1
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Arias L, Emlen NQ, Norder S, Julmi N, Lemus Serrano M, Chacon T, Wiegertjes J, Howard A, Azevedo MCBC, Caine A, Dunn S, Stoneking M, Van Gijn R. Interpreting mismatches between linguistic and genetic patterns among speakers of Tanimuka (Eastern Tukanoan) and Yukuna (Arawakan). Interface Focus 2023; 13:20220056. [PMID: 36655193 PMCID: PMC9732642 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Northwestern Amazonia is home to a great degree of linguistic diversity, and the human societies in that region are part of complex networks of interaction that predate the arrival of Europeans. This study investigates the population and language contact dynamics between two languages found within this region, Yukuna and Tanimuka, which belong to the Arawakan and Tukanoan language families, respectively. We use evidence from linguistics, ethnohistory, ethnography and population genetics to provide new insights into the contact dynamics between these and other human groups in NWA. Our results show that the interaction between these groups intensified in the last 500 years, to the point that it is difficult to differentiate between them genetically. However, this close interaction has led to more substantial contact-induced language changes in Tanimuka than in Yukuna, consistent with a scenario of language shift and asymmetrical power relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Arias
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicholas Q. Emlen
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen (Campus Fryslân), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sietze Norder
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science Group, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Julmi
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Austin Howard
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Allison Caine
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Saskia Dunn
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rik Van Gijn
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Barbieri C, Blasi DE, Arango-Isaza E, Sotiropoulos AG, Hammarström H, Wichmann S, Greenhill SJ, Gray RD, Forkel R, Bickel B, Shimizu KK. A global analysis of matches and mismatches between human genetic and linguistic histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122084119. [PMID: 36399547 PMCID: PMC9704691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122084119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human history is written in both our genes and our languages. The extent to which our biological and linguistic histories are congruent has been the subject of considerable debate, with clear examples of both matches and mismatches. To disentangle the patterns of demographic and cultural transmission, we need a global systematic assessment of matches and mismatches. Here, we assemble a genomic database (GeLaTo, or Genes and Languages Together) specifically curated to investigate genetic and linguistic diversity worldwide. We find that most populations in GeLaTo that speak languages of the same language family (i.e., that descend from the same ancestor language) are also genetically highly similar. However, we also identify nearly 20% mismatches in populations genetically close to linguistically unrelated groups. These mismatches, which occur within the time depth of known linguistic relatedness up to about 10,000 y, are scattered around the world, suggesting that they are a regular outcome in human history. Most mismatches result from populations shifting to the language of a neighboring population that is genetically different because of independent demographic histories. In line with the regularity of such shifts, we find that only half of the language families in GeLaTo are genetically more cohesive than expected under spatial autocorrelations. Moreover, the genetic and linguistic divergence times of population pairs match only rarely, with Indo-European standing out as the family with most matches in our sample. Together, our database and findings pave the way for systematically disentangling demographic and cultural history and for quantifying processes of shifts in language and social identities on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Damián E. Blasi
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02134
- Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511-1225
| | - Epifanía Arango-Isaza
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | | | - Harald Hammarström
- Department of Linguistics and Philology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 75126, Sweden
| | - Søren Wichmann
- Cluster of Excellence ROOTS, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Simon J. Greenhill
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Russell D. Gray
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Robert Forkel
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Balthasar Bickel
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
- Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 244-0813, Yokohama, Japan
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3
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Di Corcia T, Scano G, Martínez-Labarga C, Sarno S, De Fanti S, Luiselli D, Rickards O. Uniparental Lineages from the Oldest Indigenous Population of Ecuador: The Tsachilas. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081273. [PMID: 34440446 PMCID: PMC8391833 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with Cayapas, the Tsachilas constitute the oldest population in the country of Ecuador and, according to some historians, they are the last descendants of the ancient Yumbos. Several anthropological issues underlie the interest towards this peculiar population: the uncertainty of their origin, their belonging to the Barbacoan linguistic family, which is still at the center of an intense linguistic debate, and the relations of their Yumbo ancestors with the Inca invaders who occupied their ancient territory. Our contribution to the knowledge of their complex past was the reconstruction of their genetic maternal and paternal inheritance through the sequencing of 70 entire mitochondrial genomes and the characterization of the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome in 26 males. For both markers, we built comprehensive datasets of various populations from the surrounding geographical area, northwestern South America, NW, with a known linguistic affiliation, and we could then compare our sample against the overall variability to infer relationships with other Barbacoan people and with other NW natives. We found contrasting patterns of genetic diversity for the two markers, but generally, our results indicated a possible common origin between the Tsachilas, the Chachi, and other Ecuadorian and Colombian Barbacoans and are suggestive of an interesting ancient linkage to the Inca invaders in Yumbo country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Di Corcia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.D.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppina Scano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.D.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Cristina Martínez-Labarga
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Sara De Fanti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (S.D.F.)
- Interdepartmental Centre Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage (DBC), University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani, 1, 40121 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Olga Rickards
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
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4
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García A, Nores R, Motti JMB, Pauro M, Luisi P, Bravi CM, Fabra M, Gosling AL, Kardailsky O, Boocock J, Solé-Morata N, Matisoo-Smith EA, Comas D, Demarchi DA. Ancient and modern mitogenomes from Central Argentina: new insights into population continuity, temporal depth and migration in South America. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1200-1217. [PMID: 33856032 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inverted triangle shape of South America places Argentina territory as a geographical crossroads between the two principal peopling streams that followed either the Pacific or the Atlantic coasts, which could have then merged in Central Argentina (CA). Although the genetic diversity from this region is therefore crucial to decipher past population movements in South America, its characterization has been overlooked so far. We report 92 modern and 22 ancient mitogenomes spanning a temporal range of 5000 years, which were compared with a large set of previously reported data. Leveraging this dataset representative of the mitochondrial diversity of the subcontinent, we investigate the maternal history of CA populations within a wider geographical context. We describe a large number of novel clades within the mitochondrial DNA tree, thus providing new phylogenetic interpretations for South America. We also identify several local clades of great temporal depth with continuity until the present time, which stem directly from the founder haplotypes, suggesting that they originated in the region and expanded from there. Moreover, the presence of lineages characteristic of other South American regions reveals the existence of gene flow to CA. Finally, we report some lineages with discontinuous distribution across the Americas, which suggest the persistence of relic lineages likely linked to the first population arrivals. The present study represents to date the most exhaustive attempt to elaborate a Native American genetic map from modern and ancient complete mitochondrial genomes in Argentina and provides relevant information about the general process of settlement in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina García
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina.,Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba (IDACOR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Nores
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina.,Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba (IDACOR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Josefina M B Motti
- FACSO (NEIPHPA), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Quequén 7631, Argentina
| | - Maia Pauro
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina.,Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba (IDACOR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Pierre Luisi
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Claudio M Bravi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), CCT La Plata CONICET, CICPBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1906, Argentina
| | - Mariana Fabra
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina.,Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba (IDACOR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Anna L Gosling
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Olga Kardailsky
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - James Boocock
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - David Comas
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Darío A Demarchi
- Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina.,Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba (IDACOR), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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5
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Nieves-Colón MA, Pestle WJ, Reynolds AW, Llamas B, de la Fuente C, Fowler K, Skerry KM, Crespo-Torres E, Bustamante CD, Stone AC. Ancient DNA Reconstructs the Genetic Legacies of Precontact Puerto Rico Communities. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:611-626. [PMID: 31710665 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous peoples have occupied the island of Puerto Rico since at least 3000 BC. Due to the demographic shifts that occurred after European contact, the origin(s) of these ancient populations, and their genetic relationship to present-day islanders, are unclear. We use ancient DNA to characterize the population history and genetic legacies of precontact Indigenous communities from Puerto Rico. Bone, tooth, and dental calculus samples were collected from 124 individuals from three precontact archaeological sites: Tibes, Punta Candelero, and Paso del Indio. Despite poor DNA preservation, we used target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 45 individuals and autosomal genotypes from two individuals. We found a high proportion of Native American mtDNA haplogroups A2 and C1 in the precontact Puerto Rico sample (40% and 44%, respectively). This distribution, as well as the haplotypes represented, supports a primarily Amazonian South American origin for these populations and mirrors the Native American mtDNA diversity patterns found in present-day islanders. Three mtDNA haplotypes from precontact Puerto Rico persist among Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders, indicating that present-day populations are reservoirs of precontact mtDNA diversity. Lastly, we find similarity in autosomal ancestry patterns between precontact individuals from Puerto Rico and the Bahamas, suggesting a shared component of Indigenous Caribbean ancestry with close affinity to South American populations. Our findings contribute to a more complete reconstruction of precontact Caribbean population history and explore the role of Indigenous peoples in shaping the biocultural diversity of present-day Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Nieves-Colón
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.,National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (UGA-LANGEBIO), CINVESTAV, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - William J Pestle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | | | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Kathleen Fowler
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Katherine M Skerry
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Edwin Crespo-Torres
- Forensic Anthropology and Bioarcheology Laboratory, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Anne C Stone
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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6
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Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Sarno S, De Fanti S, Gianvincenzo L, Giuliani C, Boattini A, Bortolini E, Di Corcia T, Sanchez Mellado C, Dàvila Francia TJ, Gentilini D, Di Blasio AM, Di Cosimo P, Cilli E, Gonzalez-Martin A, Franceschi C, Franceschi ZA, Rickards O, Sazzini M, Luiselli D, Pettener D. Dissecting the Pre-Columbian Genomic Ancestry of Native Americans along the Andes-Amazonia Divide. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1254-1269. [PMID: 30895292 PMCID: PMC6526910 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive European and African admixture coupled with loss of Amerindian lineages makes the reconstruction of pre-Columbian history of Native Americans based on present-day genomes extremely challenging. Still open questions remain about the dispersals that occurred throughout the continent after the initial peopling from the Beringia, especially concerning the number and dynamics of diffusions into South America. Indeed, if environmental and historical factors contributed to shape distinct gene pools in the Andes and Amazonia, the origins of this East-West genetic structure and the extension of further interactions between populations residing along this divide are still not well understood. To this end, we generated new high-resolution genome-wide data for 229 individuals representative of one Central and ten South Amerindian ethnic groups from Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Low levels of European and African admixture in the sampled individuals allowed the application of fine-scale haplotype-based methods and demographic modeling approaches. These analyses revealed highly specific Native American genetic ancestries and great intragroup homogeneity, along with limited traces of gene flow mainly from the Andes into Peruvian Amazonians. Substantial amount of genetic drift differentially experienced by the considered populations underlined distinct patterns of recent inbreeding or prolonged isolation. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that all non-Andean South Americans are compatible with descending from a common lineage, while we found low support for common Mesoamerican ancestors of both Andeans and other South American groups. These findings suggest extensive back-migrations into Central America from non-Andean sources or conceal distinct peopling events into the Southern Continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara De Fanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gianvincenzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Boattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Tullia Di Corcia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesar Sanchez Mellado
- Faculty of Intercultural Education and Humanity, National Intercultural University of Amazon, Ucayali, Peru
| | | | - Davide Gentilini
- Center for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Italian Auxologic Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Blasio
- Center for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Italian Auxologic Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Cilli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Olga Rickards
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sazzini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Davide Pettener
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Signs of continental ancestry in urban populations of Peru through autosomal STR loci and mitochondrial DNA typing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200796. [PMID: 30020992 PMCID: PMC6051651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genetic diversity around the world was studied through several high variable genetic markers. In South America the demic consequences of admixture events between Native people, European colonists and African slaves have been displayed by uniparental markers variability. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been the most widely used genetic marker for studying American mixed populations, although nuclear markers, such as microsatellite loci (STRs) commonly used in forensic science, showed to be genetically and geographically structured. In this work, we analyzed DNA from buccal swab samples of 296 individuals across Peru: 156 Native Amazons (Ashaninka, Cashibo and Shipibo from Ucayali, Huambiza from Loreto and Moche from Lambayeque) and 140 urban Peruvians from Lima and other 33 urban areas. The aim was to evaluate, through STRs and mtDNA variability, recent migrations in urban Peruvian populations and to gain more information about their continental ancestry. STR data highlighted that most individuals (67%) of the urban Peruvian sample have a strong similarity to the Amazon Native population, whereas 22% have similarity to African populations and only ~1% to European populations. Also the maternally-transmitted mtDNA confirmed the strong Native contribution (~90% of Native American haplogroups) and the lower frequencies of African (~6%) and European (~3%) haplogroups. This study provides a detailed description of the urban Peruvian genetic structure and proposes forensic STRs as a useful tool for studying recent migrations, especially when coupled with mtDNA.
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8
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Gómez-Carballa A, Pardo-Seco J, Brandini S, Achilli A, Perego UA, Coble MD, Diegoli TM, Álvarez-Iglesias V, Martinón-Torres F, Olivieri A, Torroni A, Salas A. The peopling of South America and the trans-Andean gene flow of the first settlers. Genome Res 2018; 28:767-779. [PMID: 29735605 PMCID: PMC5991523 DOI: 10.1101/gr.234674.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and archaeological data indicate that the initial Paleoindian settlers of South America followed two entry routes separated by the Andes and the Amazon rainforest. The interactions between these paths and their impact on the peopling of South America remain unclear. Analysis of genetic variation in the Peruvian Andes and regions located south of the Amazon River might provide clues on this issue. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA variation at different Andean locations and >360,000 autosomal SNPs from 28 Native American ethnic groups to evaluate different trans-Andean demographic scenarios. Our data reveal that the Peruvian Altiplano was an important enclave for early Paleoindian expansions and point to a genetic continuity in the Andes until recent times, which was only marginally affected by gene flow from the Amazonian lowlands. Genomic variation shows a good fit with the archaeological evidence, indicating that the genetic interactions between the descendants of the settlers that followed the Pacific and Atlantic routes were extremely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain
| | - Stefania Brandini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27110 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Achilli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27110 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ugo A Perego
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27110 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael D Coble
- Applied Genetics Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Toni M Diegoli
- Office of the Chief Scientist, Defense Forensic Science Center, Ft. Gillem, Georgia 30297, USA.,Analytical Services, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Vanesa Álvarez-Iglesias
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27110 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Torroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27110 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Galicia, Spain
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9
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Enclaves of genetic diversity resisted Inca impacts on population history. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17411. [PMID: 29234095 PMCID: PMC5727115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Inca Empire is claimed to have driven massive population movements in western South America, and to have spread Quechua, the most widely-spoken language family of the indigenous Americas. A test-case is the Chachapoyas region of northern Peru, reported as a focal point of Inca population displacements. Chachapoyas also spans the environmental, cultural and demographic divides between Amazonia and the Andes, and stands along the lowest-altitude corridor from the rainforest to the Pacific coast. Following a sampling strategy informed by linguistic data, we collected 119 samples, analysed for full mtDNA genomes and Y-chromosome STRs. We report a high indigenous component, which stands apart from the network of intense genetic exchange in the core central zone of Andean civilization, and is also distinct from neighbouring populations. This unique genetic profile challenges the routine assumption of large-scale population relocations by the Incas. Furthermore, speakers of Chachapoyas Quechua are found to share no particular genetic similarity or gene-flow with Quechua speakers elsewhere, suggesting that here the language spread primarily by cultural diffusion, not migration. Our results demonstrate how population genetics, when fully guided by the archaeological, historical and linguistic records, can inform multiple disciplines within anthropology.
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Arias L, Barbieri C, Barreto G, Stoneking M, Pakendorf B. High-resolution mitochondrial DNA analysis sheds light on human diversity, cultural interactions, and population mobility in Northwestern Amazonia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:238-255. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Arias
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig D-04103 Germany
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
| | - Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History; Jena D-07745 Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular Humana; Universidad del Valle; Cali Colombia
| | - Mark Stoneking
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig D-04103 Germany
| | - Brigitte Pakendorf
- Dynamique du Langage; UMR5596, CNRS & Université de Lyon; Lyon Cedex 07 69363 France
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11
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The Genomic Legacy of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Yungas Valley of Bolivia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134129. [PMID: 26263179 PMCID: PMC4532489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) some enslaved Africans were forced to move to Upper Peru (nowadays Bolivia). At first they were sent to Potosí, but later to the tropical Yungas valley where the Spanish colonizers established a so-called “hacienda system” that was based on slave labor, including African-descendants. Due to their isolation, very little attention has been paid so far to ‘Afro-Bolivian’ communities either within the research field of TAST or in genetic population studies. In this study, a total of 105 individuals from the Yungas were sequenced for their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, and mitogenomes were obtained for a selected subset of these samples. We also genotyped 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIM) in order to investigate continental ancestry at the autosomal level. In addition, Y-chromosome STR and SNP data for a subset of the same individuals was also available from the literature. The data indicate that the partitioning of mtDNA ancestry in the Yungas differs significantly from that in the rest of the country: 81% Native American, 18% African, and 1% European. Interestingly, the great majority of ‘Afro-descendant’ mtDNA haplotypes in the Yungas (84%) concentrates in the locality of Tocaña. This high proportion of African ancestry in the Tocaña is also manifested in the Y-chromosome (44%) and in the autosomes (56%). In sharp contrast with previous studies on the TAST, the ancestry of about 1/3 of the ‘Afro-Bolivian’ mtDNA haplotypes can be traced back to East and South East Africa, which may be at least partially explained by the Arab slave trade connected to the TAST.
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12
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Barbieri C, Heggarty P, Yang Yao D, Ferri G, De Fanti S, Sarno S, Ciani G, Boattini A, Luiselli D, Pettener D. Between Andes and Amazon: the genetic profile of the Arawak-speaking Yanesha. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:600-9. [PMID: 25229359 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Yanesha are a Peruvian population who inhabit an environment transitional between the Andes and Amazonia. They present cultural traits characteristic of both regions, including in the language they speak: Yanesha belongs to the Arawak language family (which very likely originated in the Amazon/Orinoco lowlands), but has been strongly influenced by Quechua, the most widespread language family of the Andes. Given their location and cultural make-up, the Yanesha make for an ideal case study for investigating language and population dynamics across the Andes-Amazonia divide. In this study, we analyze data from high and mid-altitude Yanesha villages, both Y chromosome (17 STRs and 16 SNPs diagnostic for assigning haplogroups) and mtDNA data (control region sequences and 3 SNPs and one INDEL diagnostic for assigning haplogroups). We uncover sex-biased genetic trends that probably arose in different stages: first, a male-biased gene flow from Andean regions, genetically consistent with highland Quechua-speakers and probably dating back to Inca expansion; and second, traces of European contact consistent with Y chromosome lineages from Italy and Tyrol, in line with historically documented migrations. Most research in the history, archaeology and linguistics of South America has long been characterized by perceptions of a sharp divide between the Andes and Amazonia; our results serve as a clear case-study confirming demographic flows across that 'divide'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Mendisco F, Keyser C, Seldes V, Rivolta C, Mercolli P, Cruz P, Nielsen AE, Crubezy E, Ludes B. Genetic diversity of a late prehispanic group of the Quebrada de Humahuaca, northwestern Argentina. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:367-80. [PMID: 24962720 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This palaeogenetic study focused on the analysis of a late prehispanic Argentinean group from the Humahuaca valley, with the main aim of reconstructing its (micro)evolutionary history. The Humahuaca valley, a natural passageway from the eastern plains to the highlands, was the living environment of Andean societies whose cultural but especially biological diversity is still poorly understood. We analyzed the DNA extracted from 39 individuals who populated this upper valley during the Regional Development period (RDP) (between the 11th and 15th centuries CE), to determine their maternal and paternal genetic ancestry. Some mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplotypes specific to the Andean region are consistent with an origin in the highlands of Central Andes. On the other hand, a significant genetic affinity with contemporary admixed communities of the Chaco area was detected. Expectedly, recent demographic events, such as the expansion of the Inca Empire or the European colonization, have changed the original mitochondrial gene pool of the ancient Humahuaca Valley community. Finally, we identified a particular geographical organization of the prehispanic populations of Northwestern Argentina. Our results suggest that the communities of the region were divided between two different spheres of interaction, which is consistent with assumptions made by means of craniometric traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mendisco
- Institut de Médecine Légale, AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Strasbourg, F-67085, Strasbourg, France; Université Paul Sabatier, AMIS, CNRS UMR 5288, F-31073, Toulouse, France
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Dipierri JE, Gutiérrez-Redomero E, Alonso-Rodríguez C, Alfaro E, Demarchi D, Rivaldería N. Surnames, geographic altitude, and digital dermatoglyphics in a male population from the province of Jujuy (Argentina). HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2014; 65:256-66. [PMID: 24721561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The possible association between finger dermatoglyphic patterns and altitude and surname distribution was analyzed in a sample of adult males from the province of Jujuy, Argentina. We also investigated the biological affinity of this population with other South American natives and admixed populations. Fingerprints were obtained from 996 healthy men, aged 18-20 years, from the highlands (HL: 2500m, Puna and Quebrada) and lowlands (LL: Valle and Selvas). Surnames were classified into native/autochthonous (A) or foreign (F), resulting in three surname classes: FF, when both paternal and maternal surnames were of foreign origin; FA, when one surname was foreign and the other was native; and AA, when both surnames were native. Frequencies of finger dermatoglyphic patterns - arches (A), radial loops (RL), ulnar loops (UL), and whorls (W) - were determined for each digit in relation to geographic location, altitude, and surname origin, resulting in the following categories: HL-FF, HL-FA, HL-AA, LL-FF, LL-FA, and LL-AA. The statistical analyses showed that UL and RL were more common in individuals of HL origin, whereas W and A were more frequent in the LL males (p<0.05). Significant associations were observed between finger dermatoglyphic patterns and surname origin when geographic altitude was considered. In the HL group, UL was associated with AA and FA; in the LL group, the presence of A was associated with FF and FA. The distribution of dermatoglyphic patterns shows that the population of Jujuy belongs to the Andean gene pool and that it has undergone differential levels of admixture related to altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Dipierri
- Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Instituto de Biología de la Altura (INBIAL), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Esperanza Gutiérrez-Redomero
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, España; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá, 28802 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Concepción Alonso-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Crta, Madrid-Barcelona Km 33,6, E 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá, 28802 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Emma Alfaro
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Instituto de Biología de la Altura (INBIAL), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Dario Demarchi
- Museo de Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 5000 Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Noemí Rivaldería
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, España; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá, 28802 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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15
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Batai K, Williams SR. Mitochondrial variation among the Aymara and the signatures of population expansion in the central Andes. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:321-30. [PMID: 24449040 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The exploitation of marine resources and intensive agriculture led to a marked population increase early in central Andean prehistory. Constant historic and prehistoric population movements also characterize this region. These features undoubtedly affected regional genetic variation, but the exact nature of these effects remains uncertain. METHODS Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region I sequence variation in 61 Aymara individuals from La Paz, Bolivia, was analyzed and compared to sequences from 47 other South American populations to test hypotheses of whether increased female effective population size and gene flow influenced the mtDNA variation among central Andean populations. RESULTS The Aymara and Quechua were genetically diverse showing evidence of population expansion and large effective population size, and a demographic expansion model fits the mtDNA variation found among central Andean populations well. Estimated migration rates and the results of AMOVA and multidimensional scaling analysis suggest that female gene flow was also an important factor, influencing genetic variation among the central Andeans as well as lowland populations from western South America. mtDNA variation in south central Andes correlated better with geographic proximity than with language, and fit a population continuity model. CONCLUSION The mtDNA data suggests that the central Andeans experienced population expansion, most likely because of rapid demographic expansion after introduction of intensive agriculture, but roles of female gene flow need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Batai
- Cancer Education and Career Development Program, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago (M/C 275), Chicago, Illinois, 60608; Institute of Human Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607
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Pauro M, García A, Nores R, Demarchi DA. Analysis of Uniparental Lineages in Two Villages of Santiago del Estero, Argentina, Seat of Pueblos de Indios in Colonial Times. Hum Biol 2013; 85:699-720. [DOI: 10.3378/027.085.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Sandoval JR, Lacerda DR, Jota MSA, Salazar-Granara A, Vieira PPR, Acosta O, Cuellar C, Revollo S, Fujita R, Santos FR. The genetic history of indigenous populations of the Peruvian and Bolivian Altiplano: the legacy of the Uros. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73006. [PMID: 24039843 PMCID: PMC3770642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Altiplano region of the South American Andes is marked by an inhospitable climate to which the autochthonous human populations adapted and then developed great ancient civilizations, such as the Tiwanaku culture and the Inca Empire. Since pre-Columbian times, different rulers established themselves around the Titicaca and Poopo Lakes. By the time of the arrival of Spaniards, Aymara and Quechua languages were predominant on the Altiplano under the rule of the Incas, although the occurrence of other spoken languages, such as Puquina and Uruquilla, suggests the existence of different ethnic groups in this region. In this study, we focused on the pre-Columbian history of the autochthonous Altiplano populations, particularly the Uros ethnic group, which claims to directly descend from the first settlers of the Andes, and some linguists suggest they might otherwise be related to Arawak speaking groups from the Amazon. Using phylogeographic, population structure and spatial genetic analyses of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data, we inferred the genetic relationships among Uros populations (Los Uros from Peru, Uru-Chipaya and Uru-Poopo from Bolivia), and compared their haplotype profiles with eight Aymara, nine Quechua and two Arawak (Machiguenga and Yanesha) speaking populations from Peru and Bolivia. Our results indicated that Uros populations stand out among the Altiplano populations, while appearing more closely related to the Aymara and Quechua from Lake Titicaca and surrounding regions than to the Amazon Arawaks. Moreover, the Uros populations from Peru and Bolivia are genetically differentiated from each other, indicating a high heterogeneity in this ethnic group. Finally, our results support the distinctive ancestry for the Uros populations of Peru and Bolivia, which are likely derived from ancient Andean lineages that were partially replaced during more recent farming expansion events and the establishment of complex civilizations in the Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raul Sandoval
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Universidad San Martin de Porres (USMP), Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Acosta
- Universidad San Martin de Porres (USMP), Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Fabrício R. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Taboada-Echalar P, Álvarez-Iglesias V, Heinz T, Vidal-Bralo L, Gómez-Carballa A, Catelli L, Pardo-Seco J, Pastoriza A, Carracedo Á, Torres-Balanza A, Rocabado O, Vullo C, Salas A. The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58980. [PMID: 23527064 PMCID: PMC3604014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We have genotyped the first hypervariable region (HVS-I) of 720 samples representing the main regions in Bolivia, and these data have been analyzed in the context of other pan-American samples (>19,000 HVS-I mtDNAs). Entire mtDNA genome sequencing was also undertaken on selected Native American lineages. Additionally, a panel of 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sub-set of samples. The vast majority of the Bolivian mtDNAs (98.4%) were found to belong to the main Native American haplogroups (A: 14.3%, B: 52.6%, C: 21.9%, D: 9.6%), with little indication of sub-Saharan and/or European lineages; however, marked patterns of haplogroup frequencies between main regions exist (e.g. haplogroup B: Andean [71%], Sub-Andean [61%], Llanos [32%]). Analysis of entire genomes unraveled the phylogenetic characteristics of three Native haplogroups: the pan-American haplogroup B2b (originated ∼21.4 thousand years ago [kya]), A2ah (∼5.2 kya), and B2o (∼2.6 kya). The data suggest that B2b could have arisen in North California (an origin even in the north most region of the American continent cannot be disregarded), moved southward following the Pacific coastline and crossed Meso-America. Then, it most likely spread into South America following two routes: the Pacific path towards Peru and Bolivia (arriving here at about ∼15.2 kya), and the Amazonian route of Venezuela and Brazil southwards. In contrast to the mtDNA, Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) reveal a higher (although geographically variable) European introgression in Bolivians (25%). Bolivia shows a decreasing autosomal molecular diversity pattern along the longitudinal axis, from the Altiplano to the lowlands. Both autosomes and mtDNA revealed a low impact (1-2%) of a sub-Saharan component in Bolivians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Taboada-Echalar
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Álvarez-Iglesias
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Tanja Heinz
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal-Bralo
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Laura Catelli
- Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ana Pastoriza
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Antonio Torres-Balanza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forenses, Fiscalía General del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Omar Rocabado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forenses, Fiscalía General del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Carlos Vullo
- Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense, Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética y Diagnóstico Molecular, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Cardoso S, Palencia-Madrid L, Valverde L, Alfonso-Sánchez MA, Gómez-Pérez L, Alfaro E, Bravi CM, Dipierri JE, Peña JA, de Pancorbo MM. Mitochondrial DNA control region data reveal high prevalence of Native American lineages in Jujuy province, NW Argentina. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:e52-5. [PMID: 23433579 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial control region (16024-576) sequences were generated from 180 individuals of four population nuclei from the province of Jujuy (NW Argentina), located at different altitudes above sea level. The frequency at which a randomly selected mtDNA profile would be expected to occur in the general population (random match probability) was estimated at 0.011, indicating a relatively high diversity. Analysis of the haplogroup distribution revealed that Native American lineages A2 (13.9%), B (56.7%), C1 (17.8%), D1 (8.9%) and D4h3a (1.1%) accounted for more than 98% of the total mtDNA haplogroup diversity in the sample examined. We detected a certain degree of genetic heterogeneity between two subpopulations located at different points along the altitudinal gradient (Valles and Puna), suggesting that altitude above sea level cannot be ruled out as a factor promoting divergences in mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, since altitude is closely associated with human living conditions, and consequently, with low demographic sizes and the occurrence of genetic drift processes in human communities. In all, mitochondrial DNA database obtained for Jujuy province strongly points to the need for creating local mtDNA databases, to avoid bias in forensic estimations caused by genetic substructuring of the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cardoso
- BIOMICs Research Group, Centro de Investigación Lascaray Ikergunea, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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de Saint Pierre M, Bravi CM, Motti JMB, Fuku N, Tanaka M, Llop E, Bonatto SL, Moraga M. An alternative model for the early peopling of southern South America revealed by analyses of three mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43486. [PMID: 22970129 PMCID: PMC3438176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After several years of research, there is now a consensus that America was populated from Asia through Beringia, probably at the end of the Pleistocene. But many details such as the timing, route(s), and origin of the first settlers remain uncertain. In the last decade genetic evidence has taken on a major role in elucidating the peopling of the Americas. To study the early peopling of South America, we sequenced the control region of mitochondrial DNA from 300 individuals belonging to indigenous populations of Chile and Argentina, and also obtained seven complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. We identified two novel mtDNA monophyletic clades, preliminarily designated B2l and C1b13, which together with the recently described D1g sub-haplogroup have locally high frequencies and are basically restricted to populations from the extreme south of South America. The estimated ages of D1g and B2l, about ~15,000 years BP, together with their similar population dynamics and the high haplotype diversity shown by the networks, suggests that they probably appeared soon after the arrival of the first settlers and agrees with the dating of the earliest archaeological sites in South America (Monte Verde, Chile, 14,500 BP). One further sub-haplogroup, D4h3a5, appears to be restricted to Fuegian-Patagonian populations and reinforces our hypothesis of the continuity of the current Patagonian populations with the initial founders. Our results indicate that the extant native populations inhabiting South Chile and Argentina are a group which had a common origin, and suggest a population break between the extreme south of South America and the more northern part of the continent. Thus the early colonization process was not just an expansion from north to south, but also included movements across the Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de Saint Pierre
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bisso-Machado R, Bortolini MC, Salzano FM. Uniparental genetic markers in South Amerindians. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:365-87. [PMID: 22888284 PMCID: PMC3389523 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive review of uniparental systems in South Amerindians was undertaken. Variability in the Y-chromosome haplogroups were assessed in 68 populations and 1,814 individuals whereas that of Y-STR markers was assessed in 29 populations and 590 subjects. Variability in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup was examined in 108 populations and 6,697 persons, and sequencing studies used either the complete mtDNA genome or the highly variable segments 1 and 2. The diversity of the markers made it difficult to establish a general picture of Y-chromosome variability in the populations studied. However, haplogroup Q1a3a* was almost always the most prevalent whereas Q1a3* occurred equally in all regions, which suggested its prevalence among the early colonizers. The STR allele frequencies were used to derive a possible ancient Native American Q-clade chromosome haplotype and five of six STR loci showed significant geographic variation. Geographic and linguistic factors moderately influenced the mtDNA distributions (6% and 7%, respectively) and mtDNA haplogroups A and D correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with latitude. The data analyzed here provide rich material for understanding the biological history of South Amerindians and can serve as a basis for comparative studies involving other types of data, such as cultural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bisso-Machado
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Gayà-Vidal M, Moral P, Saenz-Ruales N, Gerbault P, Tonasso L, Villena M, Vasquez R, Bravi CM, Dugoujon JM. mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: Different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2011; 145:215-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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