019 and EUDRACT @2011-000749-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian F. Thomas
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cono Ariti
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Upton
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan K. Burnett
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Gilkes
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rohini Radia
- Department of Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Priyanka Mehta
- Department of Haematology, Queen's Hospital, Romford, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Knapper
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E. Clark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mhairi Copland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Russell
- Department of Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K. Hills
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
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49
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Venetoclax in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Molecular Basis, Evidences for Preclinical and Clinical Efficacy and Strategies to Target Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225608. [PMID: 34830763 PMCID: PMC8615921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax is a BH3-mimetics agent specifically interacting with the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2, facilitating cytochrome c release from mitochondria, subsequent caspases activation, and cell death. Utilization of venetoclax has profoundly changed the landscape of treatment for the poor-prognosis category of AML patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy. In the phase III VIALE-A study, Venetoclax, in combination with the hypomethylating agent azacitidine, showed a 65% overall response rate and 14.7-month overall survival, in comparison with 22% and 8 months in the control arm. These results led to the widespread use of venetoclax in this indication. Other combination regimens, consisting of low-intensity, intensive, or targeted therapies are currently under evaluation. Despite promising results, preventing relapses or resistance to venetoclax is still an unmet clinical need. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify and overcome venetoclax resistance in preclinical models or in clinical trials, including the inhibition of other antiapoptotic proteins, the induction of proapoptotic BH3-only proteins, and/or the targeting of the mitochondrial metabolism and machinery.
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50
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Evolving Therapeutic Approaches for Older Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in 2021. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205075. [PMID: 34680226 PMCID: PMC8534216 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The better understanding of disease biology, the availability of new effective drugs and the increased awareness of patients’ heterogeneity in terms of fitness and personal expectations has made the current treatment paradigm of AML in the elderly very challenging. Here, we discuss the evolving criteria used to define eligibility for induction chemotherapy and transplantation, the introduction of new agents in the treatment of patients with very different clinical conditions, the implications of precision medicine and the importance of quality of life and supportive care, proposing a simplified algorithm that we follow in 2021. Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients is characterized by unfavorable prognosis due to adverse disease features and a high rate of treatment-related complications. Classical therapeutic options range from intensive chemotherapy in fit patients, potentially followed by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), to hypomethylating agents or palliative care alone for unfit/frail ones. In the era of precision medicine, the treatment paradigm of AML is rapidly changing. On the one hand, a plethora of new targeted drugs with good tolerability profiles are becoming available, offering the possibility to achieve a prolonged remission to many patients not otherwise eligible for more intensive therapies. On the other hand, better tools to assess patients’ fitness and improvements in the selection and management of those undergoing allo-HCT will hopefully reduce treatment-related mortality and complications. Importantly, a detailed genetic characterization of AML has become of paramount importance to choose the best therapeutic option in both intensively treated and unfit patients. Finally, improving supportive care and quality of life is of major importance in this age group, especially for the minority of patients that are still candidates for palliative care because of very poor clinical conditions or unwillingness to receive active treatments. In the present review, we discuss the evolving approaches in the treatment of older AML patients, which is becoming increasingly challenging following the advent of new effective drugs for a very heterogeneous and complex population.
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