1
|
Cappella A, Gaffuri F, Yang J, Tartaglia FC, Solazzo R, Inchingolo F, Tartaglia GM, Sforza C. Volumetric Analyses of Dysmorphic Maxillofacial Structures Using 3D Surface-Based Approaches: A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4740. [PMID: 39200882 PMCID: PMC11355207 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) analysis of maxillofacial structures in dysmorphic patients offers clinical advantages over 2D analysis due to its high accuracy and precision in measuring many morphological parameters. Currently, no reliable gold standard exists for calculating 3D volumetric measurements of maxillofacial structures when captured by 3D surface imaging techniques. The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the scientific literature related to 3D surface imaging methods used for volumetric analysis of the dysmorphic maxillofacial structures of patients affected by CL/P or other syndromes and to provide an update on the existing protocols, methods, and, when available, reference data. Methods: A total of 17 papers selected according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed for the qualitative analysis out of more than 4500 articles published between 2002 and 2024 that were retrieved from the main electronic scientific databases according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A qualitative synthesis of the protocols used for the selection of the anatomical areas of interest and details on the methods used for the calculation of their volume was completed. Results: The results suggest a great degree of heterogeneity between the reviewed studies in all the aspects analysed (patient population, anatomical structure, area selection, and volume calculation), which prevents any chance of direct comparison between the reported volumetric data. Conclusions: Our qualitative analysis revealed dissimilarities in the procedures specified in the studies, highlighting the need to develop uniform methods and protocols and the need for comparative studies to verify the validity of methods in order to achieve high levels of scientific evidence, homogeneity of volumetric data, and clinical consensus on the methods to use for 3D volumetric surface-based analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Cappella
- U.O. Laboratory of Applied Morphology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gaffuri
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Josh Yang
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM), Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | | | - Riccardo Solazzo
- LAFAS (Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- LAFAS (Laboratory of Functional Anatomy of the Stomatognathic System), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bastir M, Sanz-Prieto D, Burgos MA, Pérez-Ramos A, Heuzé Y, Maréchal L, Evteev A, Toro-Ibacache V, Esteban-Ortega F. Beyond skeletal studies: A computational analysis of nasal airway function in climate adaptation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24932. [PMID: 38516761 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air-conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold-dry; hot-dry; and hot-humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes. RESULTS Subjects from hot-humid regions showed significantly lower air-conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions. DISCUSSION Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho-functional model that attributes air-conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra-facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel A Burgos
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology, and Paleogeography Group, Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Yann Heuzé
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Laura Maréchal
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Center for Quantitative Analysis in Dental Anthropology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ocobock C. Human cold adaptation: An unfinished agenda v2.0. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23937. [PMID: 37345289 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on human extreme cold climate adaptations has benefitted from a recent resurgence since Ted Steegmann laid out his Human Cold Adaptation Agenda in 2007. Human biologists have drastically expanded our knowledge in this area during the last 15 years, but we still have a great deal more work to do to fulfill the cold climate adaptation agenda. METHODS Here, I follow Steegmann's example by providing a review of cold climate adaptations and setting forth a new, expanded agenda. RESULTS I review the foundational work on cold climate adaptations including classic Bergmann, Allen, and Thomson rules as well as early work assessing metabolic differences among Indigenous cold climate populations. From there, I discuss some of the groundbreaking work currently taking place on cold climate adaptations such as brown adipose tissue (a heat generating organ), physical activity levels, metabolic rates, and behavioral/cultural mechanisms. Finally, I present a path forward for future research with a focus on some of the basic extreme cold adaptations as well as how human biologists should approach the effects of climate change on human health and well-being, particularly within a cold climate context. CONCLUSION The Arctic has felt the dramatic effects of climate change sooner and more acutely than other parts of the world, making it an ideal location for studying both cold climate adaptations and climate change resilience. Human biologists have a great deal to contribute to the conversation on not only adaptations to extreme cold, but also the ways in which climate change is being embodied by cold climate populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Gender Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Watso JC, Cuba JN, Boutwell SL, Moss JE, Bowerfind AK, Fernandez IM, Cassette JM, May AM, Kirk KF. Acute nasal breathing lowers diastolic blood pressure and increases parasympathetic contributions to heart rate variability in young adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R797-R808. [PMID: 37867476 PMCID: PMC11178300 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00148.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in how breathing pace, pattern, and training (e.g., device-guided or -resisted breathing) affect cardiovascular health. It is unknown whether the route of breathing (nasal vs. oral) affects prognostic cardiovascular variables. Because nasal breathing can improve other physiological variables (e.g., airway dilation), we hypothesized that nasal compared with oral breathing would acutely lower blood pressure (BP) and improve heart rate variability (HRV) metrics. We tested 20 adults in this study [13 females/7 males; age: 18(1) years, median (IQR); body mass index: 23 ± 2 kg·m-2, means ± SD]. We compared variables between nasal- and oral-only breathing (random order, five min each) using paired, two-tailed t tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank paired tests with significance set to P < 0.05. We report the median (interquartile range) for diastolic BP and means ± SD for all other variables. We found that nasal breathing was associated with a lower mean BP (nasal: 84 ± 7 vs. oral: 86 ± 5 mmHg, P = 0.006, Cohen's d = 0.70) and diastolic BP [nasal: 68(8) vs. oral: 72(5) mmHg, P < 0.001, Rank-biserial correlation = 0.89] but not systolic BP (nasal: 116 ± 11 vs. oral: 117 ± 9 mmHg, P = 0.48, Cohen's d = 0.16) or heart rate (HR; nasal: 74 ± 10 vs. oral: 75 ± 8 beats·min-1, P = 0.90, Cohen's d = 0.03). We also found that nasal breathing was associated with a higher high-frequency (HF) contribution to HRV (nasal: 59 ± 19 vs. oral: 52 ± 21%, P = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.50) and a lower low frequency-to-HF ratio at rest (nasal: 0.9 ± 0.8 vs. oral: 1.2 ± 0.9, P = 0.04, Cohen's d = 0.49). These data suggest that nasal compared with oral breathing acutely 1) lowers mean and diastolic BP, 2) does not affect systolic BP or heart rate, and 3) increases parasympathetic contributions to HRV.NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is growing interest in how breathing pace, pattern, and training (e.g., device-guided or -resisted breathing) affect prognostic cardiovascular variables. However, the potential effects of the breathing route on prognostic cardiovascular variables are unclear. These data suggest that nasal compared with oral breathing 1) lowers mean and diastolic blood pressure (BP), 2) does not affect systolic BP or heart rate (HR), and 3) increases parasympathetic contributions to heart rate variability (HRV). These data suggest that acute nasal breathing improves several prognostic cardiovascular variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Watso
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Jens N Cuba
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Savannah L Boutwell
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Justine E Moss
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Allison K Bowerfind
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Isabela M Fernandez
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Jessica M Cassette
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Allyson M May
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Katherine F Kirk
- Cardiovascular and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Nutrition, & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moris JM, Cardona A, Hinckley B, Mendez A, Blades A, Paidisetty VK, Chang CJ, Curtis R, Allen K, Koh Y. A framework of transient hypercapnia to achieve an increased cerebral blood flow induced by nasal breathing during aerobic exercise. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 5:100183. [PMID: 37745894 PMCID: PMC10514094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
During exercise, cerebral blood flow (CBF) is expected to only increase to a maximal volume up to a moderate intensity aerobic effort, suggesting that CBF is expected to decline past 70 % of a maximal aerobic effort. Increasing CBF during exercise permits an increased cerebral metabolic activity that stimulates neuroplasticity and other key processes of cerebral adaptations that ultimately improve cognitive health. Recent work has focused on utilizing gas-induced exposure to intermittent hypoxia during aerobic exercise to maximize the improvements in cognitive function compared to those seen under normoxic conditions. However, it is postulated that exercising by isolating breathing only to the nasal route may provide a similar effect by stimulating a transient hypercapnic condition that is non-gas dependent. Because nasal breathing prevents hyperventilation during exercise, it promotes an increase in the partial arterial pressure of CO2. The rise in systemic CO2 stimulates hypercapnia and permits the upregulation of hypoxia-related genes. In addition, the rise in systemic CO2 stimulates cerebral vasodilation, promoting a greater increase in CBF than seen during normoxic conditions. While more research is warranted, nasal breathing might also promote benefits related to improved sleep, greater immunity, and body fat loss. Altogether, this narrative review presents a theoretical framework by which exercise-induced hypercapnia by utilizing nasal breathing during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may promote greater health adaptations and cognitive improvements than utilizing oronasal breathing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Moris
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Arturo Cardona
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Brendan Hinckley
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Armando Mendez
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Alexandra Blades
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Vineet K. Paidisetty
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Christian J. Chang
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Ryan Curtis
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Kylie Allen
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Yunsuk Koh
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, 1312 S. 5th St., Waco, TX 76798, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Syutkina T, Anikin A, Satanin L, Evteev A. Sexual dimorphism in human midfacial growth patterns from newborn to 5 years old based on computed tomography. J Anat 2023; 242:132-145. [PMID: 36208113 PMCID: PMC9877485 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have supported the presence and varying nature of craniofacial sexual dimorphism (SD) from the very first stages of ontogeny. But the exact patterns of between-sex differences during the first years of life remain obscure despite the importance of these data for craniofacial surgery treatment and forensic studies. Our study employs a large dataset of clinical computed tomography scans of individuals of East Slavonic descent from birth to 5 years of age (247 males and 184 females) to address the pattern of age-related between-sex differences in 22 linear measurements of the mid-face. At birth, SD of most dimensions is low, but it increases significantly during the first year of life. The level of SD of most variables fluctuates in both directions during the second year and peaks during the third and fourth years of life. During the sixth year, SD of about half of the variables markedly decreases. In adults, SD of all variables increases, but to a very different extent: from 2% to 13%. Most sexually dimorphic features of the facial skeleton begin to develop early in postnatal ontogeny and then may or may not become accentuated during puberty. Importantly, the patterns of age changes in the level of SD differ strongly between various dimensions, and so cannot be expressed by a single value for the whole face. Additionally, the level of SD for a particular variable is not ontogenetically stable during the first years of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taisiya Syutkina
- Department of Human EcologyThe Russian Academy of Sciences N.N. Miklouho‐Maklay Institute of Ethnology and AnthropologyMoscowRussia
| | - Anatoliy Anikin
- Radiology DepartmentScientific Centre of Children's HealthMoscowRussia
| | - Leonid Satanin
- Pediatric DepartmentBurdenko Scientific Research Institute of NeurosurgeryMoscowRussia
| | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of AnthropologyLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maréchal L, Dumoncel J, Santos F, Astudillo Encina W, Evteev A, Prevost A, Toro-Ibacache V, Venter RG, Heuzé Y. New insights into the variability of upper airway morphology in modern humans. J Anat 2022; 242:781-795. [PMID: 36585765 PMCID: PMC10093156 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological adaptation of the human lineage to its environment is a recurring question in paleoanthropology. Particularly, how eco-geographic factors (e.g., environmental temperature and humidity) have shaped upper airway morphology in hominins have been subject to continuing debate. Nasal shape is the result of many intertwined factors that include, but are not limited to, genetic drift, sexual selection, or adaptation to climate. A quantification of nasal airway (NA) morphological variation in modern human populations is crucial to better understand these multiple factors. In the present research, we study 195 in vivo CT scans of adult individuals collected in five different geographic areas (Chile, France, Cambodia, Russia, and South Africa). After segmentation of the nasal airway, we reconstruct 3D meshes that are analyzed with a landmark-free geometric morphometrics method based on surface deformation. Our results highlight subtle but statistically significant morphological differences between our five samples. The two morphologically closest groups are France and Russia, whose NAs are longer and narrower, with an important protrusion of the supero-anterior part. The Cambodian sample is the most morphologically distinct and clustered sample, with a mean NA that is wider and shorter. On the contrary, the Chilean sample form the most scattered cluster with the greatest intra-population variation. The South African sample is morphologically close to the Cambodian sample, but also partially overlaps the French and Russian variation. Interestingly, we record no correlation between NA volume and geographic groups, which raises the question of climate-related metabolic demands for oxygen consumption. The other factors of variation (sex and age) have no influence on the NA shape in our samples. However, NA volume varies significantly according both to sex and age: it is higher in males than in females and tends to increase with age. In contrast, we observe no effect of temperature or humidity on NA volume. Finally, we highlight the important influence of asymmetries related to nasal septum deviations in NA shape variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maréchal
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Jean Dumoncel
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Santos
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| | | | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alice Prevost
- Plastic and Maxillo-facial Surgery Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centro de Análisis Cuantitativo en Antropología Dental, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rudolph G Venter
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Geometric Morphometric Study on Sexual Dimorphism in Viscerocranium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091333. [PMID: 36138812 PMCID: PMC9495862 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The level of sexual dimorphism manifested by human bones is an important factor for development of effective sex estimation methods. The aim of the study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the viscerocranium using geometric morphometric techniques. It also aimed to explore the sex differences in distinct viscerocranial regions and to establish the most dimorphic region with regard to size and shape. Computed tomography images of 156 males and 184 females were used in the study. Three-dimensional coordinates of 31 landmarks were acquired. Five landmark configurations were constructed from the viscerocranium and its orbital, nasal, maxillary, and zygomatic region. Generalized Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis were applied to each configuration. The significance of the sex differences in size and shape was assessed and significant differences were found in all configurations. The highest accuracy was obtained from both shape and size of the whole viscerocranium. Based on size only, the highest accuracy was achieved by the nasal region. The accuracy based on shape was generally low for all configurations, but the highest result was attained by the orbital region. Hence, size is a better sex discriminator than shape.
Collapse
|
9
|
Butaric LN, Nicholas CL, Kravchuk K, Maddux SD. Ontogenetic variation in human nasal morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1910-1937. [PMID: 34549897 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Internal nasal cavity morphology has long been thought to reflect respiratory pressures related to heating and humidifying inspired air. Yet, despite the widely recognized importance of ontogeny in understanding climatic and thermoregulatory adaptations, most research on nasal variation in modern and fossil humans focuses on static adult morphology. This study utilizes cross-sectional CT data of three morphologically distinct samples (African, European, Arctic) spanning from infancy to adulthood (total n = 321). Eighteen landmarks capturing external and internal regions of the face and nose were subjected to generalized Procrustes and form-space principal component analyses (separately conducted on global and individual samples) to ascertain when adult-specific nasal morphology emerges during ontogeny. Across the global sample, PC1 (67.18% of the variation) tracks age-related size changes regardless of ancestry, while PC2 (6.86%) differentiates between the ancestral groups irrespective of age. Growth curves tracking morphological changes by age-in-years indicate comparable growth trajectories across all three samples, with the majority of nasal size and shape established early in ontogeny (<5 years of age). Sex-based trends are also evident, with females exhibiting a more truncated growth period than males, particularly for nasal height dimensions. Differences are also evident between the anterior and posterior nose, with the height and breadth dimensions of the anterior nasal aperture and nasal cavity showing differential ontogenetic patterns compared to the choanae. Cumulatively, these results suggest that multiple selective pressures influence human nasal morphology through ontogenetic processes, including metabolic demands for sufficient oxygen intake and climatic demands for adequate intranasal air conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Christina L Nicholas
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine Kravchuk
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shastri D, Tandon P, Singh A. Nasal changes in different age groups. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2021; 12:367-371. [PMID: 35153433 PMCID: PMC8820299 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_246_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate nasal changes in different age groups and to detect gender difference in nasal dimensions. Materials and Methods Clinical measurement and profile photographic records of 279 randomly selected subjects were obtained for the evaluation of nasal changes. Thirty-nine subjects were excluded, and the final sample consisted of 240 subjects. The subjects were divided into four groups by age: Group 1 (16-20 years), Group 2 (21-30 years), Group 3 (31-40 years), and Group 4 (41-50 years). Each group was further subdivided on the basis of gender. Data were collected and analyzed by two-way multivariate analysis of variance with Duncan's multiple range post hoc test. Results In both males and females, nasal height and breadth increased with except nasal index and nasolabial angle. More nasal changes were seen in males as compared to females of the same age group. Conclusions Nonconsistent age-related changes were found for nasal index and nasolabial angle. The rest of the nasal parameters increased with age and differ between the genders. Larger nasal changes were seen in males as compared to females of the same age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Shastri
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Tandon
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dediu D, Moisik SR, Baetsen WA, Bosman AM, Waters-Rist AL. The vocal tract as a time machine: inferences about past speech and language from the anatomy of the speech organs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200192. [PMID: 33745306 PMCID: PMC8059537 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While speech and language do not fossilize, they still leave traces that can be extracted and interpreted. Here, we suggest that the shape of the hard structures of the vocal tract may also allow inferences about the speech of long-gone humans. These build on recent experimental and modelling studies, showing that there is extensive variation between individuals in the precise shape of the vocal tract, and that this variation affects speech and language. In particular, we show that detailed anatomical information concerning two components of the vocal tract (the lower jaw and the hard palate) can be extracted and digitized from the osteological remains of three historical populations from The Netherlands, and can be used to conduct three-dimensional biomechanical simulations of vowel production. We could recover the signatures of inter-individual variation between these vowels, in acoustics and articulation. While 'proof-of-concept', this study suggests that older and less well-preserved remains could be used to draw inferences about historic and prehistoric languages. Moreover, it forces us to clarify the meaning and use of the uniformitarian principle in linguistics, and to consider the wider context of language use, including the anatomy, physiology and cognition of the speakers. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reconstructing prehistoric languages'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dediu
- Laboratoire Dynamique De Langage (DDL) UMR 5596, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Scott R. Moisik
- Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - W. A. Baetsen
- RAAP Archeologisch Adviesbureau b.v., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abel Marinus Bosman
- DFG Center for Advanced Studies ‘Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking Linguistic, Cultural, and Biological Trajectories of the Human Past’, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- IDDS Groep b.v., Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stansfield E, Mitteroecker P, Vasilyev SY, Vasilyev S, Butaric LN. Respiratory adaptation to climate in modern humans and Upper Palaeolithic individuals from Sungir and Mladeč. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7997. [PMID: 33846400 PMCID: PMC8042039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As our human ancestors migrated into Eurasia, they faced a considerably harsher climate, but the extent to which human cranial morphology has adapted to this climate is still debated. In particular, it remains unclear when such facial adaptations arose in human populations. Here, we explore climate-associated features of face shape in a worldwide modern human sample using 3D geometric morphometrics and a novel application of reduced rank regression. Based on these data, we assess climate adaptations in two crucial Upper Palaeolithic human fossils, Sungir and Mladeč, associated with a boreal-to-temperate climate. We found several aspects of facial shape, especially the relative dimensions of the external nose, internal nose and maxillary sinuses, that are strongly associated with temperature and humidity, even after accounting for autocorrelation due to geographical proximity of populations. For these features, both fossils revealed adaptations to a dry environment, with Sungir being strongly associated with cold temperatures and Mladeč with warm-to-hot temperatures. These results suggest relatively quick adaptative rates of facial morphology in Upper Palaeolithic Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Stansfield
- Unit of Theoretical Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Unit of Theoretical Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey Y Vasilyev
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ocobock C, Lacy S, Niclou A. Between a rock and a cold place: Neanderthal biocultural cold adaptations. Evol Anthropol 2021; 30:262-279. [PMID: 33797824 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A large body of work focuses on the unique aspects of Neanderthal anatomy, inferred physiology, and behavior to test the assumption that Neanderthals were hyper-adapted to living in cold environments. This research has expanded over the years to include previously unexplored and potentially adaptive features such as brown adipose tissue and fire-usage. Here we review the current state of knowledge of Neanderthal cold adaptations along morphological, physiological, and behavioral lines. While highlighting foundational as well as recent work, we also emphasize key areas for future research. Despite thriving in a variety of climates, it is well-accepted that Neanderthals appear to be the most cold-adapted of known fossil hominin groups; however, there are still many unknowns. There is a great deal yet to be uncovered about the nature and manifestation of Neanderthal adaptation and how the synergy of biology and culture helped buffer them against extreme and variable environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA.,Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah Lacy
- Department of Anthropology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Niclou
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bastir M, Megía I, Torres-Tamayo N, García-Martínez D, Piqueras FM, Burgos M. Three-dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in the soft tissue morphology of the upper airways in a human population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:65-75. [PMID: 31837016 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies have analyzed the sexual dimorphism of the skeletal cranial airways. This study aimed to quantify the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the soft tissues of the upper airways in a human population. We addressed hypotheses about morphological features related to respiratory and energetic aspects of nasal sexual dimorphism. METHODS We reconstructed 3D models of 41 male and female soft tissue nasal airways from computed tomography data. We measured 280 landmarks and semilandmarks for 3D-geometric morphometric analyses to test for differences in size and 3D morphology of different functional compartments of the soft tissue airways. RESULTS We found statistical evidence for sexual dimorphism: Males were larger than females. 3D features indicated taller and wider inflow tracts, taller outflow tracts and slightly taller internal airways in males. These characteristics are compatible with greater airflow in males. DISCUSSION The differences in 3D nasal airway morphology are compatible with the respiratory-energetics hypothesis according to which males differ from females because of greater energetic demands. Accordingly, structures related to inflow and outflow of air show stronger signals than structures relevant for air-conditioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Megía
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Torres-Tamayo
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco M Piqueras
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Burgos
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos, Cartagena, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Late subadult ontogeny and adult aging of the human thorax reveals divergent growth trajectories between sexes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10737. [PMID: 32612141 PMCID: PMC7329879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is an important feature of adult thorax morphology, but when and how sex-related differences in the ribcage arise during ontogeny is poorly known. Previous research proposed that sex-related size differences in the nasal region arise during puberty. Therefore, we explore whether ribcage sexual dimorphism also arises at that time and whether this sexual dimorphism is maintained until old age. We measured 526 (semi)landmarks on 80 CT-based human ribcage reconstructions, on individuals ranging from 7 to 65 year-old. The 3D coordinates were submitted to the Procrustes superimposition and analyzed. Our results show that the trajectories of thorax size and shape between sexes diverge at around 12 years of age, and continue slightly diverging until old age. The differential ontogenetic trends cause adult male ribcages to become deeper, shorter, and wider than female. Our results are consistent with the evidence from the cranial respiratory system, with the development of sexual dimorphism probably related to changes in body composition during puberty combined with changes in the reproductive system.
Collapse
|
16
|
The anthropological analysis of the nasal morphology of Dayak Kenyah population in Indonesia as a basic data for forensic identification. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
17
|
Janović N, Ćoćić A, Stamenić M, Janović A, Djurić M. Side asymmetry in nasal resistance correlate with nasal obstruction severity in patients with septal deformities: Computational fluid dynamics study. Clin Otolaryngol 2020; 45:718-724. [PMID: 32365272 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between side asymmetry in nasal resistance (NR) and severity of the nasal airway obstruction (NAO) in patients with different types of nasal septal deformity (NSD). DESIGN Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study. SETTING The study was conducted in a tertiary medical centre. PARTICIPANTS The study included 232 patients, who were referred to the CT examination of the paranasal sinuses. Exclusion criteria were sinonasal and respiratory diseases that may interfere with the nasal obstruction. The presence and the type of NSD were recorded according to the Mladina's classification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The presence and severity of NAO in each patient were assessed by NOSE questionnaire. Eight computational models of the nasal cavity were created from CT scans. Models represented seven Mladina's NSD types and a straight septum of a symptomless patient. CFD calculated airflow partitioning and NR for each nasal passage. Side differences in NR were calculated by the equation ∆NR = NRleft - NRright . The relationship between NOSE scores, airflow partitioning and side differences in NR was explored using Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS Mladina's types of NSD showed differences in airflow partitioning and the degree of side asymmetry in NR. A significant positive correlation was detected between side differences in NR and NOSE scores (R = .762, P = .028). A significant negative correlation was found between the per cent of unilateral airflow and NR (R = -.524, P = .037). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that side asymmetry in NR could explain differences in NAO severity related to the NSD type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Janović
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Ćoćić
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Stamenić
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksa Janović
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Djurić
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Comparison of Nasal Index Between Northwestern Nigeria and Northern Iranian Populations: An Anthropometric Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2019; 19:596-602. [PMID: 33071509 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-019-01314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The nasal index has a great value in anthropological studies, because it is one of the anthropometric indices acknowledged in nasal surgery as well as management. Anthropometric studies are very important area for craniofacial surgery and syndromology. The aim of this research was to compare the nasal characteristics between northwestern Nigerian and Iranian populations and compare them with other studies. Methods The nasal breadths and heights were measured from 400 individuals with 200 participants from Hausa ethnic group of northwestern Nigeria and 200 participants from Northern Tehran, Iran. Nasal index (NI) was calculated and analyzed statistically. Results There were significant difference in the nasal breadth (P = 0.0001), height (P = 0.0001) and NI (P = 0.0001) of sex groups in both Iranian and Nigeria population. The distribution of the nasal shapes for Iranian population is 127 leptorrhine (31.9%), 62 mesorrhine (15.6%) and nine platyrrhine (2.3%), while Nigeria population has 120 mesorrhine (30.2%), 75 leptorrhine (18.8%) and five platyrrhine (1.3%). This shows that Nigeria Hausa population has predominantly mesorrhine nose shape, while Northern Iranians are leptorrhine. Conclusion The NI of males is higher than females in both population and this study can be of clinical and surgical interest in Rhinology. We recommend further studies to compare the NI of Nigeria and Iranian population of different ethnic groups and with other countries.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bizjak DA, Schams P, Bloch W, Grau M, Latsch J. The intranasal AlaxoLito Plus Nasal Stent: Improvement of NO-induced microrheology and oxygen uptake during exercise? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 269:103260. [PMID: 31352012 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of the intranasal AlaxoLito Plus Nasal Stent during exercise on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, NO exhalation, red blood cell (RBC) deformability and oxygen uptake. METHODS Parameters were measured before and after acute cycle ergometer test at different intensities. Spirometric, microrheological and NO parameters were determined for oral (OB), nasal (NB) and nasal-stent breathing (SB). RBC deformability was measured and elongation indices for 3.87 Pa and maximal deformability were calculated. RBC/plasma/exhaled NO, oxygen uptake and respiratory rate were determined. RESULTS Exhaled NO was higher at rest during OB compared to SB and NB and decreased after exercise with NB and SB. Plasma and RBC NO remained unaltered during intervention. RBC deformability increased at moderate intensity during SB. Deformability decreased at moderate and medium intensity with NB. Respiratory rate for same oxygen uptake did not differ between breathing settings. CONCLUSION The AlaxoLito Plus Nasal Stent may modulate deformability during moderate exercise and increase NO exhalation without major effects on oxygen uptake and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bizjak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter Schams
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marijke Grau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joachim Latsch
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
García-Martínez D, Bastir M, Torres-Tamayo N, O'Higgins P, Torres-Sánchez I, García-Río F, Heuzé Y. Three-dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in ribcage kinematics of modern humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:348-355. [PMID: 30934120 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexual dimorphism is an important biological factor underlying morphological variation in the human skeleton. Previous research found sex-related differences in the static ribcage, with males having more horizontally oriented ribs and a wider lower ribcage than females. Furthermore, a recent study found sex-related differences in the kinematics of the human lungs, with cranio-caudal movements of the caudal part of the lungs accounting for most of the differences between sexes. However, these movements cannot be quantified in the skeletal ribcage, so we do not know if the differences observed in the lungs are also reflected in sex differences in the motion of the skeletal thorax. MATERIALS AND METHODS To address this issue, we quantified the morphological variation of 42 contemporary human ribcages (sex-balanced) in both maximal inspiration and expiration using 526 landmarks and semilandmarks. Thoracic centroid size differences between sexes were assessed using a t test, and shape differences were assessed using Procrustes shape coordinates, through mean comparisons and dummy regressions of shape on kinematic status. A principal components analysis was used to explore the full range of morphological variation. RESULTS Our results show significant size differences between males and females both in inspiration and expiration (p < .01) as well as significant shape differences, with males deforming more than females during inspiration, especially in the mediolateral dimension of the lower ribcage. Finally, dummy regressions of shape on kinematic status showed a small but statistically significant difference in vectors of breathing kinematics between males and females (14.78°; p < .01). DISCUSSION We support that sex-related differences in skeletal ribcage kinematics are discernible, even when soft tissues are not analyzed. We hypothesize that this differential breathing pattern is primarily a result of more pronounced diaphragmatic breathing in males, which might relate to differences in body composition, metabolism, and ultimately greater oxygen demand in males compared to females. Future research should further explore the links between ribcage morphological variation and basal metabolic rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Martínez
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, Pessac, France.,Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Estudios del Campo de Montiel (CECM), Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Torres-Tamayo
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, the University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisco García-Río
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yann Heuzé
- Universite de Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, De la Prehistoire a l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, (PACEA), Pessac, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gibelli D, Pucciarelli V, Poppa P, Cummaudo M, Dolci C, Cattaneo C, Sforza C. Three-dimensional facial anatomy evaluation: Reliability of laser scanner consecutive scans procedure in comparison with stereophotogrammetry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:1807-1813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
22
|
Are Portable Stereophotogrammetric Devices Reliable in Facial Imaging? A Validation Study of VECTRA H1 Device. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76:1772-1784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
23
|
Parab SR, Khan MM. Do Aesthetic Average Nasal Parameters Matter For Rhinoplasty in India? Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 71:2011-2018. [PMID: 31763285 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nose morphology and facial features depend on ethnicity, gender and environmental conditions. Nasal parameters for rhinoplasty are well defined in the European and American population. Though rhinoplasty is a common cosmetic surgery in India, till now, there is no dedicated study delineating the parameters for the Indian Rhinoplasty. The aim of this study is to determine and delineate the anthropometric measurements of the Indian male and female noses and to propose the nasal parameters for Indian rhinoplasty. To determine the aesthetically pleasing nasal anthropometric parameters in Indian males and females and to put forth the parameters for Indian Rhinoplasty. This anthropometric study included a volunteer sample of 221 young, good-looking Indian males and females aged 18-25 years with Indian parents and no history of previous surgery or trauma to the nose. Standardized frontal, lateral and basal photographs of the noses along with the reference scale were taken, and 11 standard anthropometric measurements of the nose were determined. The sample size selected was such that it included representative population from the north south east and west zones of India. All the nasal measurements for the Indian women and men were found to be significantly different from the other European standards. In our study, we measured the nasal average values of the good looking, young Indian males and females and compared with the results of the nasal parameters of the other populations found in the literature. This study is the first one to propose the aesthetic average nasal parameters for corrective rhinoplasty in Indian population. Level of Evidence IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Ramkrishna Parab
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, M.I.M.E.R. Medical College, Talegaon Dabhade, Pune, India
| | - Mubarak M Khan
- Sushrut ENT Hospital and Dr. Khan's ENT Research Center, Talegaon Dabhade, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Torres‐Tamayo N, García‐Martínez D, Lois Zlolniski S, Torres‐Sánchez I, García‐Río F, Bastir M. 3D analysis of sexual dimorphism in size, shape and breathing kinematics of human lungs. J Anat 2018; 232:227-237. [PMID: 29148039 PMCID: PMC5770305 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in the human respiratory system has been previously reported at the skeletal (cranial and thoracic) level, but also at the pulmonary level. Regarding lungs, foregoing studies have yielded sex-related differences in pulmonary size as well as lung shape details, but different methodological approaches have led to discrepant results on differences in respiratory patterns between males and females. The purpose of this study is to analyse sexual dimorphism in human lungs during forced respiration using 3D geometric morphometrics. Eighty computed tomographies (19 males and 21 females) were taken in maximal forced inspiration (FI) and expiration (FE), and 415 (semi)landmarks were digitized on 80 virtual lung models for the 3D quantification of pulmonary size, shape and kinematic differences. We found that males showed larger lungs than females (P < 0.05), and significantly greater size and shape differences between FI and FE. Morphologically, males have pyramidal lung geometry, with greater lower lung width when comparing with the apices, in contrast to the prismatic lung shape and similar widths at upper and lower lungs of females. Multivariate regression analyses confirmed the effect of sex on lung size (36.26%; P < 0.05) and on lung shape (7.23%; P < 0.05), and yielded two kinematic vectors with a small but statistically significant angle between them (13.22°; P < 0.05) that confirms sex-related differences in the respiratory patterns. Our 3D approach shows sexual dimorphism in human lungs likely due to a greater diaphragmatic action in males and a predominant intercostal muscle action in females during breathing. These size and shape differences would lead to different respiratory patterns between sexes, whose physiological implications need to be studied in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Torres‐Tamayo
- Paleoanthropology GroupMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)MadridSpain
- Biology DepartmentFaculty of SciencesAutonoma University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Daniel García‐Martínez
- Paleoanthropology GroupMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)MadridSpain
- Biology DepartmentFaculty of SciencesAutonoma University of MadridMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Francisco García‐Río
- Hospital Universitario La PazInstitute of Biomedical Research (Idipaz)MadridSpain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology GroupMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)MadridSpain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Butaric LN, Klocke RP. Nasal variation in relation to high-altitude adaptations among Tibetans and Andeans. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23104. [PMID: 29383793 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-altitude (>2500 m) populations face several pressures, including hypoxia and cold-dry air, resulting in greater respiratory demand to obtain more oxygen and condition inspired air. While cardiovascular and pulmonary adaptations to high-altitude hypoxia have been extensively studied, adaptations of upper-respiratory structures, e.g., nasal cavity, remain untested. This study investigates whether nasal morphology presents adaptations to hypoxic (larger noses) and/or cold-dry (tall/narrow noses) conditions among high-altitude samples. METHODS CT scans of two high- and four low-altitude samples from diverse climates were collected (n = 130): high-altitude Tibetans and Peruvians; low-altitude Peruvians, Southern Chinese (temperate), Mongolian-Buriats (cold-dry), and Southeast Asians (hot-wet). Facial and nasal distances were calculated from 3D landmarks placed on digitally-modeled crania. Temperature, precipitation, and barometric pressure data were also obtained. RESULTS Principal components analysis and analyses of variance primarily indicate size-related differences among the cold-dry (Mongolian-Buriats) and hot-wet (Southeast Asians) adapted groups. Two-block partial least squares (PLS) analysis show weak relationships between size-standardized nasal dimensions and environmental variables. However, among PLS1 (85.90% of covariance), Tibetans display relatively larger nasal cavities related to lower temperatures and barometric pressure; regression analyses also indicate high-altitude Tibetans possess relatively larger internal nasal breadths and heights for their facial size. CONCLUSIONS Overall, nasal differences relate to climate among the cold-dry and hot-wet groups. Specific nasal adaptations were not identified among either Peruvian group, perhaps due to their relatively recent migration history and population structure. However, high-altitude Tibetans seem to exhibit a compromise in nasal morphology, serving in increased oxygen uptake, and air-conditioning processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Butaric
- College of Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa 50312
| | - Ross P Klocke
- College of Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa 50312
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bruner E, Pereira-Pedro AS, Bastir M. Patterns of morphological integration between parietal and temporal areas in the human skull. J Morphol 2017; 278:1312-1320. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Bruner
- Grupo de Paleobiología; Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Pereira-Pedro
- Grupo de Paleobiología; Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Departamento de Paleobiología; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maddux SD, Butaric LN, Yokley TR, Franciscus RG. Ecogeographic variation across morphofunctional units of the human nose. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:103-119. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center; 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard Fort Worth TX 76107 USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences; University of Missouri; M263 Medical Sciences Building Columbia MO 65212 USA
| | - Lauren N. Butaric
- Department of Anatomy; Des Moines University; 3200 Grand Avenue Des Moines IA 50312 USA
| | - Todd R. Yokley
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology; Metropolitan State University of Denver; Campus Box 28, P.O. Box 173362 Denver CO 80217 USA
| | - Robert G. Franciscus
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa; 114 Macbride Hall Iowa City IA 52242 USA
- Department of Orthodontics; University of Iowa; 114 Macbride Hall Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
García-Martínez D, Torres-Tamayo N, Torres-Sanchez I, García-Río F, Bastir M. Morphological and functional implications of sexual dimorphism in the human skeletal thorax. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:467-477. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Martínez
- Paleoanthropology Group; Paleobiology Department, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Biology Department; Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Nicole Torres-Tamayo
- Paleoanthropology Group; Paleobiology Department, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | | | - Francisco García-Río
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Biomedical Research Institute (IdiPAZ); Madrid Spain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group; Paleobiology Department, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Butaric LN, Maddux SD. Morphological Covariation between the Maxillary Sinus and Midfacial Skeleton among Sub-Saharan and Circumpolar Modern Humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:483-97. [PMID: 27009746 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maxillary sinus volume tracks ecogeographic differences in nasal form and may serve as a zone of accommodation for ontogenetic and evolutionary changes in nasal cavity breadth. However, little is known regarding how sinus volume is distributed within the midface. This study investigates morphological covariation between midfacial and sinus shape to better understand structural and functional relationships between the sinus, midface, and nasal cavity. METHODS Cranial and sinus models were rendered from CT scans of modern human samples from two disparate climates: sub-Saharan (South Africans [n = 15], West Africans [n = 17]), and circumpolar (Siberian Buriats [n = 18], Alaskan Inuit [n = 20]). Twenty-five 3D coordinate landmarks were placed on the models and subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis. Two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) analysis was employed to identify patterns of covariation. RESULTS The 2B-PLS analysis indicates PLS1 (58.6% total covariation) relates to height and breadth relationships between the midface, nasal cavity, and maxillary sinus. Significant regional differences in PLS1 scores are evident: circumpolar samples possess taller/narrower noses with taller/wider sinuses compared to sub-Saharan samples. Importantly, PLS1 indicates that sinus breadth is not exclusively related to nasal cavity breadth; variation in lateral sinus expansion toward the zygoma represents an important contributing factor. PLS2 (16%) relates to supero-inferior positioning of the sinus within the midface. Allometric trends, while statistically significant, explain only a small portion of these covariation patterns. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the maxillary sinus serves as a zone of accommodation at the confluence of multiple facial components, potentially minimizing effects of morphological alterations to certain components on adjacent structures. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:483-497, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Holton NE, Alsamawi A, Yokley TR, Froehle AW. The ontogeny of nasal shape: An analysis of sexual dimorphism in a longitudinal sample. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:52-61. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E. Holton
- Department of Orthodontics; The University of Iowa; IA 52242
- Department of Anthropology; The University of Iowa; IA 52242
| | | | - Todd R. Yokley
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology; Metropolitan State University of Denver; CO 80204
| | - Andrew W. Froehle
- Department of Community Health; Wright State University, Lifespan Health Research Center; Dayton OH 45435
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fukase H, Ito T, Ishida H. Geographic variation in nasal cavity form among three human groups from the Japanese Archipelago: Ecogeographic and functional implications. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 28:343-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Fukase
- Division of Human Evolution Studies, Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| | - Hajime Ishida
- Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of the Ryukyus; Okinawa 903-0215 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Butaric LN. Differential Scaling Patterns in Maxillary Sinus Volume and Nasal Cavity Breadth Among Modern Humans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1710-21. [PMID: 26058686 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Among modern humans, nasal cavity size and shape reflect its vital role in air conditioning processes. The ability for the nasal cavity to augment its shape, particularly in inferior breadth, likely relates to the surrounding maxillary sinuses acting as zones of accommodation. However, much is still unknown regarding how nasal and sinus morphology relate to each other and to overall craniofacial form, particularly across diverse populations with varying respiratory demands. As such, this study uses computed tomographic (CT) scans of modern human crania (N = 171) from nine different localities to investigate ecogeographic differences in (1) the interaction between maxillary sinus volume (MSV) and nasal cavity breadth (NCB) and (2) scaling patterns of MSV and NCB in relation to craniofacial size. Reduced major axis (RMA) regression reveals that all samples exhibit an inverse relationship between MSV and NCB, but statistical significance and the strength of that relationship is sample dependent. Individuals from cold-dry climates have larger MSVs with narrower NCBs, while smaller MSVs are associated with wider NCBs in hot-humid climates. MSV and NCB each scale with positive allometry relative to overall craniofacial size. However, sample differences are evident in the both the interaction between MSV and NCB, as well as their correlation with craniofacial size. While these results provide further support that the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity are integrated among populations from opposite ends of the climatic spectrum, additional epigenetic factors are needed to explain variation of these structures among populations from more intermediate climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Freidline SE, Gunz P, Hublin JJ. Ontogenetic and static allometry in the human face: contrasting Khoisan and Inuit. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:116-31. [PMID: 26146938 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regional differences in modern human facial features are present at birth, and ontogenetic allometry contributes to variation in adults. However, details regarding differential rates of growth and timing among regional groups are lacking. We explore ontogenetic and static allometry in a cross-sectional sample spanning Africa, Europe and North America, and evaluate tempo and mode in two regional groups with very different adult facial morphology, the Khoisan and Inuit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semilandmark geometric morphometric methods, multivariate statistics and growth simulations were used to quantify and compare patterns of facial growth and development. RESULTS Regional-specific facial morphology develops early in ontogeny. The Inuit has the most distinct morphology and exhibits heterochronic differences in development compared to other regional groups. Allometric patterns differ during early postnatal development, when significant increases in size are coupled with large amounts of shape changes. All regional groups share a common adult static allometric trajectory, which can be attributed to sexual dimorphism, and the corresponding allometric shape changes resemble developmental patterns during later ontogeny. DISCUSSION The amount and pattern of growth and development may not be shared between regional groups, indicating that a certain degree of flexibility is allowed for in order to achieve adult size. In early postnatal development the face is less constrained compared to other parts of the cranium allowing for greater evolvability. The early development of region-specific facial features combined with heterochronic differences in timing or rate of growth, reflected in differences in facial size, suggest different patterns of postnatal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bastir M, Higuero A, Ríos L, García Martínez D. Three-dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in human thoracic vertebrae: implications for the respiratory system and spine morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:513-21. [PMID: 25176047 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is important for intraspecific variation and well studied in the human skeleton. In the thoracic part of the spine sexual dimorphism is expected for differences in the respiratory system related to body mass, lung capacity, and energetics, and in the reproductive system for adaptations to pregnancy (lower spine lordosis, posture). However, little is known about sexual dimorphism in this anatomical region. We use three-dimensional (3D)-geometric morphometrics to test hypotheses on sexual dimorphism in the first 10 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T10). Forty-six 3D-landmarks were measured on vertebrae of 24 adult females and males of known age and sex. Results confirm that male vertebrae are consistently larger than female ones. Males show more dorsally oriented transverse processes and relatively larger vertebral bodies in upper and lower thoracic vertebrae. Sexual dimorphism in lower thoracic vertebrae affects the orientation of the spinous processes, which is more horizontal in females but more caudal in males. Such regional pattering of sexual dimorphism emerges also from principal component analyses reflecting a complex interaction between the effects of sex and serial position on shape variation. Greater dorsal orientation of male transverse processes reorients the ribs and could lead to greater radial thorax diameters. This fits with greater male respiratory capacities, but may indicate also greater invagination of the male spine within the thorax. Horizontal orientation of the spinous processes in females could allow for a greater thoraco-lumbar lordosis during pregnancy, but more comparative research is necessary to test these hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC. J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Evteev A, Cardini AL, Morozova I, O'Higgins P. Extreme climate, rather than population history, explains mid-facial morphology of northern asians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:449-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow 125009 Russia
| | - Andrea L. Cardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; 41121 Modena Italy
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences; Hull York Medical School, University of York; Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Western Australia; Crawley, Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Irina Morozova
- Human Genetics Laboratory; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences; Hull York Medical School, University of York; Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Holton NE, Yokley TR, Froehle AW, Southard TE. Ontogenetic scaling of the human nose in a longitudinal sample: implications for genus Homo facial evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:52-60. [PMID: 24318941 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have hypothesized that nasal morphology, both in archaic Homo and in recent humans, is influenced by body mass and associated oxygen consumption demands required for tissue maintenance. Similarly, recent studies of the adult human nasal region have documented key differences in nasal form between males and females that are potentially linked to sexual dimorphism in body size, composition, and energetics. To better understand this potential developmental and functional dynamic, we first assessed sexual dimorphism in the nasal cavity in recent humans to determine when during ontogeny male-female differences in nasal cavity size appear. Next, we assessed whether there are significant differences in nasal/body size scaling relationships in males and females during ontogeny. Using a mixed longitudinal sample we collected cephalometric and anthropometric measurements from n = 20 males and n = 18 females from 3.0 to 20.0+ years of age totaling n = 290 observations. We found that males and females exhibit similar nasal size values early in ontogeny and that sexual dimorphism in nasal size appears during adolescence. Moreover, when scaled to body size, males exhibit greater positive allometry in nasal size compared to females. This differs from patterns of sexual dimorphism in overall facial size, which are already present in our earliest age groups. Sexually dimorphic differences in nasal development and scaling mirror patterns of ontogenetic variation in variables associated with oxygen consumption and tissue maintenance. This underscores the importance of considering broader systemic factors in craniofacial development and may have important implications for the study of patters craniofacial evolution in the genus Homo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242; Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bastir M, Rosas A. Cranial airways and the integration between the inner and outer facial skeleton in humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:287-93. [PMID: 23999909 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cranial airways are in the center of the human face. Therefore variation in the size and shape of these central craniofacial structures could have important consequences for the surrounding midfacial morphology during development and evolution. Yet such interactions are unclear because one school of thought, based on experimental and developmental evidence, suggests a relative independence (modularity) of these two facial compartments, whereas another one assumes tight morphological integration. This study uses geometric morphometrics of modern humans (N = 263) and 40 three-dimensional-landmarks of the skeletal nasopharynx and nasal cavity and outer midfacial skeleton to analyze these questions in terms of modularity. The sizes of all facial compartments were all strongly correlated. Shape integration was high between the cranial airways and the outer midfacial skeleton and between the latter and the anterior airway openings (skeletal regions close to and including piriform aperture). However, no shape integration was detected between outer midface and posterior airway openings (nasopharynx and choanae). Similarly, no integration was detected between posterior and anterior airway openings. This may reflect functional modularization of nasal cavity compartments related to respiratory physiology and differential developmental interactions with the face. Airway size likely relates to the energetics of the organism, whereas airways shape might be more indicative of respiratory physiology and climate. Although this hypothesis should be addressed in future steps, here we suggest that selection on morphofunctional characteristics of the cranial airways could have cascading effects for the variation, development, and evolution of the human face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Martinez-Maza C, Rosas A, Nieto-Díaz M. Postnatal changes in the growth dynamics of the human face revealed from bone modelling patterns. J Anat 2013; 223:228-41. [PMID: 23819603 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skull morphology results from complex processes that involve the coordinated growth and interaction of its skeletal components to keep a functional and structural balance. Previous histological works have studied the growth of different craniofacial regions and their relationship to functional spaces in humans up to 14 years old. Nevertheless, how the growth dynamics of the facial skeleton and the mandible are related and how this relationship changes through the late ontogeny remain poorly understood. To approach these two questions, we have compared the bone modelling activities of the craniofacial skeleton from a sample of subadult and adult humans. In this study, we have established for the first time the bone modelling pattern of the face and the mandible from adult humans. Our analyses reveal a patchy distribution of the bone modelling fields (overemphasized by the presence of surface islands with no histological information) reflecting the complex growth dynamics associated to the individual morphology. Subadult and adult specimens show important differences in the bone modelling patterns of the anterior region of the facial skeleton and the posterior region of the mandible. These differences indicate developmental changes in the growth directions of the whole craniofacial complex, from a predominantly downward growth in subadults that turns to a forward growth observed in the adult craniofacial skeleton. We hypothesize that these ontogenetic changes would respond to the physiological and physical requirements to enlarge the oral and nasal cavities once maturation of the brain and the closure of the cranial sutures have taken place during craniofacial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cayetana Martinez-Maza
- Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Madsen AM, Tendal K, Thilsing T, Frederiksen MW, Baelum J, Hansen JV. Fungi, β-glucan, and bacteria in nasal lavage of greenhouse workers and their relation to occupational exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:1030-40. [PMID: 23749501 PMCID: PMC3796760 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The nose and mouth are the first regions of the respiratory tract in contact with airborne microorganisms. Occupational exposures to airborne microorganisms are associated with inflammation and different symptoms of the airways. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between occupational exposure to fungi, β-glucan, and bacteria and contents of fungi, β-glucan, and bacteria in nasal lavage (NAL) of greenhouse workers. We also studied whether contents of microorganisms in NAL were related to gender, time of the work week, and runny nose. NAL samples (n = 135) were taken Monday morning and Thursday at noon and personal exposure to inhalable bioaerosols was measured during a working day. The content of fungi and β-glucan in NAL of men was affected by their exposure to fungi and β-glucan. The content of fungi, β-glucan, and bacteria in NAL was higher Thursday at noon than Monday morning. The ratios of fungi in NAL between Thursday at noon and Monday morning were 14 (median value) for men and 3.5 for women. Gender had no effect on the exposure level but had a significant effect on the content of fungi, β-glucan, and bacteria in NAL, with the highest contents in NAL of men. On Thursdays, the median content of fungi in NAL samples of men without runny noses was 9408 cfu per NAL sample, whereas the same content for women was 595 cfu per NAL sample. Workers with runny noses had fewer fungi in NAL than workers without runny noses. A higher content of β-glucan per fungal spore was found in NAL than in the air. This indicates that mainly the larger fungal spores or pollen grains deposit in the nose. The difference between genders and the fact that the content of fungi in NAL was significantly affected by the exposure indicate that the two genders are affected by the same exposure level differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Morphometric measurements and sexual dimorphism of the piriform aperture in adults. Surg Radiol Anat 2013; 35:917-24. [PMID: 23625070 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-013-1116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the dimensions (maximal width and length), the size and the shape of the PA and their sexual dimorphism. METHODS Using 3D-CT scan reconstructions and landmarks positioning around the piriform aperture and on the face, a collective of 170 non-pathologic subjects (79 female, 91 male) from Marseille (France) was examined in classical and geometric morphometrics methods. RESULTS The mean width of the piriform aperture was 24.00 mm in females and 25.32 mm in males, the mean length was 32.54 mm in females and 36.35 mm in males. The difference between males and females was significant, and our data correlates well with the previously data acquired from humans skulls. Facial measurements also showed a statistically significant dimorphism. In morphometric geometrics, the correlation between the centroïd size and PC1 in the shape space was weak, while this correlation was strong in the size and shape space. Visualization of shape differences was achieved on 2D wireframes. CONCLUSION Shape and size analysis of the piriform aperture showed the existence of a significant sexual dimorphism. These results encourage us to go further with functional and imaging correlations.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bastir M, Godoy P, Rosas A. Common features of sexual dimorphism in the cranial airways of different human populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 146:414-22. [PMID: 21994017 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial system is an important feature of intraspecific variation in recent and fossil humans. Although several studies have reported different morphological patterns of sexual dimorphism in different populations, this study searches for common morphological aspects related to functional anatomy of the respiratory apparatus. 3D geometric morphometrics were used to test the hypothesis that due to higher daily energy expenditure and associated greater respiratory air consumption as well as differences in body composition, males should have absolutely and relatively greater air passages in the bony cranial airways than females. We measured 25 3D landmarks in five populations (N = 212) of adult humans from different geographic regions. Male average cranial airways were larger in centroid sizes than female ones. Males tended to show relatively taller piriform apertures and, more consistently, relatively taller internal nasal cavities and choanae than females. Multivariate regressions and residual analysis further indicated that after standardizing to the same size, males still show relatively larger airway passages than females. Because the dimensions of the choanae are limiting factors for air transmission towards the noncranial part of the respiratory system, the identified sex-specific differences in cranial airways, possibly shared among human populations, may be linked with sex-specific differences in body size, composition, and energetics. These findings may be important to understanding trends in hominin facial evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC; Calle J. G Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Noback ML, Harvati K, Spoor F. Climate-related variation of the human nasal cavity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:599-614. [PMID: 21660932 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The nasal cavity is essential for humidifying and warming the air before it reaches the sensitive lungs. Because humans inhabit environments that can be seen as extreme from the perspective of respiratory function, nasal cavity shape is expected to show climatic adaptation. This study examines the relationship between modern human variation in the morphology of the nasal cavity and the climatic factors of temperature and vapor pressure, and tests the hypothesis that within increasingly demanding environments (colder and drier), nasal cavities will show features that enhance turbulence and air-wall contact to improve conditioning of the air. We use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics methods and multivariate statistics to model and analyze the shape of the bony nasal cavity of 10 modern human population samples from five climatic groups. We report significant correlations between nasal cavity shape and climatic variables of both temperature and humidity. Variation in nasal cavity shape is correlated with a cline from cold-dry climates to hot-humid climates, with a separate temperature and vapor pressure effect. The bony nasal cavity appears mostly associated with temperature, and the nasopharynx with humidity. The observed climate-related shape changes are functionally consistent with an increase in contact between air and mucosal tissue in cold-dry climates through greater turbulence during inspiration and a higher surface-to-volume ratio in the upper nasal cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlijn L Noback
- Paleoanthropology Section, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
OKAZAKI KENJI, NAKAHASHI TAKAHIRO. Developmental variation in facial forms in Japan. ANTHROPOL SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KENJI OKAZAKI
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - TAKAHIRO NAKAHASHI
- Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 204:205.e1-9. [PMID: 20729017 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure: (1) normal sex-related dimensions of external nose (linear distances, ratios, angles, volume and surface area); and (2) growth changes between childhood and old age. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the external nose were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized digitizer in 519 male and 340 female healthy subjects aged 4-73 years. The subjects were divided into 11 non-overlapping age groups: for children and preadolescent subjects, 2-year spans were used, while larger intervals were used for adolescent and adult subjects. From the landmarks, nasal volume and external surface area; nasal and alar base widths, nasal height, nasal bridge length, philtrum length, nasal tip protrusion, right and left nostril lengths, superior and inferior nostril widths; nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height, and nasal width-to-nasal height ratios; nasal convexity, alar slope, and nasal tip angles were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. On average, men had larger nasal external volume and area, linear distances and nasal width-to-height ratio than women (p<0.01); no sex differences were found for the angles and the nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height ratio. Age significantly influenced all analyzed measurements (p<0.001): nasal volume, area, linear distances increased from childhood to old age, while the nasal tip angle decreased as a function of age. No consistent age related patterns were found for the ratios and the nasal convexity and alar slope angles. Men and women had different age related patterns, with significant sex by age interactions (p<0.001). Overall, in most occasions male increments in nasal dimensions were larger than female ones. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human nasal morphology during normal growth, development and aging. Forensic applications (evaluations of traumas, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic-induced conditions, facial reconstruction, aging of living and dead persons, personal identification) may also benefit from age and sex based data banks.
Collapse
|
45
|
Bastir M, Rosas A, Stringer C, Manuel Cuétara J, Kruszynski R, Weber GW, Ross CF, Ravosa MJ. Effects of brain and facial size on basicranial form in human and primate evolution. J Hum Evol 2010; 58:424-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
46
|
Leong SC, Eccles R. A systematic review of the nasal index and the significance of the shape and size of the nose in rhinology. Clin Otolaryngol 2009; 34:191-8. [PMID: 19531167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There was great interest in the 19th and early 20th century in classifying human races as Caucasian, Asian African etc. according to nasal shape and size, and the nasal index was the most commonly used measurement to differentiate races. OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW To determine if there is any clinical relevance of the shape and size of the nose in relation to physiology, pathology and surgery. TYPE OF REVIEW Systematic review. SEARCH STRATEGY A structured search of PubMed was performed from 1966 to 2008 for each section of the review focusing on the ethnic variations in nasal index, the effect of climate of nasal shape, ethic variations of nasal physiology and racial predilection for sinonasal pathology. RESULTS Nasal proportions do vary between ethnic groups but the size and shape of the nose does not define Caucasian, Asian and African races respectively. Anthropologists agree that the nasal variations are due to man's adaptation to the environment. However, this theory remains to be proven. Published data on nasal physiology have not shown significant differences between the ethnic groups despite obvious differences in nasal proportions. There is no evidence of ethnic specific predilection to disease due to anatomical variation, physiological vulnerability or genetic susceptibility. Rhinology research is often confounded by classifying populations according to race, as racial characteristics are not based on any scientific principles and the nasal index may be a more reliable discriminator. The only area in which the size and shape of the nose is of relevance is in aesthetic and reconstruction surgery. CONCLUSIONS Nasal proportions are important aesthetically but appear to have little relevance to the rhinologist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Leong
- Common Cold Centre and Healthcare Clinical Trials, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rosas A, Bastir M, Martínez-maza C, García-Tabernero A, Lalueza-Fox C. Inquiries into Neanderthal craniofacial development and evolution: “accretion” versus “organismic” models. NEANDERTHALS REVISITED: NEW APPROACHES AND PERSPECTIVES 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5121-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|