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Yue Y, Chen H, Setyan A, Elser M, Dietrich M, Li J, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Wang J, Yao M. Size-Resolved Endotoxin and Oxidative Potential of Ambient Particles in Beijing and Zürich. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6816-6824. [PMID: 29787263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution has become a global health concern, however its size-resolved health impact remains to be poorly elucidated. Here, ambient particulate matter (PM) were collected into 13 different size ranges (10 nm to 18 μm) and the mass, metal, endotoxin distributions, and related oxidative potential were investigated in two regions (Zürich, Switzerland and Beijing, China). Results showed that the two regions had remarkably different PM distribution patterns. Swiss urban samples had a mode around 40 nm with 23.3% of total PM mass, while Chinese samples featured two modes around 0.75 and 4.23 μm with 13.8-18.6% and 13.7-20.4% of total PM mass, respectively. Two peaks for endotoxin at 40-100 nm and 1-4 μm were observed in different regions. For PM-borne metals, Chinese samples had 67.6-100% of total Cd, As, and Pb in the size range of 0.1-1 μm, and Swiss samples had similar distributions of Cd and Pb but much lower total metals than Chinese samples. The PM oxidative potential varied greatly with sizes for different regions. Accordingly, the current practice, i.e., sole use of the mass concentration, could lead to inadequate health protection for one region, but unnecessary economic costs for another without achieving significant extra health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Haoxuan Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ari Setyan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Maria Dietrich
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yunhao Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering , ETH Zürich , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies , Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Dubendorf 8600 , Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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Farokhi A, Heederik D, Smit LAM. Respiratory health effects of exposure to low levels of airborne endotoxin - a systematic review. Environ Health 2018; 17:14. [PMID: 29422043 PMCID: PMC5806377 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated endotoxin levels have been measured in ambient air around livestock farms, which is a cause of concern for neighbouring residents. There is clear evidence that occupational exposure to high concentrations of airborne endotoxin causes respiratory inflammation, respiratory symptoms and lung function decline. However, health effects of exposure to low levels of endotoxin are less well described. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize published associations between exposure to relatively low levels of airborne endotoxin and respiratory health endpoints. METHODS Studies investigating respiratory effects of measured or modelled exposure to low levels of airborne endotoxin (average < 100 EU/m3) were eligible for inclusion. In total, 1362 articles were identified through a Pubmed database search, of which 31 articles were included in this review. Studies were included up to February 2017. Overview tables and forest plots were created, and study quality was assessed. RESULTS Twenty-two included studies had a cross-sectional design, others were designed as longitudinal observational (n = 7) or experimental (n = 2) studies. Most studies (n = 23) were conducted in an occupational setting, some involved domestic or experimental exposure. Several studies reported statistically significant effects of exposure to low levels of endotoxin on respiratory symptoms and lung function. However, considerable heterogeneity existed in the outcomes of the included studies and no overall estimate could be provided by meta-analysis to quantify the possible relationship. Instead, a best evidence synthesis was performed among studies examining the exposure-response relationship between endotoxin and respiratory outcomes. Significant exposure-response relationships between endotoxin and symptoms and FEV1 were shown in several studies, with no conflicting findings in the studies included in the best evidence synthesis. Significantly different effects of endotoxin exposure were also seen in vulnerable subgroups (atopics and patients with broncho-obstructive disease) and smokers. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory health effects of exposure to low levels of airborne endotoxin (< 100 EU/m3) seem plausible. Future studies are needed to investigate ambient exposure to endotoxin and potential respiratory health effects, especially in vulnerable subgroups of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadèh Farokhi
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.178, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.178, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.178, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bolund AC, Miller MR, Sigsgaard T, Schlünssen V. The effect of organic dust exposure on long-term change in lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2017; 74:531-542. [PMID: 28404791 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung function is a predictor of morbidity and mortality, and the chronic nature of lung function decline allows for preventive initiatives. Proinflammatory constituents of organic dust are considered a possible cause of compromised respiratory health. The aim of this systematic review was to reveal the impact of organic dust exposure on long-term change in lung function. The literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Predefined criteria concerned study design: longitudinal, ≥1 year follow-up, ≥50 exposed; exposure measures: organic dust, measured or estimated, in different occupational settings; and outcome measures: change in lung function measured by spirometry. Based on these criteria, 1580 potentially relevant publications were narrowed down to 20 included publications. Quality was evaluated and discussed based on six objectively defined criteria. Overall, 14 studies found some type of association between exposure to organic dust and long-term change in lung function. However, the results were inconsistent and no specific work exposure showed more clear associations to change in lung function. Meta-analysis revealed an overall small significant excess loss in forced expiratory volume in the 1st s for exposed compared with controls of 4.92 mL/year (95% CI 0.14 to 9.69). No significant association was seen overall for forced vital capacity. 12 studies revealed a significant exposure-response relation between organic dust and change in lung function. The results were inconsistent across varying study design and different exposure measures and outcomes. We therefore conclude that there is limited evidence of a causal association between general exposure to organic dust and long-term excess decline in lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Cs Bolund
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health and Danish Ramazzini Centre, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin R Miller
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health and Danish Ramazzini Centre, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Department of Public Health and Danish Ramazzini Centre, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pulmonary function reductions among potentially susceptible subgroups of agricultural workers in Colorado and Nebraska. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:632-41. [PMID: 22576462 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31824d2e1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Organic dust inhalation has been associated with adverse respiratory responses among agricultural workers. We evaluated factors that may confer increased susceptibility to these health effects. METHODS We quantified personal work shift exposures to inhalable dust, endotoxin, and its 3-hydroxy fatty acid constituents, and evaluated changes in pulmonary function among 137 grain elevator, cattle feedlot, dairy, and corn farm workers. RESULTS Increased dust exposure was associated with work shift reductions in lung function. Although interpretation is limited because of small samples, a suggestion of stronger exposure-response relationships was observed among smokers, as well as workers reporting pesticide/herbicide application, asthma, or allergies, and those with genetic polymorphisms (TLR4) (Pinteraction ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of factors leading to increased susceptibility of adverse respiratory outcomes is needed to optimize exposure reduction strategies and develop more comprehensive wellness programs.
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Liebers V, Brüning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Occupational endotoxin-exposure and possible health effects on humans. Am J Ind Med 2006; 49:474-91. [PMID: 16586405 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxins are commonly found at workplaces where large amounts of bioaerosols are generated. In Germany, especially since the Ordinance on Safety and Health Protection related to work involving biological agents (Biostoff-Verordnung) became effective (1999), threshold limit values are widely discussed. Up to the present, endotoxin values are measured with non-uniform methods and therefore values are of limited benefit for classification of exposure groups. In Germany there is no threshold limit value for endotoxin. METHODS Relevant literature of the last 20 years was selected from Medline and discussed. RESULTS In this review we focused on the impact of endotoxin exposure on human health with special respect to the measurements on workplace and methodological aspects of endotoxin determination. Methods for sampling and endotoxin determination have to be validated, optimized, and standardized first. CONCLUSION The adverse health effects of endotoxins are known, standardization of measurements is a necessary goal and protection measures should be established immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Liebers
- Research Institute for Occupational Medicine of the Berufsgenossenschaften (BGFA), Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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