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Usui N, Ono Y, Aramaki R, Berto S, Konopka G, Matsuzaki H, Shimada S. Early Life Stress Alters Gene Expression and Cytoarchitecture in the Prefrontal Cortex Leading to Social Impairment and Increased Anxiety. Front Genet 2021; 12:754198. [PMID: 34795694 PMCID: PMC8593203 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.754198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), such as abuse, neglect, and maltreatment, exhibits a strong impact on the brain and mental development of children. However, it is not fully understood how ELS affects social behaviors and social-associated behaviors as well as developing prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study, we performed social isolation on weaned pre-adolescent mice until adolescence and investigated these behaviors and PFC characteristics in adolescent mice. We found the ELS induced social impairments in social novelty, social interaction, and social preference in adolescent mice. We also observed increases of anxiety-like behaviors in ELS mice. In histological analysis, we found a reduced number of neurons and an increased number of microglia in the PFC of ELS mice. To identify the gene associated with behavioral and histological features, we analyzed transcriptome in the PFC of ELS mice and identified 15 differentially expressed genes involved in transcriptional regulation, stress, and synaptic signaling. Our study demonstrates that ELS influences social behaviors, anxiety-like behaviors through cytoarchitectural and transcriptomic alterations in the PFC of adolescent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuta Ono
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ryoko Aramaki
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Stefano Berto
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
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Zbtb16 regulates social cognitive behaviors and neocortical development. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:242. [PMID: 33895774 PMCID: PMC8068730 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) play the roles in the neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation during development, however, how the function of ZBTB16 is involved in brain function and behaviors unknown. Here we show the deletion of Zbtb16 in mice leads to social impairment, repetitive behaviors, risk-taking behaviors, and cognitive impairment. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the behavioral phenotypes, we conducted histological analyses and observed impairments in thinning of neocortical layer 6 (L6) and a reduction of TBR1+ neurons in Zbtb16 KO mice. Furthermore, we found increased dendritic spines and microglia, as well as developmental defects in oligodendrocytes and neocortical myelination in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Zbtb16 KO mice. Using genomics approaches, we identified the Zbtb16 transcriptome that includes genes involved in neocortical maturation such as neurogenesis and myelination, and both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) pathobiology. Co-expression networks further identified Zbtb16-correlated modules that are unique to ASD or SCZ, respectively. Our study provides insight into the novel roles of ZBTB16 in behaviors and neocortical development related to the disorders.
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Chen Y, Renfree MB. Hormonal and Molecular Regulation of Phallus Differentiation in a Marsupial Tammar Wallaby. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010106. [PMID: 31963388 PMCID: PMC7017150 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies in phalluses caused by endocrine disruptors have gained a great deal of attention due to its annual increasing rate in males. However, the endocrine-driven molecular regulatory mechanism of abnormal phallus development is complex and remains largely unknown. Here, we review the direct effect of androgen and oestrogen on molecular regulation in phalluses using the marsupial tammar wallaby, whose phallus differentiation occurs after birth. We summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying phallus differentiation mediated by sonic hedgehog (SHH) at day 50 pp and phallus elongation mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), as well as multiple phallus-regulating genes expressed after day 50 pp. We also identify hormone-responsive long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are co-expressed with their neighboring coding genes. We show that the activation of SHH and IGF1, mediated by balanced androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signalling, initiates a complex regulatory network in males to constrain the timing of phallus differentiation and to activate the downstream genes that maintain urethral closure and phallus elongation at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Marilyn B. Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (M.B.R.)
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Lin HC, Ko CY, Lee KH, Chen IH, Kao TJ, Chang WC, Hsu TI, Lee YC. E2f1 regulates the induction of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger transcription in neuronal differentiation of pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:629-634. [PMID: 30914194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
During brain development, the expression of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (Plzf) in neural stem cells is precisely controlled to maintain the balance between neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, the mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation of Plzf in neural stem cell is still unclear. Herein, using P19 embryonal carcinoma cells as a model, we observed that Plzf expression was induced in the P19-derived embryonic bodies, which enrich neural stem-like cell populations, as demonstrated by the expression of neural stem cell markers, Nestin and Sox2. We then characterized the Plzf promoter and identified two E2f1 binding sites (-755/-751 and -53/-49, the transcription start site was designated as +1) are important for the activation of Plzf promoter. Finally, we found that the induction of Plzf in the neural stem-like cells derived from pluripotent P19 cells is decrease by E2f1 knockdown. Taken together, we conclude that E2f1 is an important transcription factor that regulates Plzf transcription and may involve in maintaining the self-renewal ability of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yuan Ko
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Han Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jen Kao
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chao Lee
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lin HC, Ching YH, Huang CC, Pao PC, Lee YH, Chang WC, Kao TJ, Lee YC. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger is involved in the formation of deep layer cortical neurons. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:30. [PMID: 31027502 PMCID: PMC6485146 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (Plzf), a transcriptional regulator involved in a lot of important biological processes during development, has been implied to maintain neural stem cells and inhibit their differentiation into neurons. However, the effects of Plzf on brain structures and functions are still not clarified. RESULTS We showed that Plzf expression was detected as early as embryonic day (E) 9.5 in Pax6+ cells in the mouse brain, and was completely disappeared in telencephalon before the initiation of cortical neurogenesis. Loss of Plzf resulted in a smaller cerebral cortex with a decrease in the number of Tbr1+ deep layer neurons due to a decrease of mitotic cell number in the ventricular zone of forebrain at early developmental stage. Microarray, qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry analysis identified dysregulation of Mash1 proneural gene expression. We also observed an impairment of recognition memory in Plzf-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Plzf is expressed at early stages of brain development and involved in the formation of deep layer cortical neurons. Loss of Plzf results in dysregulation of Mash1, microcephaly with reduced numbers of early-born neurons, and impairment of recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hao Ching
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Huang
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chieh Pao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jen Kao
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chao Lee
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Ph.D Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen Y, Kuroki Y, Shaw G, Pask AJ, Yu H, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Renfree MB. Androgen and Oestrogen Affect the Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs During Phallus Development in a Marsupial. Noncoding RNA 2018; 5:E3. [PMID: 30598023 PMCID: PMC6468475 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important for normal reproductive development, yet very few lncRNAs have been identified in phalluses so far. Unlike eutherians, phallus development in the marsupial tammar wallaby occurs post-natally, enabling manipulation not possible in eutherians in which differentiation occurs in utero. We treated with sex steroids to determine the effects of androgen and oestrogen on lncRNA expression during phallus development. Hormonal manipulations altered the coding and non-coding gene expression profile of phalluses. We identified several predicted co-regulatory lncRNAs that appear to be co-expressed with the hormone-responsive candidate genes regulating urethral closure and phallus growth, namely IGF1, AR and ESR1. Interestingly, more than 50% of AR-associated coding genes and lncRNAs were also associated with ESR1. In addition, we identified and validated three novel co-regulatory and hormone-responsive lncRNAs: lnc-BMP5, lnc-ZBTB16 and lncRSPO4. Lnc-BMP5 was detected in the urethral epithelium of male phalluses and was downregulated by oestrogen in males. Lnc-ZBTB16 was downregulated by oestrogen treatment in male phalluses at day 50 post-partum (pp). LncRSPO4 was downregulated by adiol treatment in female phalluses but increased in male phalluses after castration. Thus, the expression pattern and hormone responsiveness of these lncRNAs suggests a physiological role in the development of the phallus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- RIKEN, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Geoff Shaw
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Pask
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Hongshi Yu
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia.
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Hemming S, Cakouros D, Vandyke K, Davis MJ, Zannettino ACW, Gronthos S. Identification of Novel EZH2 Targets Regulating Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:909-21. [PMID: 27168161 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone three lysine 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a critical epigenetic modifier, which regulates gene transcription through the trimethylation of the H3K27 residue leading to chromatin compaction and gene repression. EZH2 has previously been identified to regulate human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) lineage specification. MSC lineage specification is regulated by the presence of EZH2 and its H3K27me3 modification or the removal of the H3K27 modification by lysine demethylases 6A and 6B (KDM6A and KDM6B). This study used a bioinformatics approach to identify novel genes regulated by EZH2 during MSC osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we identified the EZH2 targets, ZBTB16, MX1, and FHL1, which were expressed at low levels in MSC. EZH2 and H3K27me3 were found to be present along the transcription start site of their respective promoters. During osteogenesis, these genes become actively expressed coinciding with the disappearance of EZH2 and H3K27me3 on the transcription start site of these genes and the enrichment of the active H3K4me3 modification. Overexpression of EZH2 downregulated the transcript levels of ZBTB16, MX1, and FHL1 during osteogenesis. Small interfering RNA targeting of MX1 and FHL1 was associated with a downregulation of the key osteogenic transcription factor, RUNX2, and its downstream targets osteopontin and osteocalcin. These findings highlight that EZH2 not only acts through the direct regulation of signaling modules and lineage-specific transcription factors but also targets many novel genes important for mediating MSC osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hemming
- 1 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,2 Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dimitrios Cakouros
- 1 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,2 Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- 2 Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide, Australia .,3 Myeloma Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,4 SA Pathology , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- 5 Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- 2 Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide, Australia .,3 Myeloma Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- 1 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,2 Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute , Adelaide, Australia
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Hox5 interacts with Plzf to restrict Shh expression in the developing forelimb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19438-43. [PMID: 24218595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315075110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, only the five most posterior groups of Hox genes, Hox9-Hox13, have demonstrated loss-of-function roles in limb patterning. Individual paralog groups control proximodistal patterning of the limb skeletal elements. Hox9 genes also initiate the onset of Hand2 expression in the posterior forelimb compartment, and collectively, the posterior HoxA/D genes maintain posterior Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) expression. Here we show that an anterior Hox paralog group, Hox5, is required for forelimb anterior patterning. Deletion of all three Hox5 genes (Hoxa5, Hoxb5, and Hoxc5) leads to anterior forelimb defects resulting from derepression of Shh expression. The phenotype requires the loss of all three Hox5 genes, demonstrating the high level of redundancy in this Hox paralogous group. Further analyses reveal that Hox5 interacts with promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger biochemically and genetically to restrict Shh expression. These findings, along with previous reports showing that point mutations in the Shh limb enhancer lead to similar anterior limb defects, highlight the importance of Shh repression for proper patterning of the vertebrate limb.
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Abstract
Objective: A better understanding of the processes influencing energy expenditure could provide new therapeutic strategies for reducing obesity. As the metabolic activity of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle is an important determinant of overall energy expenditure and adiposity, we investigated the role of genes that could influence cellular bioenergetics in these two tissues. Design: We screened for genes that are induced in both the BAT and skeletal muscle during acute adaptive thermogenesis in the mouse by microarray. We used C57BL/6J mice as well as the primary and immortalized brown adipocytes and C2C12 myocytes to validate the microarray data. Further characterization included gene expression, mitochondrial density, cellular respiration and substrate utilization. We also used a Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel to assess in vivo effects on obesity and body fat content. Results: We identified the transcription factor Zbtb16 (also known as Plzf and Zfp14) as being induced in both the BAT and skeletal muscle during acute adaptive thermogenesis. Zbtb16 overexpression in brown adipocytes led to the induction of components of the thermogenic program, including genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis and mitochondrial function. Enhanced Zbtb16 expression also increased mitochondrial number, as well as the respiratory capacity and uncoupling. These effects were accompanied by decreased triglyceride content and increased carbohydrate utilization in brown adipocytes. Natural variation in Zbtb16 mRNA levels in multiple tissues across a panel of >100 mouse strains was inversely correlated with body weight and body fat content. Conclusion: Our results implicate Zbtb16 as a novel determinant of substrate utilization in brown adipocytes and of adiposity in vivo.
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