1
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Flentke GR, Wilkie TE, Baulch J, Huang Y, Smith SM. Alcohol exposure suppresses ribosome biogenesis and causes nucleolar stress in cranial neural crest cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304557. [PMID: 38941348 PMCID: PMC11213321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes cognitive impairment and a distinctive craniofacial dysmorphology, due in part to apoptotic losses of the pluripotent cranial neural crest cells (CNCs) that form facial bones and cartilage. We previously reported that PAE rapidly represses expression of >70 ribosomal proteins (padj = 10-E47). Ribosome dysbiogenesis causes nucleolar stress and activates p53-MDM2-mediated apoptosis. Using primary avian CNCs and the murine CNC line O9-1, we tested whether nucleolar stress and p53-MDM2 signaling mediates this apoptosis. We further tested whether haploinsufficiency in genes that govern ribosome biogenesis, using a blocking morpholino approach, synergizes with alcohol to worsen craniofacial outcomes in a zebrafish model. In both avian and murine CNCs, pharmacologically relevant alcohol exposure (20mM, 2hr) causes the dissolution of nucleolar structures and the loss of rRNA synthesis; this nucleolar stress persisted for 18-24hr. This was followed by reduced proliferation, stabilization of nuclear p53, and apoptosis that was prevented by overexpression of MDM2 or dominant-negative p53. In zebrafish embryos, low-dose alcohol or morpholinos directed against ribosomal proteins Rpl5a, Rpl11, and Rps3a, the Tcof homolog Nolc1, or mdm2 separately caused modest craniofacial malformations, whereas these blocking morpholinos synergized with low-dose alcohol to reduce and even eliminate facial elements. Similar results were obtained using a small molecule inhibitor of RNA Polymerase 1, CX5461, whereas p53-blocking morpholinos normalized craniofacial outcomes under high-dose alcohol. Transcriptome analysis affirmed that alcohol suppressed the expression of >150 genes essential for ribosome biogenesis. We conclude that alcohol causes the apoptosis of CNCs, at least in part, by suppressing ribosome biogenesis and invoking a nucleolar stress that initiates their p53-MDM2 mediated apoptosis. We further note that the facial deficits that typify PAE and some ribosomopathies share features including reduced philtrum, upper lip, and epicanthal distance, suggesting the facial deficits of PAE represent, in part, a ribosomopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Flentke
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Wilkie
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Josh Baulch
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Yanping Huang
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Smith
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
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2
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Di Nardo M, Musio A. Cohesin - bridging the gap among gene transcription, genome stability, and human diseases. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38852996 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The intricate landscape of cellular processes governing gene transcription, chromatin organization, and genome stability is a fascinating field of study. A key player in maintaining this delicate equilibrium is the cohesin complex, a molecular machine with multifaceted roles. This review presents an in-depth exploration of these intricate connections and their significant impact on various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Di Nardo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Musio
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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3
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Fu J, Zhou S, Xu H, Liao L, Shen H, Du P, Zheng X. ATM-ESCO2-SMC3 axis promotes 53BP1 recruitment in response to DNA damage and safeguards genome integrity by stabilizing cohesin complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7376-7391. [PMID: 37377435 PMCID: PMC10415120 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
53BP1 is primarily known as a key regulator in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. However, the mechanism of DSB-triggered cohesin modification-modulated chromatin structure on the recruitment of 53BP1 remains largely elusive. Here, we identified acetyltransferase ESCO2 as a regulator for DSB-induced cohesin-dependent chromatin structure dynamics, which promotes 53BP1 recruitment. Mechanistically, in response to DNA damage, ATM phosphorylates ESCO2 S196 and T233. MDC1 recognizes phosphorylated ESCO2 and recruits ESCO2 to DSB sites. ESCO2-mediated acetylation of SMC3 stabilizes cohesin complex conformation and regulates the chromatin structure at DSB breaks, which is essential for the recruitment of 53BP1 and the formation of 53BP1 microdomains. Furthermore, depletion of ESCO2 in both colorectal cancer cells and xenografted nude mice sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Collectively, our results reveal a molecular mechanism for the ATM-ESCO2-SMC3 axis in DSB repair and genome integrity maintenance with a vital role in chemotherapy response in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Centre for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Centre for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Almulhim A, Almoallem B, Alsirrhy E, Osman EA. Unique Roberts syndrome with bilateral congenital glaucoma: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4635-4639. [PMID: 37469722 PMCID: PMC10353501 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i19.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital glaucoma associated with Roberts syndrome (RS) is an unusual and unique condition. No previous report describes this association. A multidisciplinary approach including molecular studies were conducted to reach the final diagnosis.
CASE SUMMARY We present a rare case of a 1-wk-old male with RS associated with bilateral congenital glaucoma, left ectopic kidney, and left-hand rudimentary digits. A comprehensive approach was applied by which bilateral non-penetrating glaucoma surgery was performed with good control of intraocular pressure for more than 6 mo. Cytogenetic and molecular testing were conducted and revealed normal measurements.
CONCLUSION This report described a case of a male baby with clinical features of RS but with a negative molecular analysis, presenting with left-hand rudimentary digits, bilateral congenital glaucoma, and left ectopic kidney. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported with phocomelia, bilateral congenital glaucoma, and unilateral ectopic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Almulhim
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basamat Almoallem
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC), Riyadh, Saudi
| | - Ehab Alsirrhy
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
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5
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He S, Chen S, Li S, Zhang J, Liang X. Complex cerebrovascular diseases in Roberts syndrome caused by novel biallelic
ESCO2
variations. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023:e2177. [DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang He
- Department of Neurology Zhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology Zhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Shu‐Jian Li
- Department of Neurology Zhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Jie‐Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology Zhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
| | - Xin‐Liang Liang
- Department of Neurology Zhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital) Zhengzhou Henan 450003 China
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6
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Mesfin T, Seyoum K, Tsegaye M, Mesfin E, Tilahun G, Atlie G. Bilateral Upper Limb Complete Phocomelia: A Case Report. Int Med Case Rep J 2023; 16:167-171. [PMID: 36942046 PMCID: PMC10024504 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s401298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phocomelia is an uncommon congenital condition in which the hand or foot are normal or almost normal but the proximal section of the limb - the humerus or femur, radius or tibia, ulna or fibula -_is missing or noticeably hypoplastic. It refers to how the patient's limbs resemble marine creatures' flippers and its prevalence is 0.62 in 100,000 births. Case We present a 15-min-old male neonate born to a para-four mother who did not remember her LNMP but claimed to be amenorrheic for the past nine months. The mode of delivery was by cesarean section to extract alive neonate weighing 2.01 kg with APGAR scores of 5 and 6 at first and fifth minutes, respectively. The neonate did not cry and was resuscitated for five minutes. He was then transferred to neonatal intensive care unit for further management and investigations. His vital signs were pulse rate 160 beats per minute, respiratory rate 70 breaths per minute, temperature 33.4 degrees centigrade and saturation was 60% off oxygen. On HEENT anterior fontanelle measures 2 cm by 2 cm and has micrognathia and short neck. On the respiratory system, there were intercostal and subcostal retractions, labored breathing and grunting. On the musculoskeletal system there is bilateral upper extremity shortening, the right lower limb was normal in position and structure, the left leg rotated inward (bent in medially) at the knee joint and foot was normal in structure. Conclusion Phocomelia is a rare congenital anomaly in which the hand or foot are directly attached to the trunk. Ultrasonography should be done as early as possible to identify fetal anomalies in order to plan subsequent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telila Mesfin
- School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Telila Mesfin, Tel +251931504321, Email
| | - Kenbon Seyoum
- Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Tsegaye
- School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Mesfin
- Department of Public Health, ICAP, Finfine, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Geda Tilahun
- School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Gela Atlie
- School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba General Hospital, Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
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7
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Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. Genetically induced redox stress occurs in a yeast model for Roberts syndrome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6460337. [PMID: 34897432 PMCID: PMC9210317 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a multispectrum developmental disorder characterized by severe limb, craniofacial, and organ abnormalities and often intellectual disabilities. The genetic basis of RBS is rooted in loss-of-function mutations in the essential N-acetyltransferase ESCO2 which is conserved from yeast (Eco1/Ctf7) to humans. ESCO2/Eco1 regulate many cellular processes that impact chromatin structure, chromosome transmission, gene expression, and repair of the genome. The etiology of RBS remains contentious with current models that include transcriptional dysregulation or mitotic failure. Here, we report evidence that supports an emerging model rooted in defective DNA damage responses. First, the results reveal that redox stress is elevated in both eco1 and cohesion factor Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cells. Second, we provide evidence that Eco1 and cohesion factors are required for the repair of oxidative DNA damage such that ECO1 and cohesin gene mutations result in reduced cell viability and hyperactivation of DNA damage checkpoints that occur in response to oxidative stress. Moreover, we show that mutation of ECO1 is solely sufficient to induce endogenous redox stress and sensitizes mutant cells to exogenous genotoxic challenges. Remarkably, antioxidant treatment desensitizes eco1 mutant cells to a range of DNA damaging agents, raising the possibility that modulating the cellular redox state may represent an important avenue of treatment for RBS and tumors that bear ESCO2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Robert V Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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8
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Kantaputra PN, Dejkhamron P, Intachai W, Ngamphiw C, Kawasaki K, Ohazama A, Krisanaprakornkit S, Olsen B, Tongsima S, Ketudat Cairns JR. Juberg-Hayward syndrome is a cohesinopathy, caused by mutation in ESCO2. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:45-50. [PMID: 32255174 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juberg-Hayward syndrome (JHS; MIM 216100) is a rare autosomal recessive malformation syndrome, characterized by cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, short stature, hypoplasia or aplasia of thumbs, and dislocation of radial head and fusion of humerus and radius leading to elbow restriction. OBJECTIVE To report for the first time the molecular aetiology of JHS. PATIENT AND METHODS Clinical and radiographic examination, whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, mutant protein model construction, and in situ hybridization of Esco2 expression in mouse embryos were performed. RESULTS Clinical findings of the patient consisted of repaired cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, short stature, delayed bone age, hypoplastic fingers and thumbs, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, and humeroradial synostosis leading to elbow restriction. Intelligence is normal. Whole exome sequencing of the whole family showed a novel homozygous base substitution c.1654C>T in ESCO2 of the proband. The sister was homozygous for the wildtype variant. Parents were heterozygous for the mutation. The mutation is predicted to cause premature stop codon p.Arg552Ter. Mutations in ESCO2, a gene involved in cohesin complex formation, are known to cause Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome. Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome and JHS share similar clinical findings, including autosomal recessive inheritance, short stature, cleft lip/palate, severe upper limb anomalies, and hypoplastic digits. Esco2 expression during the early development of lip, palate, eyelid, digits, upper limb, and lower limb and truncated protein model are consistent with the defect. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome and JHS are allelic and distinct entities. This is the first report demonstrating that mutation in ESCO2 causes JHS, a cohesinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Nik Kantaputra
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prapai Dejkhamron
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Worrachet Intachai
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Center of Excellence in Oral Biology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bjorn Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Jame R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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9
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Mfarej MG, Skibbens RV. An ever-changing landscape in Roberts syndrome biology: Implications for macromolecular damage. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009219. [PMID: 33382686 PMCID: PMC7774850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a rare developmental disorder that can include craniofacial abnormalities, limb malformations, missing digits, intellectual disabilities, stillbirth, and early mortality. The genetic basis for RBS is linked to autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutation of the establishment of cohesion (ESCO) 2 acetyltransferase. ESCO2 is an essential gene that targets the DNA-binding cohesin complex. ESCO2 acetylates alternate subunits of cohesin to orchestrate vital cellular processes that include sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, transcription, and DNA repair. Although significant advances were made over the last 20 years in our understanding of ESCO2 and cohesin biology, the molecular etiology of RBS remains ambiguous. In this review, we highlight current models of RBS and reflect on data that suggests a novel role for macromolecular damage in the molecular etiology of RBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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10
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Kantaputra PN, Dejkhamron P, Tongsima S, Ngamphiw C, Intachai W, Ngiwsara L, Sawangareetrakul P, Svasti J, Olsen B, Cairns JRK, Bumroongkit K. Juberg-Hayward syndrome and Roberts syndrome are allelic, caused by mutations in ESCO2. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 119:104918. [PMID: 32977150 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juberg-Hayward syndrome (JHS; MIM 216100) is a rare autosomal recessive malformation syndrome, characterized by cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, ptosis, hypoplasia or aplasia of thumbs, short stature, dislocation of radial head, and fusion of humerus and radius leading to elbow restriction. A homozygous mutation in ESCO2 has recently been reported to cause Juberg-Hayward syndrome. Our objective was to investigate the molecular etiology of Juberg-Hayward syndrome in two affected Lisu tribe brothers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two patients, the unaffected parents, and two unaffected siblings were studied. Clinical and radiographic examination, whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, Western blot analysis, and chromosome testing were performed. RESULTS Two affected brothers had characteristic features of Juberg-Hayward syndrome, except for the absence of microcephaly. The elder brother had bilateral cleft lip and palate, short stature, humeroradial synostosis, and simple partial seizure with secondary generalization. The younger brother had unilateral cleft lip and palate, short stature, and dislocation of radial heads. The homozygous (c.1654C > T; p.Arg552Ter) mutation in ESCO2 was identified in both patients. The other unaffected members of the family were heterozygous for the mutation. The presence of humeroradial synostosis and radial head dislocation in the same family is consistent with both being in the same spectrum of forearm malformations. Chromosome testing of the affected patients showed premature centromere separation. Western blot analysis showed reduced amount of truncated protein. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that a homozygous mutation in ESCO2 is the underlying cause of Juberg-Hayward syndrome. Microcephaly does not appear to be a consistent feature of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Nik Kantaputra
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Prapai Dejkhamron
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Worrachet Intachai
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Lukana Ngiwsara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bjorn Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand; School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kanokkan Bumroongkit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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11
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Nees SN, Chung WK. Genetic Basis of Human Congenital Heart Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036749. [PMID: 31818857 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major congenital anomaly with an incidence of ∼1% of live births and is a significant cause of birth defect-related mortality. The genetic mechanisms underlying the development of CHD are complex and remain incompletely understood. Known genetic causes include all classes of genetic variation including chromosomal aneuploidies, copy number variants, and rare and common single-nucleotide variants, which can be either de novo or inherited. Among patients with CHD, ∼8%-12% have a chromosomal abnormality or aneuploidy, between 3% and 25% have a copy number variation, and 3%-5% have a single-gene defect in an established CHD gene with higher likelihood of identifying a genetic cause in patients with nonisolated CHD. These genetic variants disrupt or alter genes that play an important role in normal cardiac development and in some cases have pleiotropic effects on other organs. This work reviews some of the most common genetic causes of CHD as well as what is currently known about the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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12
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Roberts Syndrome With a Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 32:e23-e25. [PMID: 32833836 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a rare craniofacial anomaly associated with tetraphocomelia, growth and mental retardation, cardiac and renal abnormalities. The RBS is caused by homozygous mutation in the ESCO2 gene on chromosome 8p21. In this report, the authors describe a 5-year-old female infant with RBS and bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate, an extremely rare condition.
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13
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Ajam T, De I, Petkau N, Whelan G, Pena V, Eichele G. Alternative catalytic residues in the active site of Esco acetyltransferases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9828. [PMID: 32555289 PMCID: PMC7300003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a protein complex whose core subunits, Smc1, Smc3, Scc1, and SA1/SA2 form a ring-like structure encircling the DNA. Cohesins play a key role in the expression, repair, and segregation of eukaryotic genomes. Following a catalytic mechanism that is insufficiently understood, Esco1 and Esco2 acetyltransferases acetylate the cohesin subunit Smc3, thereby inducing stabilization of cohesin on DNA. As a prerequisite for structure-guided investigation of enzymatic activity, we determine here the crystal structure of the mouse Esco2/CoA complex at 1.8 Å resolution. We reconstitute cohesin as tri- or tetrameric assemblies and use those as physiologically-relevant substrates for enzymatic assays in vitro. Furthermore, we employ cell-based complementation studies in mouse embryonic fibroblast deficient for Esco1 and Esco2, as a means to identify catalytically-important residues in vivo. These analyses demonstrate that D567/S566 and E491/S527, located on opposite sides of the murine Esco2 active site cleft, are critical for catalysis. Our experiments support a catalytic mechanism of acetylation where residues D567 and E491 are general bases that deprotonate the ε-amino group of lysine substrate, also involving two nearby serine residues - S566 and S527- that possess a proton relay function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ajam
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inessa De
- Research Group Macromolecular Crystallography, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Petkau
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Whelan
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Pena
- Research Group Macromolecular Crystallography, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Structural Biology Division, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW3 6JB, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Sezer A, Kayhan G, Zenker M, Percin EF. Hypopigmented patches in Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome occur via aneuploidy susceptibility. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:103608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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da Costa Almeida CB, Welter AT, Abech GD, Brandão GR, Flores JAM, Schüle B, Francke U, Fiegenbaum M, Zen PRG, Rosa RFM. Report of the Phenotype of a Patient with Roberts Syndrome and a Rare ESCO2 Variant. J Pediatr Genet 2019; 9:58-62. [PMID: 31976146 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1696636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Roberts syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease. In this report, we report a Brazilian patient with a rare ESCO2 variant. The patient manifested a broad range of clinical findings including the significant, bilateral shortening of the extremities. He deteriorated and passed away at 20 days of age. High-resolution GTG-banded karyotype showed lack of centromeric constriction in some chromosomes, premature centromere separation in others, and repulsion of the heterochromatin regions. Molecular analysis of the ESCO2 gene revealed a deletion of 4 bp involving exon 4 in homozygosity (NM_00107420.2:c.875_878delACAG), which causes loss of ESCO2 function. We describe the clinical presentation caused by a rare ESCO2 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Thum Welter
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Dotta Abech
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Rangel Brandão
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Monteiro Flores
- Pediatric Radiology Service, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio/Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, United States
| | - Uta Francke
- Department of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, United States
| | - Marilu Fiegenbaum
- Department of Human Genetics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre and Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre and Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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16
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Ivanov MP, Ladurner R, Poser I, Beveridge R, Rampler E, Hudecz O, Novatchkova M, Hériché JK, Wutz G, van der Lelij P, Kreidl E, Hutchins JR, Axelsson-Ekker H, Ellenberg J, Hyman AA, Mechtler K, Peters JM. The replicative helicase MCM recruits cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2 to mediate centromeric sister chromatid cohesion. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97150. [PMID: 29930102 PMCID: PMC6068434 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation depends on sister chromatid cohesion which is established by cohesin during DNA replication. Cohesive cohesin complexes become acetylated to prevent their precocious release by WAPL before cells have reached mitosis. To obtain insight into how DNA replication, cohesion establishment and cohesin acetylation are coordinated, we analysed the interaction partners of 55 human proteins implicated in these processes by mass spectrometry. This proteomic screen revealed that on chromatin the cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2 associates with the MCM2-7 subcomplex of the replicative Cdc45-MCM-GINS helicase. The analysis of ESCO2 mutants defective in MCM binding indicates that these interactions are required for proper recruitment of ESCO2 to chromatin, cohesin acetylation during DNA replication, and centromeric cohesion. We propose that MCM binding enables ESCO2 to travel with replisomes to acetylate cohesive cohesin complexes in the vicinity of replication forks so that these complexes can be protected from precocious release by WAPL Our results also indicate that ESCO1 and ESCO2 have distinct functions in maintaining cohesion between chromosome arms and centromeres, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene Ladurner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Rampler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Hudecz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emanuel Kreidl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jan Ellenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Zhou J, Yang X, Jin X, Jia Z, Lu H, Qi Z. Long-term survival after corrective surgeries in two patients with severe deformities due to Roberts syndrome: A Case report and review of the literature. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1702-1711. [PMID: 29434756 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS; OMIM 268300) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by retardation before and after birth, cranial and maxillofacial deformities, limb anomalies and intellectual disability. Mutations in the establishment of cohesion 1 homologue 2 (ESCO2) gene on chromosome 8p21.1 have been found to be causative for RBS. We describe two patients with RBS with physical deformities and ll. One is an 8-year-old Yemeni male, and the other is his 13-year-old sister. These patients were diagnosed with RBS and underwent surgeries during their first to third years of life. Here, we present the cases for the two patients, focusing specifically on their surgical management and outcomes. Additionally, by reviewing the literature on RBS, we also summarize the proper surgical interventions for this rare disease. This paper describes the long-term follow-up of two patients with severe deformities who benefitted from corrective surgeries. The findings of this study indicate that patients who survive infancy and reach adulthood, even patients who present with severe disease symptoms, can benefit from corrective surgeries and lead better lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Lu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
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18
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Human teratogens and genetic phenocopies. Understanding pathogenesis through human genes mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 60:22-31. [PMID: 27639441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to teratogenic drugs during pregnancy is associated with a wide range of embryo-fetal anomalies and sometimes results in recurrent and recognizable patterns of malformations; however, the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of drug-induced birth defects is difficult, since teratogenesis is a multifactorial process which is always the result of a complex interaction between several environmental factors and the genetic background of both the mother and the fetus. Animal models have been extensively used to assess the teratogenic potential of pharmacological agents and to study their teratogenic mechanisms; however, a still open issue concerns how the information gained through animal models can be translated to humans. Instead, significant information can be obtained by the identification and analysis of human genetic syndromes characterized by clinical features overlapping with those observed in drug-induced embryopathies. Until now, genetic phenocopies have been reported for the embryopathies/fetopathies associated with prenatal exposure to warfarin, leflunomide, mycophenolate mofetil, fluconazole, thalidomide and ACE inhibitors. In most cases, genetic phenocopies are caused by mutations in genes encoding for the main targets of teratogens or for proteins belonging to the same molecular pathways. The aim of this paper is to review the proposed teratogenic mechanisms of these drugs, by the analysis of human monogenic disorders and their molecular pathogenesis.
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19
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Winfeld MJ, Otero H. Radiographic assessment of congenital malformations of the upper extremity. Pediatr Radiol 2016; 46:1454-70. [PMID: 27306656 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-016-3647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital and developmental malformations of the upper extremity are uncommon and their diagnosis can challenge radiologists. Many complex classification systems exist, the latest of which accounts for the complex embryology and pathogenetic mechanisms that govern the formation of these anomalies. Using appropriate descriptors allows for more specific diagnosis and improved consultation with referring pediatricians and surgeons, helping to guide medical and surgical interventions and, if indicated, further investigation for associated abnormalities and underlying syndromes. We review the imaging characteristics of upper limb malformations to help pediatric radiologists better understand the classification and workup necessary in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Winfeld
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Division, Penn Medicine University City, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market St., 7th floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Hansel Otero
- Department of Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Afifi HH, Abdel-Salam GMH, Eid MM, Tosson AMS, Shousha WG, Abdel Azeem AA, Farag MK, Mehrez MI, Gaber KR. Expanding the mutation and clinical spectrum of Roberts syndrome. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:154-62. [PMID: 26710928 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Roberts syndrome and SC phocomelia syndrome are rare autosomal recessive genetic disorders representing the extremes of the spectrum of severity of the same condition, caused by mutations in ESCO2 gene. We report three new patients with Roberts syndrome from three unrelated consanguineous Egyptian families. All patients presented with growth retardation, mesomelic shortening of the limbs more in the upper than in the lower limbs and microcephaly. Patients were subjected to clinical, cytogenetic and radiologic examinations. Cytogenetic analysis showed the characteristic premature separation of centromeres and puffing of heterochromatic regions. Further, sequencing of the ESCO2 gene identified a novel mutation c.244_245dupCT (p.T83Pfs*20) in one family besides two previously reported mutations c.760_761insA (p.T254Nfs*27) and c.764_765delTT (p.F255Cfs*25). All mutations were in homozygous state, in exon 3. The severity of the mesomelic shortening of the limbs and craniofacial anomalies showed variability among patients. Interestingly, patient 1 had abnormal skin hypopigmentation. Serial fetal ultrasound examinations and measurements of long bones diagnosed two affected fetuses in two of the studied families. A literature review and case comparison was performed. In conclusion, we report a novel ESCO2 mutation and expand the clinical spectrum of Roberts syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H Afifi
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M H Abdel-Salam
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha M Eid
- Human Cytogenetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Angie M S Tosson
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Gh Shousha
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Abdel Azeem
- Ophthalmic Genetics Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona K Farag
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mennat I Mehrez
- Orodental Genetics Department, Oral and Dental Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled R Gaber
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Szczerbal I, Stefaniak T, Dubiel A, Siembieda J, Nizanski W, Switonski M. Chromosome Instability in a Calf with Amelia of Thoracic Limbs. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:789-92. [PMID: 16966464 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here on a case of a Holstein-Friesian male calf with the congenital total absence of thoracic limbs (amelia). cytogenetic study showed a high rate of chromosome instability, represented by chromosome or chromatid breaks and gaps in 46% of the analyzed metaphase spreads. Moreover, 12% of the spreads appeared to be polypolid. The number of micronuclei also was significantly higher when compared to control animals. This paper discusses the association between chromosome instability and limb malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznan, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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22
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Malla TM, Pandith AA, Dar FA, Zargar MH. Cytogenetic diagnosis of Roberts SC phocomelia syndrome: First report from Kashmir. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Singh VP, Gerton JL. Cohesin and human disease: lessons from mouse models. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 37:9-17. [PMID: 26343989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an evolutionarily conserved large ring-like multi-subunit protein structure that can encircle DNA. Cohesin affects many processes that occur on chromosomes such as segregation, DNA replication, double-strand break repair, condensation, chromosome organization, and gene expression. Mutations in the genes that encode cohesin and its regulators cause human developmental disorders and cancer. Several mouse models have been established with the aim of understanding the cohesin mediated processes that are disrupted in these diseases. Mouse models support the idea that cohesin is essential for cell division, but partial loss of function can alter gene expression, DNA replication and repair, gametogenesis, and nuclear organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pratap Singh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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24
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Zakari M, Yuen K, Gerton JL. Etiology and pathogenesis of the cohesinopathies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:489-504. [PMID: 25847322 PMCID: PMC6680315 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin is a chromosome-associated protein complex that plays many important roles in chromosome function. Genetic screens in yeast originally identified cohesin as a key regulator of chromosome segregation. Subsequently, work by various groups has identified cohesin as critical for additional processes such as DNA damage repair, insulator function, gene regulation, and chromosome condensation. Mutations in the genes encoding cohesin and its accessory factors result in a group of developmental and intellectual impairment diseases termed 'cohesinopathies.' How mutations in cohesin genes cause disease is not well understood as precocious chromosome segregation is not a common feature in cells derived from patients with these syndromes. In this review, the latest findings concerning cohesin's function in the organization of chromosome structure and gene regulation are discussed. We propose that the cohesinopathies are caused by changes in gene expression that can negatively impact translation. The similarities and differences between cohesinopathies and ribosomopathies, diseases caused by defects in ribosome biogenesis, are discussed. The contribution of cohesin and its accessory proteins to gene expression programs that support translation suggests that cohesin provides a means of coupling chromosome structure with the translational output of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musinu Zakari
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Kobe Yuen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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25
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Chromosome structure deficiencies in MCPH1 syndrome. Chromosoma 2015; 124:491-501. [PMID: 25845520 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the MCPH1 gene result in primary microcephaly in combination with a unique cellular phenotype of defective chromosome condensation. MCPH1 patient cells display premature chromosome condensation in G2 phase of the cell cycle and delayed decondensation in early G1 phase, observable as an increased proportion of cells with prophase-like appearance. MCPH1 deficiency thus appears to uncouple the chromosome cycle from the coordinated series of events that take place during mitosis such as some phases of the centrosome cycle and nuclear envelope breakdown. Here, we provide a further characterization of the effects of MCPH1 loss-of-function on chromosome morphology. In comparison to healthy controls, chromosomes of MCPH1 patients are shorter and display a pronounced coiling of their central chromatid axes. In addition, a substantial fraction of metaphase chromosomes shows apparently unresolved chromatids with twisted appearance. The patient chromosomes also showed signs of defective centromeric cohesion, which become more apparent and pronounced after harsh hypotonic conditions. Taking together, the observed alterations indicate additional so far unknown functions of MCPH1 during chromosome shaping and dynamics.
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26
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Liu D, Makaroff CA. Overexpression of a truncated CTF7 construct leads to pleiotropic defects in reproduction and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:74. [PMID: 25848842 PMCID: PMC4359560 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eco1/Ctf7 is essential for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion during S phase of the cell cycle. Inactivation of Ctf7/Eco1 leads to a lethal phenotype in most organisms. Altering Eco1/Ctf7 levels or point mutations in the gene can lead to alterations in nuclear division as well as a wide range of developmental defects. Inactivation of Arabidopsis CTF7 (AtCTF7) results in severe defects in reproduction and vegetative growth. RESULTS To further investigate the function(s) of AtCTF7, a tagged version of AtCTF7 and several AtCTF7 deletion constructs were created and transformed into wild type or ctf7 +/- plants. Transgenic plants expressing 35S:NTAP:AtCTF7∆299-345 (AtCTF7∆B) displayed a wide range of phenotypic alterations in reproduction and vegetative growth. Male meiocytes exhibited chromosome fragmentation and uneven chromosome segregation. Mutant ovules contained abnormal megasporocyte-like cells during pre-meiosis, megaspores experienced elongated meiosis and megagametogenesis, and defective megaspores/embryo sacs were produced at various stages. The transgenic plants also exhibited a broad range of vegetative defects, including meristem disruption and dwarfism that were inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion. Transcripts for epigenetically regulated transposable elements (TEs) were elevated in transgenic plants. Transgenic plants expressing 35S:AtCTF7∆B displayed similar vegetative defects, suggesting the defects in 35S:NTAP:AtCTF7∆B plants are caused by high-level expression of AtCTF7∆B. CONCLUSIONS High level expression of AtCTF7∆B disrupts megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and male meiosis, as well as causing a broad range of vegetative defects, including dwarfism that are inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 USA
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27
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Dupont C, Bucourt M, Guimiot F, Kraoua L, Smiljkovski D, Le Tessier D, Lebugle C, Gerard B, Spaggiari E, Bourdoncle P, Tabet AC, Benzacken B, Dupont JM. 3D-FISH analysis reveals chromatid cohesion defect during interphase in Roberts syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:59. [PMID: 25320640 PMCID: PMC4197286 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder mainly characterized by growth retardation, limb defects and craniofacial anomalies. Characteristic cytogenetic findings are “railroad track” appearance of chromatids and premature centromere separation in metaphase spreads. Mutations in the ESCO2 (establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2) gene located in 8p21.1 have been found in several families. ESCO2, a member of the cohesion establishing complex, has a role in the effective cohesion between sister chromatids. In order to analyze sister chromatids topography during interphase, we performed 3D-FISH using pericentromeric heterochromatin probes of chromosomes 1, 4, 9 and 16, on preserved nuclei from a fetus with RBS carrying compound heterozygous null mutations in the ESCO2 gene. Results Along with the first observation of an abnormal separation between sister chromatids in heterochromatic regions, we observed a statistically significant change in the intranuclear localization of pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 1 in cells of the fetus compared to normal cells, demonstrating for the first time a modification in the spatial arrangement of chromosome domains during interphase. Conclusion We hypothesize that the disorganization of nuclear architecture may result in multiple gene deregulations, either through disruption of DNA cis interaction –such as modification of chromatin loop formation and gene insulation - mediated by cohesin complex, or by relocation of chromosome territories. These changes may modify interactions between the chromatin and the proteins associated with the inner nuclear membrane or the pore complexes. This model offers a link between the molecular defect in cohesion and the complex phenotypic anomalies observed in RBS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-014-0059-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Dupont
- Unité fonctionnelle de Cytogénétique-Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Martine Bucourt
- Laboratoire de Fœtopathologie- APHP, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- Service de Biologie du Développement- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France ; Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1141, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Lilia Kraoua
- Unité fonctionnelle de Génétique moléculaire - Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Smiljkovski
- Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, U1016 INSERM-UMR 8104 CNRS (Institut Cochin), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France ; Laboratoire de Cytogénétique- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Le Tessier
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lebugle
- Institut Cochin, Plateforme d'imagerie cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Gerard
- Unité fonctionnelle de Génétique moléculaire - Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Spaggiari
- Service de Biologie du Développement- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Unité fonctionnelle de Cytogénétique-Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75935 Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Benzacken
- Unité fonctionnelle de Cytogénétique-Département de Génétique- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75935 Paris, France ; Service d'Histologie, Embryologie et Cytogénétique, Biologie de la Reproduction- APHP, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; UFR-SMBH, Paris, XIII France
| | - Jean-Michel Dupont
- Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, U1016 INSERM-UMR 8104 CNRS (Institut Cochin), Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France ; Laboratoire de Cytogénétique- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
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Trainor PA, Merrill AE. Ribosome biogenesis in skeletal development and the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:769-78. [PMID: 24252615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton affords a framework and structural support for vertebrates, while also facilitating movement, protecting vital organs, and providing a reservoir of minerals and cells for immune system and vascular homeostasis. The mechanical and biological functions of the skeleton are inextricably linked to the size and shape of individual bones, the diversity of which is dependent in part upon differential growth and proliferation. Perturbation of bone development, growth and proliferation, can result in congenital skeletal anomalies, which affect approximately 1 in 3000 live births [1]. Ribosome biogenesis is integral to all cell growth and proliferation through its roles in translating mRNAs and building proteins. Disruption of any steps in the process of ribosome biogenesis can lead to congenital disorders termed ribosomopathies. In this review, we discuss the role of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal development and in the pathogenesis of congenital skeletal anomalies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Xu B, Lee KK, Zhang L, Gerton JL. Stimulation of mTORC1 with L-leucine rescues defects associated with Roberts syndrome. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003857. [PMID: 24098154 PMCID: PMC3789817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a human disease characterized by defects in limb and craniofacial development and growth and mental retardation. RBS is caused by mutations in ESCO2, a gene which encodes an acetyltransferase for the cohesin complex. While the essential role of the cohesin complex in chromosome segregation has been well characterized, it plays additional roles in DNA damage repair, chromosome condensation, and gene expression. The developmental phenotypes of Roberts syndrome and other cohesinopathies suggest that gene expression is impaired during embryogenesis. It was previously reported that ribosomal RNA production and protein translation were impaired in immortalized RBS cells. It was speculated that cohesin binding at the rDNA was important for nucleolar form and function. We have explored the hypothesis that reduced ribosome function contributes to RBS in zebrafish models and human cells. Two key pathways that sense cellular stress are the p53 and mTOR pathways. We report that mTOR signaling is inhibited in human RBS cells based on the reduced phosphorylation of the downstream effectors S6K1, S6 and 4EBP1, and this correlates with p53 activation. Nucleoli, the sites of ribosome production, are highly fragmented in RBS cells. We tested the effect of inhibiting p53 or stimulating mTOR in RBS cells. The rescue provided by mTOR activation was more significant, with activation rescuing both cell division and cell death. To study this cohesinopathy in a whole animal model we used ESCO2-mutant and morphant zebrafish embryos, which have developmental defects mimicking RBS. Consistent with RBS patient cells, the ESCO2 mutant embryos show p53 activation and inhibition of the TOR pathway. Stimulation of the TOR pathway with L-leucine rescued many developmental defects of ESCO2-mutant embryos. Our data support the idea that RBS can be attributed in part to defects in ribosome biogenesis, and stimulation of the TOR pathway has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Xu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth K. Lee
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lily Zhang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Cohen-Zinder M, Zinder-Cohen M, Karasik D, Onn I. Structural maintenance of chromosome complexes and bone development: the beginning of a wonderful relationship? BONEKEY REPORTS 2013; 2:388. [PMID: 24422108 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone development depends on environmental, nutritional and hormonal factors. Yet, an ordered and timed activation of genes and their associated molecular pathways are central for the growth and development of healthy bones. The correct expression of genes depends on both cis- and trans-regulatory elements. Of these, the elusive role of chromatin ultrastructure is just beginning to become appreciated. Changes in the higher-order structure of chromatin are affecting the expression of genes in response to intrinsic and environmental signals. Cohesin and condensin are members of the structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) family of protein complexes, which mediate higher-order chromatin structure by tethering distinct regions of chromatin either inter- or intra-molecularly. In recent years, SMCs had been identified for their function in the regulation of gene expression and developmental processes, whereas malfunction of cohesin or condensin has an impact on human health. However, little is known about the specific roles of SMC complexes in bone development and their possible effect on bone health. Here, we review studies that suggest an intimate link between SMCs and bone development, as well as a plausible effect, direct or indirect, on the bone health. We describe genetic syndromes associated with SMCs with distinctive bone phenotypes and identify links between SMCs and bone-related molecular pathways. Future studies of the relationship between SMCs and bone development will reveal new understandings of both the cellular and molecular roles of SMC complexes and provide new insights into the growth and developmental processes in the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miri Zinder-Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University , Safed, Israel
| | - David Karasik
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University , Safed, Israel ; Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itay Onn
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University , Safed, Israel
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31
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Abstract
Cohesin is a ring-form multifunctional protein complex, which was discovered during a search for molecules that keep sister chromatids together during segregation of chromosomes during cell division. In the past decade, a large number of results have also demonstrated a need for the cohesin complex in other crucial events in the life cycle of the cell, including DNA duplication, heterochromatin formation, DNA double-strand break repair, and control of gene expression. The dynamics of the cohesin ring are modulated by a number of accessory and regulatory proteins, known as cohesin cofactors. Loss of function of the cohesin complex is incompatible with life; however, mutations in the genes encoding for cohesin subunits and/or cohesin cofactors, which have very little or a null effect on chromosome segregation, represent a newly recognized class of human genetic disorders known as cohesinopathies. A number of genetic, biochemical, and clinical approaches, and importantly, animal models, can help us to determine the underlying mechanisms for these human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Barbero
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Biological Research Center, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Francke U. 2012 William Allan Award: Adventures in cytogenetics. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:325-37. [PMID: 23472754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uta Francke
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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33
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Pajkrt E, Cicero S, Griffin DR, van Maarle MC, Chitty LS. Fetal forearm anomalies: prenatal diagnosis, associations and management strategy. Prenat Diagn 2012; 32:1084-93. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pajkrt
- Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Simona Cicero
- University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London; UK
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34
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Dursun A, Karadağ N, Karagöl B, Kundak AA, Zenciroğlu A, Okumuş N, Ceylaner S. Carbamazepine use in pregnancy and coincidental thalidomide-like phocomelia in a newborn. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2012; 32:488-9. [PMID: 22663328 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.673037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dursun
- Department of Neonatology, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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35
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Whelan G, Kreidl E, Wutz G, Egner A, Peters JM, Eichele G. Cohesin acetyltransferase Esco2 is a cell viability factor and is required for cohesion in pericentric heterochromatin. EMBO J 2012; 31:71-82. [PMID: 22101327 PMCID: PMC3252581 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by cohesin and regulated by Sororin, is essential for chromosome segregation. In mammalian cells, cohesion establishment and Sororin recruitment to chromatin-bound cohesin depends on the acetyltransferases Esco1 and Esco2. Mutations in Esco2 cause Roberts syndrome, a developmental disease in which mitotic chromosomes have a 'railroad' track morphology. Here, we show that Esco2 deficiency leads to termination of mouse development at pre- and post-implantation stages, indicating that Esco2 functions non-redundantly with Esco1. Esco2 is transiently expressed during S-phase when it localizes to pericentric heterochromatin (PCH). In interphase, Esco2 depletion leads to a reduction in cohesin acetylation and Sororin recruitment to chromatin. In early mitosis, Esco2 deficiency causes changes in the chromosomal localization of cohesin and its protector Sgo1. Our results suggest that Esco2 is needed for cohesin acetylation in PCH and that this modification is required for the proper distribution of cohesin on mitotic chromosomes and for centromeric cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Whelan
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Emanuel Kreidl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Egner
- Department of Nanobiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Eichele
- Genes and Behavior Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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36
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Wang AC, Gemmete JJ, Keegan CE, Witt CE, Muraszko KM, Than KD, Maher CO. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and multiple intracranial aneurysms in a patient with Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 8:460-3. [PMID: 22044369 DOI: 10.3171/2011.8.peds11117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome (RBS) is a rare but distinct genetic disorder with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. It has been associated with microcephaly, craniofacial malformation, cavernous hemangioma, encephalocele, and hydrocephalus. There are no previously reported cases of RBS with intracranial aneurysms. The authors report on a patient with a history of RBS who presented with a spontaneous posterior fossa hemorrhage. Multiple small intracranial aneurysms were noted on a preoperative CT angiogram. The patient underwent emergency craniotomy for evacuation of the hemorrhage. A postoperative angiogram confirmed the presence of multiple, distal small intracranial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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37
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Abstract
Genome instability is a hallmark of cancer cells and how it arises is still not completely understood. Correct chromosome segregation is a pre-requisite for preserving genome integrity. Cohesin helps to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during cell cycle, however, much evidence regarding its functions have come to light over the last few years and suggest that cohesin plays multiple roles in the maintenance of genome stability. Here we review our rapidly increasing knowledge on the involvement of cohesin pathway in genome stability and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Mannini
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pisa, Italy
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38
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Leem YE, Choi HK, Jung SY, Kim BJ, Lee KY, Yoon K, Qin J, Kang JS, Kim ST. Esco2 promotes neuronal differentiation by repressing Notch signaling. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1876-84. [PMID: 21777673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Esco2 is an acetyltransferase that is required for the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Roberts-SC phocomelia (RBS) syndrome caused by the mutations of Esco2 gene, is an autosomal recessive development disorder characterized by growth retardation, limb reduction and craniofacial abnormalities including cleft lip and palate. Here, we show that Esco2 protein co-immunoprecipitates with Notch but not with CBF1. Esco2 represses the transactivational activity of Notch protein in an acetyltransferase-independent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that Esco2 might regulate the activity of NICD-CBF1 via attenuating NICD binding to CBF1 on the promoter of Hes1, the downstream target gene of Notch. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the overexpression of Esco2 promotes the neuronal differentiation of P19 embryonic carcinoma cells and C17.2 neural progenitor cells and the knockdown of Esco2 by siRNA blocks the differentiation. The inhibitory effects of Notch protein on neuronal differentiation of P19 cells was suppressed by Esco2 overexpression. Taken together, our study suggests that Esco2 may play an important role in neurogenesis by attenuating Notch signaling to promote neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Leem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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39
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Mönnich M, Kuriger Z, Print CG, Horsfield JA. A zebrafish model of Roberts syndrome reveals that Esco2 depletion interferes with development by disrupting the cell cycle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20051. [PMID: 21637801 PMCID: PMC3102698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human developmental diseases Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) and Roberts Syndrome (RBS) are both caused by mutations in proteins responsible for sister chromatid cohesion. Cohesion is mediated by a multi-subunit complex called cohesin, which is loaded onto chromosomes by NIPBL. Once on chromosomes, cohesin binding is stabilized in S phase upon acetylation by ESCO2. CdLS is caused by heterozygous mutations in NIPBL or cohesin subunits SMC1A and SMC3, and RBS is caused by homozygous mutations in ESCO2. The genetic cause of both CdLS and RBS reside within the chromosome cohesion apparatus, and therefore they are collectively known as "cohesinopathies". However, the two syndromes have distinct phenotypes, with differences not explained by their shared ontology. In this study, we have used the zebrafish model to distinguish between developmental pathways downstream of cohesin itself, or its acetylase ESCO2. Esco2 depleted zebrafish embryos exhibit features that resemble RBS, including mitotic defects, craniofacial abnormalities and limb truncations. A microarray analysis of Esco2-depleted embryos revealed that different subsets of genes are regulated downstream of Esco2 when compared with cohesin subunit Rad21. Genes downstream of Rad21 showed significant enrichment for transcriptional regulators, while Esco2-regulated genes were more likely to be involved the cell cycle or apoptosis. RNA in situ hybridization showed that runx1, which is spatiotemporally regulated by cohesin, is expressed normally in Esco2-depleted embryos. Furthermore, myca, which is downregulated in rad21 mutants, is upregulated in Esco2-depleted embryos. High levels of cell death contributed to the morphology of Esco2-depleted embryos without affecting specific developmental pathways. We propose that cell proliferation defects and apoptosis could be the primary cause of the features of RBS. Our results show that mutations in different elements of the cohesion apparatus have distinct developmental outcomes, and provide insight into why CdLS and RBS are distinct diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Mönnich
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zoë Kuriger
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cristin G. Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Bioinformatics Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia A. Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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40
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Abstract
Apart from a personal tragedy, could Down syndrome, cancer and infertility possibly have something in common? Are there links between a syndrome with physical and mental problems, a tumor growing out of control and the incapability to reproduce? These questions can be answered if we look at the biological functions of a protein complex, named cohesin, which is the main protagonist in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion during chromosome segregation in cell division. The establishment, maintenance and removal of sister chromatid cohesion is one of the most fascinating and dangerous processes in the life of a cell. Errors in the control of sister chromatid cohesion frequently lead to cell death or aneuploidy. Recent results showed that cohesins also have important functions in non-dividing cells, revealing new, unexplored roles for these proteins in human syndromes, currently known as cohesinopathies. In the last 10 years, we have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the cohesin and cohesin-interacting proteins regulating the different events of sister chromatid cohesion during cell division in mitosis and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Barbero
- Cell Proliferation and Development Program, Chromosome Dynamics in Meiosis Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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41
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Nevus simplex: A reconsideration of nomenclature, sites of involvement, and disease associations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:805-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Although limb anomalies are a common clinical problem, they are rarely studied. The spectrum of limb anomalies ranges from very mild disorders such as syndactyly to very severe forms such as absent limb (amelia). Tetra-amelia is a rare anomaly with complete or partial deficiency of all four limbs. It may be isolated or associated with other anomalies. Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome comprises four limb deficiencies, lung hypoplasia, facial clefts and other anomalies. We describe two cases that presented to us.
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Zivković L, Spremo-Potparević B, Plecas-Solarović B, Djelić N, Ocić G, Smiljković P, Siedlak SL, Smith MA, Bajić V. Premature centromere division of metaphase chromosomes in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Alzheimer's disease patients: relation to gender and age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:1269-74. [PMID: 20805239 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal alterations are a feature of both aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study examined if premature centromere division (PCD), a chromosomal instability indicator increased in AD, is correlated with aging or, instead, represents a de novo chromosomal alteration due to accelerating aging in AD. PCD in peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined in sporadic AD patients and gender and age-matched unaffected controls. Metaphase nuclei were analyzed for chromosomes showing PCD, X chromosomes with PCD (PCD,X), and acrocentric chromosomes showing PCD. AD patients, regardless of age, demonstrated increased PCD on any chromosome and PCD on acrocentric chromosomes in both genders, whereas an increase in frequency of PCD,X was expressed only in women. This cytogenetic analysis suggests that PCD is a feature of AD, rather than an epiphenomenon of chronological aging, and may be useful as a physiological biomarker that can be used for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Zivković
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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44
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Diagnostic Overlap between Fanconi Anemia and the Cohesinopathies: Roberts Syndrome and Warsaw Breakage Syndrome. Anemia 2010; 2010:565268. [PMID: 21490908 PMCID: PMC3065841 DOI: 10.1155/2010/565268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessively inherited disease characterized by multiple symptoms including growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, and bone marrow failure. The FA diagnosis is complicated due to the fact that the clinical manifestations are both diverse and variable. A chromosomal breakage test using a DNA cross-linking agent, in which cells from an FA patient typically exhibit an extraordinarily sensitive response, has been considered the gold standard for the ultimate diagnosis of FA. In the majority of FA patients the test results are unambiguous, although in some cases the presence of hematopoietic mosaicism may complicate interpretation of the data. However, some diagnostic overlap with other syndromes has previously been noted in cases with Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Here we present results showing that misdiagnosis may also occur with patients suffering from two of the three currently known cohesinopathies, that is, Roberts syndrome (RBS) and Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS). This complication may be avoided by scoring metaphase chromosomes—in addition to chromosomal breakage—for spontaneously occurring premature centromere division, which is characteristic for RBS and WABS, but not for FA.
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45
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Goh ESY, Li C, Horsburgh S, Kasai Y, Kolomietz E, Morel CF. The Roberts syndrome/SC phocomelia spectrum-A case report of an adult with review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:472-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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‘Crommelin-type’ symmetrical tetramelic reduction deformity: a new case and breakpoint mapping of a reported case with de-novo t(2;12)(p25.1;q23.3). Clin Dysmorphol 2010; 19:5-13. [DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0b013e328331ddbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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47
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The importance of chromosome studies in Roberts syndrome/SC phocomelia and other cohesinopathies. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 53:40-4. [PMID: 19878742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Roberts syndrome/SC phocomelia is a rare, autosomal recessive syndrome characterised by pre- and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, craniofacial anomalies, mental retardation, and tetraphocomelia in varying degrees of severity. The clinical diagnosis can be challenging in phenotypically mild cases. In the extremely mild case presented here, specific mitotic abnormalities were detected and proved to be very helpful, since Roberts syndrome/SC phocomelia could be diagnosed after finding premature centromere separation and somatic aneuploidy at routine karyotyping. We discuss these and other mitotic cytogenetic abnormalities that can be of significant diagnostic importance, but which will be missed if only array studies are performed. We also discuss the difference between premature centromere separation and premature (sister) chromatid separation.
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48
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van der Lelij P, Godthelp BC, van Zon W, van Gosliga D, Oostra AB, Steltenpool J, de Groot J, Scheper RJ, Wolthuis RM, Waisfisz Q, Darroudi F, Joenje H, de Winter JP. The cellular phenotype of Roberts syndrome fibroblasts as revealed by ectopic expression of ESCO2. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6936. [PMID: 19738907 PMCID: PMC2734174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesion between sister chromatids is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. In budding yeast, the acetyltransferase Eco1/Ctf7 establishes cohesion during DNA replication in S phase and in response to DNA double strand breaks in G2/M phase. In humans two Eco1 orthologs exist: ESCO1 and ESCO2. Both proteins are required for proper sister chromatid cohesion, but their exact function is unclear at present. Since ESCO2 has been identified as the gene defective in the rare autosomal recessive cohesinopathy Roberts syndrome (RBS), cells from RBS patients can be used to elucidate the role of ESCO2. We investigated for the first time RBS cells in comparison to isogenic controls that stably express V5- or GFP-tagged ESCO2. We show that the sister chromatid cohesion defect in the transfected cell lines is rescued and suggest that ESCO2 is regulated by proteasomal degradation in a cell cycle-dependent manner. In comparison to the corrected cells RBS cells were hypersensitive to the DNA-damaging agents mitomycin C, camptothecin and etoposide, while no particular sensitivity to UV, ionizing radiation, hydroxyurea or aphidicolin was found. The cohesion defect of RBS cells and their hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents were not corrected by a patient-derived ESCO2 acetyltransferase mutant (W539G), indicating that the acetyltransferase activity of ESCO2 is essential for its function. In contrast to a previous study on cells from patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome, another cohesinopathy, RBS cells failed to exhibit excessive chromosome aberrations after irradiation in G2 phase of the cell cycle. Our results point at an S phase-specific role for ESCO2 in the maintenance of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra van der Lelij
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara C. Godthelp
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Zon
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Djoke van Gosliga
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke B. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jûrgen Steltenpool
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Groot
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J. Scheper
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M. Wolthuis
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Joenje
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. de Winter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Barbero JL. Cohesins: chromatin architects in chromosome segregation, control of gene expression and much more. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2025-35. [PMID: 19290475 PMCID: PMC11115881 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved to develop molecules and control mechanisms that guarantee correct chromosome segregation and ensure the proper distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. In this sense, the establishment, maintenance, and removal of sister chromatid cohesion is one of the most fascinating and dangerous processes in the life of a cell because errors in the control of these processes frequently lead to cell death or aneuploidy. The main protagonist in this mechanism is a four-protein complex denominated the cohesin complex. In the last 10 years, we have improved our understanding of the key players in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion during cell division in mitosis and meiosis. The last 2 years have seen an increase in evidence showing that cohesins have important functions in non-dividing cells, revealing new, unexplored roles for these proteins in the control of gene expression, development, and other essential cell functions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Barbero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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50
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Wu HT, Wainwright H, Beighton P. Tetraphocomelia with the Waardenburg syndrome and multiple malformations. Clin Dysmorphol 2009; 18:112-115. [PMID: 19188806 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0b013e32832443f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A male infant delivered spontaneously at the 29th week of pregnancy had gross tetraphocomelia and features of the Waardenburg syndrome. There were no relevant factors in the pregnancy nor family history. It is possible that microdeletions or contiguous gene defects are involved in the pathogenesis of these malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue-Tsi Wu
- Divisions of Pathology Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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