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Witkowski S, Respondek-Liberska M, Zieliński R, Strzelecka I. Measurement of the Fetal Ear Length Has No Clinical Value. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093084. [PMID: 37176530 PMCID: PMC10179669 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term monitoring of a fetus with genetic and non-genetic anomalies is still a challenge for prenatal medicine. Ultrasound screening must be based on some measurement ranges, which show the trend of development of fetal body parts in a given period of time. One of them is the fetal ear auricle. This study presents an analysis of the fetal ear auricle length in healthy fetuses to establish normal ranges of fetal ear auricle length. The study group included 132 healthy fetuses. The gestational age of healthy fetuses ranged from 17.0 to 39.5 weeks of gestation according to LMP. The range of fetal ear length measurement was 10.00-40.00 mm with an average value of 23.49 mm. In the group of fetuses in the second trimester of pregnancy, the range of fetal ear length measurement was 18.00-28.00 mm, whereas in the group of fetuses in the third trimester of pregnancy, the range was 16.00-40.00 mm. In order to check the usefulness of this parameter, an analysis of this marker in fetuses with extracardiac anomalies, including genetic and non-genetic disorders is shown. The fetal ear measurement can fall within the normal range even if there are some genetic or non-genetic disorders. Therefore, the fetal ear measurement does not provide any diagnostic value in terms of detecting any fetal genetic and non-genetic disorders, which is supported by the analysis of the data provided in this study. Our study has proved that measurement of the fetal ear auricle is possible; however, its clinical usefulness for perinatal management is currently very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Witkowski
- Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Medical Faculty, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maria Respondek-Liberska
- Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Diagnoses and Prevention of Fetal Malformations, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Zieliński
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Kielce, 25-736 Kielce, Poland
| | - Iwona Strzelecka
- Department of Diagnoses and Prevention of Fetal Malformations, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Le Tanno P, Latypova X, Rendu J, Fauré J, Bourg V, Gauthier M, Billy-Lopez G, Jouk PS, Dieterich K. Diagnostic workup in children with arthrogryposis: description of practices from a single reference centre, comparison with literature and suggestion of recommendations. J Med Genet 2023; 60:13-24. [PMID: 34876503 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) refers to a clinical presentation of congenital contractures involving two or more body areas. More than 400 distinct conditions may lead to AMC, making the aetiological diagnosis challenging. The objective of this work was to set up evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of AMC by taking advantage of both data from our nation-wide cohort of children with AMC and from the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective single-centre observational study. Patients had been evaluated at least once at a paediatric age in the AMC clinic of Grenoble University Hospital between 2007 and 2019. After gathering data about their diagnostic procedure, a literature review was performed for each paraclinical investigation to discuss their relevance. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five patients were included, 43% had Amyoplasia, 27% had distal arthrogryposis and 30% had other forms. A definitive aetiological diagnosis was available for 66% of cases. We recommend a two-time diagnostic process: first, non-invasive investigations that aim at classifying patients into one of the three groups, and second, selected investigations targeting a subset of patients. CONCLUSION The aetiological management for patients with AMC remains arduous. This process will be facilitated by the increasing use of next-generation sequencing combined with detailed phenotyping. Invasive investigations should be avoided because of their limited yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Le Tanno
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1209, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Institut of Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Xenia Latypova
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - John Rendu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Fauré
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Bourg
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réhabilitation pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marjolaine Gauthier
- Service de Génétique, Génomique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gipsy Billy-Lopez
- Service de Génétique, Génomique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Jouk
- Service de Génétique, Génomique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Klaus Dieterich
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1209, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Institut of Advanced Biosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Campos AE, Rosenberg C, Krepischi A, França M, Lopes V, Nakano V, Vertemati T, Cochak M, Migliavacca M, Milanezi F, Sousa AC, Silva J, Vieira L, Monfredini P, Palumbo AC, Fernandes J, Perrone E. An Apparently Balanced Complex Chromosome Rearrangement Involving Seven Breaks and Four Chromosomes in a Healthy Female and Segregation/Recombination in Her Affected Son. Mol Syndromol 2021; 12:312-320. [PMID: 34602959 DOI: 10.1159/000516323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Duplication of the distal 1q and 4p segments are both characterized by the presence of intellectual disability/neurodevelopmental delay and dysmorphisms. Here, we describe a male with a complex chromosome rearrangement (CCR) presenting with overlapping clinical findings between these 2 syndromes. In order to better characterize this CCR, classical karyotyping, FISH, and chromosomal microarray analysis were performed on material from the patient and his parents, which revealed an unbalanced karyotype with duplications at 1q41q43 and 4p15.2p14 in the proband. The rearrangements, which were derived from a maternal balanced karyotype, included an insertion of a segment from the long to the short arm of chromosome 1, a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 14 and 18, and an insertion of a segment from the short arm of chromosome 4 into the derived chromosome 14. This study aimed to better define the clinical history and prognosis of a patient with this rare category of chromosomal aberration. Our results suggest that the frequency of CCR in the general population may be underestimated; when balanced, they may not have a phenotypic effect. Moreover, they emphasize the need for cytogenetic techniques complementary to chromosomal microarray for proper genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Eduarda Campos
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- GeneOne, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina França
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Perrone
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,GeneOne, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Prenatal Diagnosis and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Copy Number Variations on 4p15.2p16.3, Xp22.31, and 12p11.1q11 in a Fetus with Ultrasound Anomalies: A Case Report and Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1761738. [PMID: 32566663 PMCID: PMC7275220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1761738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements, such as duplications/deletions, can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Herein, we reported a prenatal case with right aortic arch and aberrant left subclavian artery, consisting of a complex chromosomal copy number variations. Routine cytogenetic analysis described the chromosomal karyotype as 46,XY, add (2)(q37) for the fetus. However, the chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) identified a 22.4 Mb duplication in chromosome 4p16.3p15.2, a 3.96 Mb microduplication in 12p11.1q11, and a 1.68 Mb microdeletion in Xp22.31. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a chromosome 4 painting probe was found to hybridize to the terminal of chromosome 2q on the fetus, thus confirming that the extra genetic materials of chromosome 2 was actually trisomy 4p detected through CMA. Meanwhile, the parental karyotypes were normal, which proved that the add (2) was de novo for fetus. The duplication of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region (WHSCR) and X-linked recessive ichthyosis associated with Xp22.31 deletion separately were considered potentially pathogenic causes although other abnormalities involving these syndromes were not observed. For prenatal cases, the combined utilization of ultrasonography, traditional cytogenetic, and molecular diagnosis technology will enhance better diagnostic benefits, offer more detailed genetic counselling, and assess the prognosis of the fetuses.
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5
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Iype T, Alakbarzade V, Iype M, Singh R, Sreekantan-Nair A, Chioza BA, Mohapatra TM, Baple EL, Patton MA, Warner TT, Proukakis C, Kulkarni A, Crosby AH. A large Indian family with rearrangement of chromosome 4p16 and 3p26.3 and divergent clinical presentations. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:104. [PMID: 26554554 PMCID: PMC4641370 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The deletion of the chromosome 4p16.3 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region (WHSCR-2) typically results in a characteristic facial appearance, varying intellectual disability, stereotypies and prenatal onset of growth retardation, while gains of the same chromosomal region result in a more variable degree of intellectual deficit and dysmorphism. Similarly the phenotype of individuals with terminal deletions of distal chromosome 3p (3p deletion syndrome) varies from mild to severe intellectual deficit, micro- and trigonocephaly, and a distinct facial appearance. Methods and results We investigated a large Indian five-generation pedigree with ten affected family members in which chromosomal microarray and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses disclosed a complex rearrangement involving chromosomal subregions 4p16.1 and 3p26.3 resulting in a 4p16.1 deletion and 3p26.3 microduplication in three individuals, and a 4p16.1 duplication and 3p26.3 microdeletion in seven individuals. A typical clinical presentation of WHS was observed in all three cases with 4p16.1 deletion and 3p26.3 microduplication. Individuals with a 4p16.1 duplication and 3p26.3 microdeletion demonstrated a range of clinical features including typical 3p microdeletion or 4p partial trisomy syndrome to more severe neurodevelopmental delay with distinct dysmorphic features. Conclusion We present the largest pedigree with complex t(4p;3p) chromosomal rearrangements and diverse clinical outcomes including Wolf Hirschorn-, 3p deletion-, and 4p duplication syndrome amongst affected individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0251-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Iype
- Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - Vafa Alakbarzade
- Molecular Genetics, RILD Institute, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Hospital, Wonford, Exeter, UK. .,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Mary Iype
- Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Royana Singh
- Department of Anatomy and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ajith Sreekantan-Nair
- Molecular Genetics, RILD Institute, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Hospital, Wonford, Exeter, UK
| | - Barry A Chioza
- Molecular Genetics, RILD Institute, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Hospital, Wonford, Exeter, UK.
| | - Tribhuvan M Mohapatra
- Department of Anatomy and Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Emma L Baple
- Molecular Genetics, RILD Institute, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Hospital, Wonford, Exeter, UK. .,Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK.
| | - Michael A Patton
- Molecular Genetics, RILD Institute, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Hospital, Wonford, Exeter, UK.,Southwest Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Abhi Kulkarni
- Southwest Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Molecular Genetics, RILD Institute, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Hospital, Wonford, Exeter, UK.
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6
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Piccione M, Salzano E, Vecchio D, Ferrara D, Malacarne M, Pierluigi M, Ferrara I, Corsello G. 4p16.1-p15.31 duplication and 4p terminal deletion in a 3-years old Chinese girl: Array-CGH, genotype-phenotype and neurological characterization. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015; 19:477-83. [PMID: 25769226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microscopically chromosome rearrangements of the short arm of chromosome 4 include the two known clinical entities: partial trisomy 4p and deletions of the Wolf-Hirschhorn critical regions 1 and 2 (WHSCR-1 and WHSCR-2, respectively), which cause cranio-facial anomalies, congenital malformations and developmental delay/intellectual disability. METHODS/RESULTS We report on clinical findings detected in a Chinese patient with a de novo 4p16.1-p15.32 duplication in association with a subtle 4p terminal deletion of 6 Mb in size. This unusual chromosome imbalance resulted in WHS classical phenotype, while clinical manifestations of 4p trisomy were practically absent. CONCLUSION This observation suggests the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency of sensitive dosage genes with regulatory function placed in WHS critical region, is more pathogenic than concomitant 4p duplicated segment. Additionally clinical findings in our patient confirm a variable penetrance of major malformations and neurological features in Chinese children despite of WHS critical region's deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Piccione
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Salzano
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Vecchio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dante Ferrara
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Pierluigi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ines Ferrara
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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7
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Cyr AB, Nimmakayalu M, Longmuir SQ, Patil SR, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Shchelochkov OA. A novel 4p16.3 microduplication distal to WHSC1 and WHSC2 characterized by oligonucleotide array with new phenotypic features. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2224-8. [PMID: 21815251 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Larger imbalances on chromosome 4p in the form of deletions associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) and duplications of chromosome 4p have a defined clinical phenotype. The critical region for both these clinical disorders has been narrowed based on the genotype-phenotype correlations. However, cryptic rearrangements in this region have been reported infrequently. We report on a male patient with a microduplication of chromosome 4p, who presents with findings of macrocephaly, irregular iris pigmentation-heterochromia, and preserved linear growth in addition to overlapping features of trisomy 4p such as seizures, delayed psychomotor development, and dysmorphic features including prominent glabella, low-set ears, and short neck. Using a high-density oligonucleotide microarray, we have identified a novel submicroscopic duplication involving dosage sensitive genes TACC3, FGFR3, and LETM1. The microduplication did not involve WHSC1 and WHSC2 which are considered in the critical region for WHS and trisomy 4p. This patient's presentation and genomic findings help further delineate clinical significance of re-arrangements in the 4p16 region without the involvement of WHS critical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Cyr
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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8
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Carmany EP, Bawle EV. Microduplication of 4p16.3 due to an unbalanced translocation resulting in a mild phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:819-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Hannes F, Drozniewska M, Vermeesch JR, Haus O. Duplication of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region causes neurodevelopmental delay. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:136-40. [PMID: 20197130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is caused by deletions on chromosome 4p and is clinically well defined. Genotype-phenotype correlations of patients with WHS point to a critical locus to be responsible for the main characteristics of this disorder. Submicroscopic duplications of this region, however, are not known. Here we report a patient with an interstitial 560 kb duplication overlapping this critical locus. The present case shows that not only deletions but also duplications of the Wolf-Hirshhorn critical region cause mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. Interestingly, the duplication phenotype overlaps partially with the deletion phenotype. However, his facial phenotype differs from the typical WHS gestalt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Hannes
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Clinical Manifestations of Partial Trisomy 4p. Balkan J Med Genet 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10034-010-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical Manifestations of Partial Trisomy 4pWe made the diagnosis prenatally from cytogenetic analysis of amniocytes cultured following amniocentesis performed at 20 weeks' gestation on a woman in whom ultrasound examination of the female fetus showed severe growth retardation, lung and kidney hypoplasia, and a congenital heart defect. Analysis revealed a de novo trisomy of the terminal short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.1-pter). The parents opted to terminate the pregnancy. Fetopathological examination showed dysmorphic features and other abnormalities consistent with clinical manifestations of partial trisomy 4p.
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11
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Berman DR, Couyoumjian CA, Treadwell MC, Barr M. Familial 4;18 chromosome translocation resulting in trisomy 4p and monosomy 18p: affected individuals with discordant phenotype. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:538-40. [PMID: 19226522 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Hong S, Kang SY, Seong GJ, Shin JY, Kim CY. Multiple ocular abnormalities associated with trisomy 4p. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2008; 39:412-4. [PMID: 18831427 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20080901-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ocular features associated with trisomy 4p have rarely been described. The authors have experienced multiple ocular abnormalities (bilateral cataracts, posterior synechiae, and posterior segment changes) associated with this chromosomal abnormality. It was presumed that these intraocular findings might be associated with the previous inflammatory process. In the current case, the patient recovered some useful vision after surgical removal of cataracts and intraocular lens implantations in both eyes. A detailed ophthalmic examination for patients with the autosomal imbalance is recom-mended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hong
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Bernardini L, Sinibaldi L, Ceccarini C, Novelli A, Dallapiccola B. Reproductive history of a healthy woman with mosaic duplication of chromosome 4p. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25:283-5. [PMID: 15849782 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mosaic autosomal duplications are rare and often result in mental retardation and congenital anomalies. Phenotype is not predictable depending on the chromosomal imbalance involved and the percentage and tissues distribution of unbalanced cells. We report on a young woman carrying a mosaic duplication of chromosome 4p, evaluated because of three abortions due to IUGR and fetal malformation. METHODS Mosaic dup(4p) was detected by standard and molecular cytogenetics. RESULTS Unbalanced cells accounted for about 20 to 30% of nuclei in four examined tissues and did not cause any obvious phenotypic effect. CONCLUSION It is likely that mosaic duplications are underascertained because they are not associated with obvious clinical effects in some individuals. Prenatal diagnosis is the method of choice to predict the karyotype in the offspring of subjects carrying mosaic chromosome imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernardini
- IRCCS-CSS San Giovanni Rotondo and CSS-Mendel, 261-00198 Rome, Italy
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14
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Battaglia A, Brothman AR, Carey JC. Recombinant 4 syndrome due to an unbalanced pericentric inversion of chromosome 4. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 112:103-6. [PMID: 12239731 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An informative patient with a MCA/MR syndrome consisting of developmental delay, prenatal onset growth delay, microcephaly, distinctive face, iris coloboma, and a congenital heart defect was found, on chromosome analysis, to have the following complement: 46,XY,rec(4) dup(4p) inv(4)(p14q35.1) mat. He has a partial 4p trisomy/distal 4q deletion due to an unbalanced pericentric inversion inherited from his mother. Dup (4p) trisomy was originally described by Wilson et al. [1970: Am J Hum Genet 22:679-690] in a similar case with the same chromosome 4 inversion. To date, at least 85 cases of dup (4p) syndrome have been published, mostly due to unbalanced translocations. Recent articles suggest that the phenotype is hard to recognize clinically due to the lack of specificity of findings. In contrast, 4p trisomy due to an unbalanced pericentric inversion of chromosome 4(p14q35), i.e., the recombinant 4 syndrome observed in our patient, appears to be a discrete entity with relatively consistent features. In total there are four other kindreds described in the literature with this inversion, and the phenotype seems recognizable. Thus, we suggest that recombinant 4 syndrome is a discrete entity among 4p trisomy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Battaglia
- Stella Maris Scientific Research Institute, Division of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Procreative Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Calambrone (Pisa), Italy.
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15
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García García E, Chamizo Moreno B, Sánchez Gutiérrez M, Jiménez Liria M. Alteraciones endocrinas en una niña con trisomía 4p. An Pediatr (Barc) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(02)78693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Thanemozhi G, Santhiya ST, Chandra N, Palka G, Jayam S, Gopinath PM. Trisomy 4p and partial monosomy 18q due to paternal translocation t(4;18) (p11; q21.3). Indian J Pediatr 2000; 67:601-4. [PMID: 10985005 DOI: 10.1007/bf02758495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A carrier status for balanced translocation in either of the parents increases the risk of congenital malformation in the offspring. A case of multiple congenital anomalies in a female newborn was found to be associated with trisomy 4p and partial monosomy 18q as a result of a reciprocal translocation, t(4; 18) (p11; q21.3) in the father. The clinical and cytogenetic findings are compared with characteristic features of trisomy 4p, monosomy 18q and two similar cases reported earlier.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Adult
- Chromosome Aberrations/diagnosis
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Fathers
- Female
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- India
- Infant, Newborn
- Monosomy/diagnosis
- Pedigree
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trisomy/diagnosis
- Trisomy/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thanemozhi
- Department of Genetics, Dr. A.L.M. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, India
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17
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Mau UA, Backsch C, Schaudt H, Trefz FK, Kaiser P. Three-year-old girl with partial trisomy 4p and partial monosomy 8p with resemblance to Brachmann-de Lange syndrome--another locus for Brachmann-de Lange syndrome on 4p? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 91:180-4. [PMID: 10756338 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(20000320)91:3<180::aid-ajmg4>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 3-year-old girl with partial trisomy 4p and partial monosomy 8p who had prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation, no speech development, mild synophrys, hirsutism, apparently low-set ears, dysphonic hoarse voice, hyperactivity, and small hands with proximal placement of the thumbs. She had recurrent lung infections, due to earlier aspiration and immune deficiency (chronic granulomatous disease). Cytogenetic findings in this and other cases with suggestive phenotype may point to an additional locus for Brachmann-de Lange phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Mau
- Division of Clinical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Zollino M, Wright T, Di Stefano C, Tosolini A, Battaglia A, Altherr M, Neri G. ?Tandem? duplication of 4p16.1p16.3 chromosome region associated with 4p16.3pter molecular deletion resulting in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990219)82:5<371::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Partington MW, Fagan K, Soubjaki V, Turner G. Translocations involving 4p16.3 in three families: deletion causing the Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome and duplication resulting in a new overgrowth syndrome. J Med Genet 1997; 34:719-28. [PMID: 9321756 PMCID: PMC1051054 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.9.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three families are reported who have a translocation involving 4p16.3. Nine subjects are described with the clinical features of the Pitt-Rogers-Danks (PRD) syndrome confirming pre- and postnatal growth failure, microcephaly, severe mental retardation, seizures, and a distinctive facial appearance; a deletion of 4p16.3 was seen in all eight patients studied with fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Eleven subjects had a new syndrome with physical overgrowth, heavy facial features, and mild to moderate mental handicap; a duplication of the chromosome region 4p16.3 was found in the four subjects studied. It is suggested that the growth abnormalities in these two families may be explained by a dosage effect of the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 3 (FGFR3), which is located at 4p16.3, that is, a single dose leads to growth failure and a triple dose to physical overgrowth. We describe the molecular mapping of the translocation breakpoint and define it to within locus D4S43.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Diseases in Twins
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Genetic Markers
- Growth Disorders/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant, Newborn
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pedigree
- Pregnancy
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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20
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Patel SV, Dagnew H, Parekh AJ, Koenig E, Conte RA, Macera MJ, Verma RS. Clinical manifestations of trisomy 4p syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154:425-31. [PMID: 7671938 DOI: 10.1007/bf02029349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Trisomy 4p syndrome is a distinct clinical entity which was noted almost a quarter century ago by Wilson et al. [71] and later was delineated by Gonzalez and colleagues [29]. The variation in the length of duplicated segment usually associated with monosomy of other genetic material which has resulted in confusion and as a result a so-called 4p syndrome could not be recognized without cytogenetic analysis. We wish to draw the attention of clinicians to this subject by presenting the description of over 75 cases including one from our clinic and stress the point that molecular approaches are imperative to characterize this anomaly. After extensive review, it appears that patients retaining at least the distal two-thirds to the entire short arm share an overlapping phenotypic expression that constitutes pure trisomy 4p syndrome which includes prominent glabella, bulbous nose with flat or depressed nasal bridge, retrognathia, pointed chin, short neck with low hairline, enlarged ears with abnormal helix and antihelix, rocker-bottom feet with prominent heel. Arachnodactyly and camptodactyly. Molecular characterization of 4p is imperative. We have also included an extensive bibliography for clinicians who may find it useful as a single reference source for evaluating their future cases. CONCLUSION The 4p-syndrome is a distinct entity but without cytogenetic evaluation, the syndrome can not be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Long Island College Hospital, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11201, USA
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21
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Petit P, Hilliker C, Van Leuven F, Fryns JP. Mild phenotype and normal gonadal function in females with 4p trisomy due to unbalanced t(X;4)(p22.1;p14). Clin Genet 1994; 46:304-8. [PMID: 7834896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1994.tb04165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this report we describe the mild phenotypic manifestations and normal gonadal function in a 50-year-old mother and her 17-year-old daughter with 4p trisomy resulting from an unbalanced t(X;4)(p22.1;p14) mat. Late replication of the der(X) was demonstrated by BrdU incorporation with spreading of the late replication to the 4p portion as an explanation of the reduced effect of the trisomy 4p/monosomy Xp on the physical and secondary sexual development in both patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Petit
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Wyandt HE, Milunsky J, Lerner T, Gusella JF, Hou A, MacDonald M, Adekunle S, Milunsky A. Characterization of a duplication in the terminal band of 4p by molecular cytogenetics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 46:72-6. [PMID: 7684190 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320460112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An infant with multiple anomalies including small head, large apparently low-set ears, beaked nose, micrognathia, choanal stenosis, proptosis, atrial-septal defect, and left inguinal hernia was found, on chromosome analysis, to have a longer than normal terminal band 4p16 by G and R-banding. In situ hybridization of biotin-labeled DNA probes C39, BJ14, BJ54, BJ19, BJ7, and BJ11 showed them to be duplicated. Probes I14, A157.1, and the telomeric sequence, (TTAGGG)n, which hybridized to the more distal part of 4p16.3, were not duplicated. These results confirm the impression by G and R-banding of a duplication within band 4p16, a region extending from approximately 2.1 Mb from the telomere, proximally, to the junction of 4p16.1 and 4p15.3. This is the smallest confirmed duplication of distal 4p reported to date, with many of the classical findings of dup(4p) syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Wyandt
- Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118
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23
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Goggin M, O'Keefe M, Hughes H. Two cases of coloboma associated with unbalanced translocations. Br J Ophthalmol 1993; 77:122-3. [PMID: 8435414 PMCID: PMC504446 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.77.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two cases of coloboma are recorded, both secondary to previously unreported unbalanced translocations. These cases underline the association of chromosomal abnormalities and coloboma, particularly when accompanied by systemic abnormalities. They also highlight the importance of a full systemic assessment of coloboma patients and adequate genetic counselling for both patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goggin
- Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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24
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Hirsch B, Baldinger S. Pericentric inversion of chromosome 4 giving rise to dup(4p) and dup(4q) recombinants within a single kindred. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 45:5-8. [PMID: 8418660 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320450104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, every pericentric inversion can give rise, during meiosis, to 2 alternate recombinant chromosomes. One of these will have a duplication of short arm material and deletion of long arm material (dup p), and the other, a duplication of a long arm material and deletion of short arm material (dup q). However, most published cases have been limited to a single recombinant type occurring within a given kindred. Here we document a large pericentric inversion of chromosome 4 which gave rise, within 2 generations of a kindred, to both dup p and dup q recombinants. The family was ascertained by the birth of a baby girl with multiple congenital anomalies suggestive of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, and was found to have a dup 4q recombinant. Subsequent studies of her father and of her 27-year-old mentally retarded aunt showed a balanced inv(4) (p15.32q35) and a dup 4p recombinant, respectively. Given that: (a) the balanced inversion involves approximately 87% of the length of chromosome 4; (b) the predicted meiotic pairing would be homosynapsis with loop formation; (c) the size of the segments distal to the breakpoints of the inversion are of similar and relatively small size; and (d) both recombinants are compatible with life, then the risk for recurrence of a recombinant in this family is high. Genetic counseling addressed these issues, and to date, both chronic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis have been provided for prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hirsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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25
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Oorthuys JW, Gerssen-Schoorl KB, de Pater JM, de France HF. A third case of de novo partial trisomy 4p. J Med Genet 1989; 26:344-5. [PMID: 2732997 PMCID: PMC1015606 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.5.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Warburg M, Friedrich U. Coloboma and microphthalmos in chromosomal aberrations. Chromosomal aberrations and neural crest cell developmental field. OPHTHALMIC PAEDIATRICS AND GENETICS 1987; 8:105-18. [PMID: 3309769 DOI: 10.3109/13816818709028526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A survey of more than 500 reports on patients with autosomal chromosomal aberrations associated with microphthalmos and/or coloboma shows that these anomalies are unspecific. Anterior chamber anomalies were common as were abnormal ears, preauricular pits and tags, cleft lip-palate, micrognathia, urogenital malformations, congenital heart disease, atresia of the anus and minor malformations of the hands and feet. It is proposed that the chromosomal aberrations induce faulty development of neural crest cells and rostral neural plate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Warburg
- Clinic for the Multiply Handicapped, Gentofte Hospital, Denmark
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27
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Castro-Félix LP, Ramírez ML, Valera-Huezo S, Matute E, Rivas F, Rivera H, Moller M, Cantú JM. De novo del(4) (p15.32) with incomplete expression of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Clin Genet 1986; 29:439-44. [PMID: 2427265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1986.tb00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A 7 7/12-year-old girl with a de novo deletion 4p15.32----pter without the typical Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is presented. This observation and others from medical literature suggest that monosomy 4p15.31----4p15.32, rather than 4p16, is the cause of the typical WHS.
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28
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29
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Rozin MM, Hertz M, Goodman RM. A new syndrome with camptodactyly, joint contractures, facial anomalies, and skeletal defects: a case report and review of syndromes with camptodactyly. Clin Genet 1984; 26:342-55. [PMID: 6437708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1984.tb01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new camptodactyly syndrome is described in a 16-year-old Sephardic Jewish girl consisting of unusual facies with multiple eye anomalies, short stature, scoliosis, and joint contractures. Parental consanguinity is suggestive of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, although a new autosomal dominant mutation cannot be excluded. Fourty-four syndromes associated with camptodactyly are summarized and reviewed.
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30
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Stengel-Rutkowski S, Warkotsch A, Schimanek P, Stene J. Familial Wolf's syndrome with a hidden 4p deletion by translocation of an 8p segment. Unbalanced inheritance from a maternal translocation (4;8)(p15.3;p22). Case report, review and risk estimates. Clin Genet 1984; 25:500-21. [PMID: 6539659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1984.tb00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This is the case report of a patient with Wolf's syndrome having a monosomy 4pter----p15.3 and an additional trisomy 8pter----p22, derived from a maternal balanced translocation t(4;8)(p15.3;p22) after 2:2 disjunction and adjacent-1 segregation. The patient's phenotype is presumably slightly modified by the trisomic 8p segment. Literature analyses indicate that phenotypic "hybrids" with traits of monosomy 4p and of other autosomal segment trisomies exist. The dermatoglyphics of the patient were not highly characteristic for Wolf's syndrome. Also the dermatoglyphics of the balanced translocation carriers were unspecific and did not reflect the carrier status. Pedigree analyses of 46 reported families with reciprocal translocations involving the short arm of chromosome 4 show a high risk (20.5% +/- 4.6%) for unbalanced offspring (trisomy or monosomy 4p) after 2:2 disjunction and adjacent-1 segregation, if the breakpoint in the recipient chromosome is terminal and the resulting imbalance concerns the 4p segment only. It is considerably lower (4.5% +/- 2.5%) if the breakpoint in the recipient chromosome is subterminal, as in the reported case, and the resulting imbalance concerns other chromosome segments additionally to the 4p segment. In both instances, the risk decreases with increasing segment length. The risk for unidentified abortions, stillbirths or neonatal deaths is also high in these families (about 40%). The frequency of progeny with balanced compared to progeny with normal karyotype corresponds to the expected 50% for alternate segregation.
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31
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del Mazo J, Florit F, Calafell R, Abrisqueta JA. Four cases of partial trisomy 4p by preferential segregation in a familial 4p/17q balanced translocation. Hum Genet 1984; 66:370. [PMID: 6724587 DOI: 10.1007/bf00287645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Reynolds JF, Shires MA, Wyandt HE, Kelly TE. Trisomy 4p in four relatives: variability and lack of distinctive features in phenotypic expression. Clin Genet 1983; 24:365-74. [PMID: 6418421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1983.tb00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report two brothers and two second cousins with 4p trisomy secondary to a familial translocation t(4;7) (p12;q36). A comparison of their physical features demonstrates the variability of clinical manifestations associated with this chromosome abnormality. While previous authors have emphasized the distinctiveness of the 4p trisomy syndrome, the variability seen in the affected relatives in this family suggests that trisomy 4p is one of the less distinctive chromosomal syndromes. Further comparison of our patients with the previously reported cases of 4p trisomy and with two cases whose chromosomal breakpoints were similar confirms this variability. Studies of phenotype/karyotype correlations in affected relatives provides the best opportunity to determine the phenotypic consequences of a specific (that is, identical) translocation. Studies of unrelated persons are complicated by the effects of different breakpoints and of possible partial deletions.
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Abstract
A set of descriptors was developed and used to code patients with 4p or 9p monosomy or trisomy, "blind" as to their karyotype. Techniques of numerical taxonomy were used to classify the patients on the basis of their phenotypic resemblance. As expected, the results confirm strong phenotype-karyotype correlations. When cytogenetic interpretations are uncertain, the phenotypic findings may confirm or refute the interpretations. The approach has practical implications, providing further knowledge of phenotypic effects of specific chromosomal segments, which will aid cytogeneticists in their search for karyotypic defects. More important, the results also serve as an excellent model for developing strategies for the classification of syndromes of unknown etiology.
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Abstract
Partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 4 is considered to be a rare chromosomal disorder. Its clinical and dermatoglyphic features tend to make it a clinically recognizable syndrome. This paper describes a 2 year-old female child with the characteristic findings of frontal bossing, deep-set eyes, broad nasal bridge giving the appearance of hypertelorism, wide nares, midfacial hypoplasia, large dysplastic ears, prognathism and various hand and foot malformations. Chromosomal studies showed her to be trisomic for the distal two-thirds of the short arm of number 4. The etiology of this chromosomal aberration in most instances is unknown, but may occur as a result of an unbalanced translocation in one of the parents as in the case reported here.
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Clark CE, Telfer MA, Cowell HR, Kalamchi A, Steg NL. Brief clinical report: dup(4p15 leads to 4pter) in a 19-year-old woman resulting from a maternal 4;14 translocation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1982; 11:37-42. [PMID: 7065001 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe a 19-year-old woman who has a duplication of 4p. The karyotype is 46,XX, - 14, + der(14),t(4;14) (p15;p12)mat in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. The patient has coarse hair, prominent forehead and tip of nose, coloboma, scoliosis, and mental retardation.
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36
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37
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Crane J, Sujansky E, Smith A. 4p trisomy syndrome: report of 4 additional cases and segregation analysis of 21 families with different translocations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1979; 4:219-29. [PMID: 517577 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thirty reports of partial 4p trisomy have been published. The manifestations and cytogenetic findings in four additional cases from two families are described in the present paper. Segregation analysis has been performed on the 21 families reported to date. The risk of having unbalanced offspring was the same in carrier mothers and carrier fathers. The risk of trisomic offspring was 14%. Among phenotypically normal progeny, normal karyotypes and balanced translocation states occurred with about equal frequency.
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